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On the Volterra property of a boundary problem with integral gluing condition for a mixed parabolic-hyperbolic equation
Boundary Value Problems volume 2013, Article number: 94 (2013)
Abstract
In the present work, we consider a boundary value problem with gluing conditions of an integral form for the parabolic-hyperbolic type equation. We prove that the considered problem has the Volterra property. The main tools used in the work are related to the method of the integral equations and functional analysis.
Introduction
The theory of mixed type equations is one of the principal parts of the general theory of partial differential equations. The interest for these kinds of equations arises intensively because of both theoretical and practical uses of their applications. Many mathematical models of applied problems require investigations of this type of equations.
The actuality of the consideration of mixed type equations has been mentioned, for the first time, by S. A. Chaplygin in 1902 in his famous work ‘On gas streams’ [1]. The first fundamental results in this direction was obtained in 1920-1930 by Tricomi [2] and Gellerstedt [3]. The works of Lavrent’ev [4], Bitsadze [5, 6], Frankl [7], Protter [8, 9] and Morawetz [10], have had a great impact in this theory, where outstanding theoretical results were obtained and pointed out important practical values of them. Bibliography of the main fundamental results on this direction can be found, among others, in the monographs of Bitsadze [6], Berezansky [11], Bers [12], Salakhitdinov and Urinov [13] and Nakhushev [14].
In most of the works devoted to the study of mixed type equations, the object of study was mixed elliptic-hyperbolic type equations. Comparatively, few results have been obtained on the study of mixed parabolic-hyperbolic type equations. However, this last type of equations have also numerous applications in the real life processes (see [15] for an interesting example in mechanics). The reader can find a nice example given, for the first time, by Gelfand in [16], and connect with the movement of the gas in a channel surrounded by a porous environment. Inside the channel, the movement of gas was described by the wave equation and outside by the diffusion one. Mathematic models of this kind of problems arise in the study of electromagnetic fields, in a heterogeneous environment, consisting of dielectric and conductive environment for modeling the movement of a little compressible fluid in a channel surrounded by a porous medium [17]. Here, the wave equation describes the hydrodynamic pressure of the fluid in the channel, and the equation of filtration-pressure fluid in a porous medium. Similar problems arise in the study of the magnetic intensity of the electromagnetic field [17].
In the last few years, the investigations on local boundary value problems, for mixed equations in domains with non-characteristic boundary data, were intensively increased. We point out that the studies made on boundary value problems for equations of mixed type, in domains with deviation from the characteristics (with a non-characteristic boundary), have originated with the fundamental works of Bitsadze [5], where the generalized Tricomi problem (Problem M) for an equation of mixed type is discussed.
In the works [18] and [19], the analog to the Tricomi problem for a modeled parabolic-hyperbolic equation, was investigated in a domain with a non-characteristic boundary in a hyperbolic part. Moreover, the uniqueness of solution and the Volterra property of the formulated problem was proved. We also refer to the recent works devoted to the study of parabolic-hyperbolic equations [20–23].
In the last years, the interest for considering boundary value problems of parabolic-hyperbolic type, with integral gluing condition on the line of type changing, is increasing [24, 25].
In the present work, we study the analog to the generalized Tricomi problem with an integral gluing condition on the line of type changing. We prove that the formulated problem has the Volterra property. The obtained result generalizes some previous ones from Sadybekov and Tajzhanova given in [28].
Formulation of the problem
Let be a domain, bounded at by segments , , of straight lines , , , respectively, and at by a monotone smooth curve , , , , and by the segment , , which is the characteristic curve of the equation
where
Now we state the problem that we will consider along the paper:
Problem B To find a solution of Eq. (1), satisfying boundary conditions
and gluing conditions
where Q is a given function such that , and satisfy .
When the curve AC coincides with the characteristic one , and , the Problem B is just the Tricomi problem for parabolic-hyperbolic equation with a non-characteristic line of type changing, which has been studied in [26].
Regular solvability of the Problem B with continuous gluing conditions (, ) have been proved, for the first time, in [27], and strong solvability of this problem was proved in the work [28].
Several properties, including the Volterra property of boundary problems for mixed parabolic-hyperbolic equations, have been studied in the works [29–33].
We denote the parabolic part of the mixed domain Ω as and the hyperbolic part by .
A regular solution of the Problem B in the domain Ω will be a function
that satisfies Eq. (1) in the domains and , the boundary conditions (3)-(4), and the gluing condition (5).
Regarding the curve AC, we assume that is monotonically increasing. Then, rewriting it by using the characteristic variables and , we have that the equation of the curve AC can be expressed as , .
Main result
Theorem 1 Let and . Then for any function , there exists a unique regular solution of the Problem B.
Proof By a regular solution of the Problem B in the domain we look for a function that fulfills the following expression:
where
Based on (4) from (6), using the expressions on (7), we deduce that
By virtue of the unique solvability of the first boundary problem for the heat equation (1) satisfying condition (3), and the fact that , its solution can be represented as
where and is the Green’s function related to the first boundary problem, for the heat equation in a rectangle , which has the form [34]
Calculating the derivative in (9) and passing to the limit at , we get
where
and
Thus, the main functional relation between and , reduced to the segment AB from the parabolic part of the domain, implies that
Suppose, in a first moment, that . From (8) and (13), considering the gluing condition (5), we obtain the following integral equation regarding the function :
Here,
and
Hence, the Problem B is equivalent, in the sense of unique solvability, to the second kind Volterra integral equation (14).
The restrictions imposed on the functions γ, Q, and the right-hand side of Eq. (1) guarantees that, by virtue of (11) and (15), the kernel is a kernel with weak singularity. So, we have that Eq. (14) has a unique solution and . Since , we deduce the uniqueness of the function τ. Equation (8) gives us the uniqueness of function and, as consequence, we deduce, from Eq. (6), the uniqueness of solution of Problem B when .
Consider now the other case, i.e. and .
From functional relations (8) and (13), and taking gluing condition (5) into account at , we have
or, which is the same,
Considering the representation of , the previous equation can be rewritten as follows:
Since Eq. (17) is the Abel’s equation, it can be solved and so we arrive at the following identity:
Considering , after some simplifications, we get
where
Since the kernel has a weak singularity, then Eq. (18) has a unique solution, and it can be represented as
where is the resolvent kernel of (18).
As a consequence, arguing as in the case , we deduce, from Eq. (6), the uniqueness of solution of Problem B for and , and the result is proved. □
In the sequel, we will deduce the exact expression of the integral kernel related to the unique solution of Problem B.
To this end, we suppose, at the beginning, that . Note that the unique solution of Eq. (14) can be represented as
where is the resolvent kernel of Eq. (14), and it is given by the recurrence formula:
From (21), taking into account, we have that
where .
From the formula (6), and considering (8), one can easily deduce that
Substituting the representation of into (22) and considering (12) and (16), after some evaluations we get
where
and
In an analogous way, substituting the representation of into (9), we have
where
and
From (23) and (24), we arrive at the following expression:
where
Here,
When and , by using a similar algorithm, we conclude that
where
with
and
Thus, we have partially proved the following lemma.
Lemma 1 The unique regular solution of Problem B can be represented as follows:
where and
Proof Expression (25) has been proved before. Let us see that .
Note that in the kernel defined in (25), all the items are bounded except the first one. So, we only need to prove that
From the representation of the Green’s function given in (10), it follows that, for the aforementioned aim, it is enough to prove that (for ):
is bounded.
First, note that
Using this fact, we deduce that
By means of the change of variables , we get that this last expression is less than or equals to the following one:
As a consequence, and Lemma 1 is completely proved. □
Define now
We have the following regularity result for this function.
Lemma 2 If , and , then and .
Proof Using the explicit form of the Green’s function given in (10), it is not complicated to prove that function , defined by formulas (16) and (19), belongs to the class of functions and .
Lemma 2 is proved. □
Lemma 3 Suppose that and , then and
Proof Consider the following problem in :
Obviously, we have that .
First, note that it is known [35] that problem (27) has a unique solution , and it satisfies the following inequality:
Using now the obvious equality
we have that
From (28) and (29), we obtain
Now, by virtue of the conditions of Lemma 3 and the representations (16) and (19), from expression (30) and the Cauchy-Bunjakovskii inequalities, we get the estimate (26) and conclude the proof. □
Denote now as the norm of the Sobolev space with .
Lemma 4 Let u be the unique regular solution of Problem B. Then the following estimate holds:
Here, c is a positive constant that does not depend on u.
Proof By virtue of Lemma 3, and from (20) and (21), we deduce that
The result follows from expression (22). □
Definition 1 We define the set W as the set of all the regular solutions of Problem B.
A function is said to be a strong solution of Problem B, if there exists a functional sequence , such that and converge in to u and f, respectively.
Define as the closure of the differential operator , given by expression (2).
Note that, according to the definition of the strong solution, the function u will be a strong solution of Problem B if and only if .
Now we are in a position to prove the following uniqueness result for strong solutions.
Theorem 2 For any function and , there exists a unique strong solution u of Problem B. Moreover, , satisfies inequality (31) and it is given by the expression (25).
Proof Let be the set of the functions that vanish in a neighborhood of ∂ Ω (∂ Ω is a boundary of the domain Ω). Since is dense in , we have that for any function , there exist a functional sequence , such that , as .
It is not difficult to verify that if then (with obvious notation). Therefore, Eqs. (14) and (18) can be considered as a second kind Volterra integral equation in the space . Consequently, we have that . Due to the properties of the solutions of the boundary value problem for the heat equation in and the Darboux problem, by using the representations (6) and (9), we conclude that for all .
By virtue of the inequality (31), we get
Consequently, is a sequence of strong solutions, hence, Problem B is strongly solvable for all right hand , and the strong solution belongs to the space . Thus, Theorem 2 is proved. □
Consider now, for all  , the sequence of kernels given by the recurrence formula
with
and K defined in Lemma 1.
Lemma 5 For the iterated kernels we have the following estimate:
where and Γ is the Gamma-function of Euler.
Proof The proof will be done by induction in n.
Taking the representation of the Green’s function given in (10) into account, and from the representation of the kernel at , the inequality (32)
is automatically deduced.
Let (32) be valid for . We will prove the validity of this formula for . To this end, by using inequality (32), at and , we have that
Evaluating the previous integrals, we have that
which proves Lemma 5. □
Now we are in a position to prove the final result of this paper, which gives us the Volterra property for the inverse of operator .
Theorem 3 The integral operator defined in the right hand of (25), i.e.
has the Volterra property (it is almost continuous and quasi-nilpotent) in .
Proof Since the continuity of this operator follows from the fact that . To prove this theorem, we only need to verify that operator , defined by (33), is quasi-nilpotent, i.e.
where
From (33), and by direct calculations, one can easily arrive at the following expression:
Consequently, using the inequality of Schwarz and expression (32), from the representation (35) we obtain that
From here, we get
From the last equality, one can state the validity of the equality (34) and Theorem 3 is proved. □
Consequence 1 Problem B has the Volterra property.
Consequence 2 For any complex number λ, the equation
is uniquely solvable for all .
Due to the invertibility of the operator , the unique solvability of Eq. (36) is equivalent to the uniqueness of solution of the equation
which is a second kind of Volterra equation. This proves Consequence 2 of Theorem 3.
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Acknowledgements
This research was partially supported by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación-SPAIN, and FEDER, project MTM2010-15314 and KazNPU Rector’s grant for 2013.
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The four authors have participated into the obtained results. The collaboration of each one cannot be separated in different parts of the paper. All of them have made substantial contributions to the theoretical results. The four authors have been involved in drafting the manuscript and revising it critically for important intellectual content. All authors have given final approval of the version to be published.
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Berdyshev, A.S., Cabada, A., Karimov, E.T. et al. On the Volterra property of a boundary problem with integral gluing condition for a mixed parabolic-hyperbolic equation. Bound Value Probl 2013, 94 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2013-94
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2013-94