Computing Dirichlet eigenvalues of the Schrödinger operator with a PT-symmetric optical potential

We provide estimates for the eigenvalues of non-self-adjoint Sturm–Liouville operators with Dirichlet boundary conditions for a shift of the special potential 4cos2x+4iVsin2x\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$4\cos ^{2}x+4iV\sin 2x$\end{document} that is a PT-symmetric optical potential, especially when |c|=|1−4V2|<2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$|c|=|\sqrt{1-4V^{2}}|<2$\end{document} or correspondingly 0≤V<5/2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$0\leq V<\sqrt {5}/2$\end{document}. We obtain some useful equations for calculating Dirichlet eigenvalues also for |c|≥2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$|c|\geq 2$\end{document} or equally V≥5/2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$V\geq \sqrt{5}/2$\end{document}. We discuss our results by comparing them with the periodic and antiperiodic eigenvalues of the Schrödinger operator. We even approximate complex eigenvalues by the roots of some polynomials derived from some iteration formulas. Moreover, we give a numerical example with error analysis.


Introduction and preliminary facts
In this paper, we consider the operator D(q) generated in L 2 [0, π] by the differential expression -y (x) + q(x)y(x) ( 1 ) and Dirichlet boundary conditions where q is the PT-symmetric optical potential of the form which is a shift of 4 cos 2 x + 4iV sin 2x.Some physically interesting results have been obtained by considering the optical potential (3).The detailed investigations of the periodic optical potentials were illustrated on (3) in the papers [9,10].For the first time, the mathematical explanations of the nonreality of the spectrum of the Hill operator L(q), generated in L 2 (-∞, ∞) by differential expression (1) with potential (3), for V > 0.5 and finding the threshold 0.5 (the first critical point V 1 ) were given by Makris et al. [9,10].Moreover, they sketched the real and imaginary parts of the first two bands using numerical methods for V = 0.85.Midya et al. [12] reduced the operator L(q) to the Mathieu operator, and using the tabular values, they established that there is a second critical point V 2 ∼ 0.888437 after which no parts of the first and second bands remain real.Some of the most valuable results were given by Veliev [19,20].In [19], he gave a complete description, along with a mathematical proof, of the shape of the spectrum of the Hill operator L(q) with potential (3), when V changes from 1/2 to √ 5/2.Then, he extended his results for all V > 1/2 in [20].
The case V = 1/2 was considered for the first time by Gasymov [5], and it was proved that the spectrum of the Hill operator L(q) is [0, ∞).This case was also investigated in [6,17].
Note that the optical potential ( 3) is a PT-symmetric potential.For the properties of the general PT-symmetric potentials, see [1,13,18,21] and references therein.Here, we only note that the investigations of PT-symmetric periodic potentials were initiated by Bender et al. [2].
It was proved by Veliev [15, see Theorem 1 and (26)] that, if ab = cd, where a, b, c, and d are arbitrary complex numbers, then the Hill operators L(q) and L(p), generated in L 2 (-∞, ∞) by expression (1) with the potentials q(x) = ae -i2x + be i2x and p(x) = ce -i2x + de i2x , have the same Hill discriminant and hence the same Bloch eigenvalues and spectrum.Therefore, the investigations of the operators L t (q), for t ∈ (-1, 1], generated in L 2 [0, π] by the differential expression (1) and the boundary conditions y(π) = e iπ t y(0), y (π) = e iπ t y (0), (4) can be reduced to the investigations of the operators H t (c), generated in L 2 [0, π] by differential expression (1) and the boundary conditions (4) with the potential where c = √ 1 -4V 2 .In particular, the eigenvalues of L 0 (q) and L 1 (q) are called the periodic and antiperiodic eigenvalues of the Hill operator L(q), respectively.It was also proved by Veliev [16] that, if c = 0, then the number λ is an eigenvalue of multiplicity s of the operator H 0 (c), generated in L 2 [0, π] by expression (1) and the periodic boundary conditions with potential (5), if and only if it is an eigenvalue of multiplicity s either of the operator D(c) or of the operator N(c), where D(c) and N(c) are the operators generated in L 2 [0, π] by expression (1) and Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions, respectively, with potential (5).The statement continues to hold if H 0 (c) is replaced by H 1 (c), where H 1 (c) is the operator generated in L 2 [0, π] by expression (1) and the antiperiodic boundary conditions with potential (5).The eigenvalues of H 0 (c), H 1 (c), D(c), and N(c) are called periodic, antiperiodic, Dirichlet and Neumann eigenvalues of the Hill operator H(c), generated in L 2 (-∞, ∞) by expression (1) with potential (5), respectively.Therefore, it is known that (see also Summary 3 of [19]), if c = 0, then any periodic eigenvalue is either a Dirichlet eigenvalue or a Neumann eigenvalue.Similarly, any antiperiodic eigenvalue is either a Dirichlet eigenvalue or a Neumann eigenvalue.For this reason, to consider the spectrum of the operator D(q), we can use the properties of both the PTsymmetric potential (3) and the even potential (5).The eigenvalues of D(q) or D(c) are called Dirichlet eigenvalues, and they are denoted by λ n (q), for n ∈ Z + , where Z + is the set of positive integers.We may also use the notation λ n (c), n ∈ Z + , for Dirichlet eigenvalues.
In this paper, we give estimates for Dirichlet eigenvalues and compare the results found with the periodic and antiperiodic eigenvalues, in particular, when |c| < 2 or correspondingly 0 ≤ V < √ 5/2.We also provide some useful equations for calculating Dirichlet eigenvalues for the case |c| ≥ 2 or equally V ≥ √ 5/2.We even approximate complex eigenvalues by the roots of some polynomials derived from some iteration formulas.Finally, we give a numerical example for c2 = -2.157281295with error analysis using Rouche's theorem.
For ease of reading, we first present the main ideas of the proofs of the main results.To give estimates for the small Dirichlet eigenvalues, we prove (See Theorem 1) first that Dirichlet eigenvalues satisfy the equation for |c| < 2 if n is odd and for |c| < 3 if n is even, and n ≥ 1, where P k = π 0 p(x) cos kxdx, and the infinite series A k,n is defined in (11).We consider the antiperiodic Dirichlet (AD) eigenvalues λ 2n-1 , for n = 1, 2, . . ., in Theorem 1, and the periodic Dirichlet (PD) eigenvalues λ 2n , for n = 1, 2, . . ., in Theorem 2. In particular, we consider the first Dirichlet eigenvalues λ 1 and λ 2 in Theorem 1(a) and Theorem 2 (a), respectively, and prove that for |c| < 2, λ 1 is the root of equation (12) lying in the disk d 1 = {λ ∈ C : |λ -1| ≤ 2|c|} and that for |c| < 3, λ 2 is the root of (15) lying in the disk D 1 = {λ ∈ C : |λ -4| ≤ 2|c|}.Then, to estimate eigenvalues numerically, we take finite summations instead of the infinite series in equations ( 12), ( 13), (15), and (16) and approximate the eigenvalues by the roots of the polynomials derived from the mth approximations ( 17)-( 20), the way it was done by Veliev in [19].Now, we state some preliminary facts.It is well known that the spectrum of the operator D(q) is discrete, and for large enough n, there is one eigenvalue (counting with multiplicity) in the neighborhood of n 2 .See the basic and detailed classical results in [3,7,8,11] and references therein.The eigenvalues of the operators D(0) are n 2 , for n ∈ Z + , and all eigenvalues of D(0) are simple.
It is also known that (see [4,8]) if c is a real nonzero number, then all eigenvalues of the operator H t (c), generated in L 2 [0, π] by expression (1) and the boundary conditions (4) with potential (5), are real and simple.These results were stated more precisely in [19], as follows: Then, all the eigenvalues of H t (c), for all t ∈ (-1, 1], are real and simple, and the spectrum of the Hill operator H(c), generated in L 2 (-∞, ∞) by expression (1) with potential (5), consists of the real intervals where λ 0 (c), λ -n (c), λ +n (c), for n = 1, 2, . . .are the eigenvalues of H 0 (c), and μ -n (c), μ +n (c), for n = 1, 2 . . .are the eigenvalues of H 1 (c), and the following inequalities hold: The bands 1 , 2 , . . . of the spectrum σ (H(c)) of H(c) are separated by the gaps These statements continue to hold for L t (q) and L(q By Theorem 9 of [20], for complex values of c, the eigenvalues of the operator H 0 (c) lie in the disk D n := {λ ∈ C : |λ -(2n) 2 | ≤ 2|c|}, for n = 0, 1, 2, . . .and |c| < 3.Moreover, the disk D n , for n ≥ 2, has no common points with another disk D m , for m = n and the boundary of the disk D n, := {λ ∈ C : |λ -(2n) 2 | ≤ 2|c| + }, for n = 2, 3, . . ., belongs to the resolvent set of the operator H 0 (c), for all |c| < 3, if is a sufficiently small positive number.It implies that the number of eigenvalues (counting the multiplicity) of H 0 (c) lying in D n, , for n ≥ 2, are the same for all |c| < 3. Since H 0 (0) has two eigenvalues in D n, , for n ≥ 2, the operator H 0 (c) has also two eigenvalues for |c| < 3. Letting tend to zero, we obtain that H 0 (c) has two eigenvalues (counting the multiplicity) in D n , for n ≥ 2 and |c| < 3. Similarly, we prove that H 0 (c) has 3 eigenvalues in D 0 ∪ D 1 .We denote them by λ 0 , λ -1 , and λ +1 .

Main results
We start with the equation which is obtained from by multiplying both sides of the equality by sin nx, where N (x) is the eigenfunction corresponding to the eigenvalue λ N .Since the system of root functions Using the decomposition of N (x) by the orthonormal basis { √ 2 sin(n + n 1 )x/ √ π : n 1 > -n} and iterating equation (10) m times for N = n, the way it was done in the paper [22], we obtain where Here, the sums are taken under the conditions n s = ±2, s j=1 n j = 0, -2n for s = 1, 2, . . ., m + 1.Note that for the potential of the form (5), we have P 2 = P -2 = cπ and P k = 0 for k = ±2.
We stress that the iteration formula (11) was used in [22] for large eigenvalues to obtain asymptotic formulas.In this paper, we find conditions on potentials (3) and ( 5) for which the iteration formula ( 11) is also valid for the small eigenvalues, as m tends to infinity.We also note that it is not easy to give such conditions, there are many technical calculations.Since the potential p is the even potential of the form (5), we have A 2k,2n (λ 2n ) = 0, after some calculations, for k = 1, 2, . . . .Now, to give the main results, we prove the following lemmas.Without loss of generality, we assume that n (x) is the normalized eigenfunction corresponding to the eigenvalue λ n .
Therefore, for the case |c| < 2s -1, n ≥ s and s = 2, 3, . . ., using these inequalities and arguing as in the proof of (a) for Case 1, we complete the proof of (a) for Case 2.
Now, letting m tend to infinity in equation (11), we obtain the following results.First, we consider the antiperiodic Dirichlet (AD) eigenvalues λ 2n-1 , for n = 1, 2, . . .: , where A k,n is defined in (11), and the series
Then, F 1 (λ) has one root in the disk D 1 , and for the derivative of A 2k+1,2 (λ 2 ) with respect to λ 2 , Then, F n (λ) has one root in the disk D n and Using the estimates for |A 2k+1,4 (λ 4 )|, Now, to estimate eigenvalues numerically, we take finite summations instead of the infinite series in the equations ( 12), ( 13), (15), and ( 16).If we consider the mth approximation for the first eigenvalue λ 1 , the mth approximation for the second eigenvalue λ 2 , and the mth approximations and for the other eigenvalues λ 2n-1 and λ 2n , n = 2, 3, . . ., of D, then we have the following estimates for the remaining terms: for |c| < 2, and for |c| < 3. Obviously, we obtain better approximations as m grows.Besides, for a fixed m, this method gives better approximations as n grows.Now, we approach the eigenvalues by the roots of the polynomials derived from the mth approximations ( 17)-( 20), as it was done in [19].For example, for m = 2 and n = 1 in (17), we have the approximation for m = 2 and n = 2 in (18), for m = 3 and n = 3 in ( 19), we have and for m = 3 and n = 4 in (20), Then, and are polynomials of degree 7, 7, 13, and 8, respectively.By the same token, we can derive polynomials to approximate the other Dirichlet eigenvalues, for n ≥ 5. Now, we present a numerical example.
Example 1 For m = 2 and c 2 = -2.157281295,Veliev [19] approximated the first two periodic eigenvalues, say μ 0 and μ 2 , which are also Neumann eigenvalues.Besides, we approximated [14] the first two antiperiodic eigenvalues, one of which is the first Dirichlet eigenvalue λ 1 .We also approximated [14] the third periodic eigenvalue, which is the second Dirichlet eigenvalue λ 2 .In this paper, we have obtained the same values for Dirichlet eigenvalues using completely different iteration formulas.Now, we show that the first Dirichlet eigenvalue λ 1 is the complex eigenvalue lying inside the circle