Unique identification of a multi-layered fluid–solid medium

*Correspondence: fenglongqu@amss.ac.cn 1School of Mathematics and Information Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, P.R. China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Abstract This paper is concerned with the inverse scattering of time-harmonic acoustic plane waves by a multi-layered fluid–solid medium in the three dimensional space. We establish the global uniqueness in identifying the embedded penetrable solid obstacle, the surrounding fluid medium and its wave number from the acoustic far-field pattern for all incident plane waves at a fixed frequency. The proof depends on constructing different kinds of interior transmission problems in appropriate small domains and the a priori estimates derived for both the elastic wave fields in the embedded solid obstacle and the acoustic wave fields in the surrounding fluid medium.


Introduction
Consider the inverse problem of scattering of time-harmonic acoustic plane waves by a bounded penetrable elastic obstacle embedded in an inhomogeneous acoustic background medium. This gives rise to the fluid-solid interaction problem, which has important applications in lots of fields such as the medical imaging, non-destructive testing and the material science (cf. [33,38] and the references cited therein).
The fluid-solid interaction problem under consideration is modeled by the Helmholtz equation with different wave numbers in the layered fluid medium, where the solution is continuous across the interface, and satisfies the Navier equation in the solid obstacle. A coupled transmission condition is imposed on the interface between the solid obstacle and the surrounding fluid medium. The well-posedness of the forward scattering problem can be established by the coupling method of a variational and boundary integral equation techniques (cf. [13,20]).
In the current paper, we are interested in the inverse problem of recovering the embedded penetrable solid obstacle, the surrounding fluid medium and the corresponding wave number by means of acoustic far-field data. This is a challenging topic since both the embedded solid obstacle and the surrounded background fluid medium are unknown. For the case when the solid obstacle embedded in a homogeneous background fluid medium, there already exist diverse inversion algorithms of reconstructing the elastic body from acoustic measurements; see e.g., the iterative optimization methods in [6,7], non-iterative qualitative methods in [21,24,25,38], and the integral equation method in [37]. Meanwhile, some uniqueness results have also been established. A well-known uniqueness theorem of identifying a bounded solid body from acoustic far-field data was firstly proved in [27]. The proof in [27] was then simplified by [24] due to Hähner's idea, where a H 2regularity of the related solutions was applied. A different technique was proposed in [32] in determining a bounded solid obstacle from acoustic measurements. We also refer to [1,10] for the analysis of the time-dependent fluid-solid interaction problems.
It is well known that the uniqueness issue for the full acoustic inverse medium scattering problems has been extensively studied (cf. [2,5,9,14,15,22,23,28,29,34,39] and the references cited therein). Most of them are focused on the unique recovery of the shape of a penetrable obstacle in the case when the solution is discontinuous across the penetrable interface. For example, based on the idea of constructing singular solutions of related scattering problems, Isakov [16] established the first uniqueness result for the penetrable obstacles. Hähner [12] proposed a different technique for an inverse anisotropic medium scattering problem. A uniqueness theorem can also be found in [8] for the case when an impenetrable acoustic obstacle embedded in a piecewise homogeneous medium. Relying on constructing complex geometrical optics solutions method, [26] proved a uniqueness theorem in recovering a penetrable obstacle, which was then extended to the case of the elastic scattering problem [19] and Maxwell's equations [18]. The reader is referred to [36] for a novel method in recovering the shape and location of penetrable obstacles for full acoustic and electromagnetic scattering problems, which has been extended to the inverse scattering problem [30] of determining an inhomogeneous cavity. It should be noted that two reconstruction algorithms [31,35] have also been developed in numerically locating the penetrable medium with embedded acoustic objects inside.
In this paper we shall establish some a priori estimates for both the acoustic and the elastic wave fields by using the integral equation method in Sect. 2. A key role is played by introducing an auxiliary impedance boundary value problem with the boundary data in the sense of L p -norm (1 < p < 2). Section 3 is devoted to the inverse problem of recovering the multi-layered fluid-solid medium. We first determine the surrounding acoustic medium, disregarding the unknown wave number in the medium and the embedded penetrable elastic obstacle. Then we continue to identify the corresponding wave number in the surrounding medium without knowing the embedded penetrable elastic obstacle. Finally, with a knowledge of the surrounding acoustic medium, the unique recovery of the embedded penetrable elastic obstacle will be given.

A priori estimates
In this section we shall derive some a priori estimates for both the acoustic wave field in the fluid medium and the elastic field in the embedded solid obstacle.
We begin with the formulations of the model problem. Let D ⊂ R 3 be a bounded connected domain, which denotes a penetrable fluid medium with a smooth boundary Γ 1 := ∂D ∈ C 2 . Let a bounded and simply connected domain D 0 ⊂ D denote an embedded solid obstacle with a smooth boundary Γ 0 := ∂D 0 ∈ C 2 . We further assume that the constant wave number k * = k 1 ∈ R + in D 1 := D \ D 0 and k * = k ∈ R + in R 3 \ D. Moreover, let us denote by ρ f the constant mass density in the fluid medium D 1 and by ρ s ∈ L ∞ (D 0 ) the real-valued mass density in the solid obstacle D 0 . See Fig. 1 for the geometric configuration of the scattering problem. Consider an incident plane wave p i := e ikx·d , where the wave number k = ω/c with ω the frequency and c the sound speed, and d ∈ S 2 := {x ∈ R 3 : |x| = 1} is the incident direction. Then the scattering problem can be formulated in determining the total acoustic field p = p i + p s and the transmitted elastic field u such that where p s = pp i is the acoustic scattered field, * := μ + (λ + μ) grad div with the lamé constants λ, μ ∈ R satisfying that μ > 0, 3λ + 2μ > 0, η = ρ f ω 2 and ν is the exterior unit normal vector on Γ 0 directed into D 1 . Here the stress vector t(u) on Γ 0 is defined by The Sommerfeld radiation condition related to the acoustic scattered field p s in (2.1) enables us to have the following asymptotic behavior: uniformly for all directionsx := x/r ∈ S 2 , where p ∞ is known as the far-field pattern of the acoustic scattered field p s . In order to obtain the a priori estimates for the acoustic field p and the elastic field u corresponding to different kinds of incident fields, we consider the following scattering problem: where β > 0 is a positive constant and the scattered field q s = qq i with the incident super singular point source We next study the solvability of the scattering problem (2.3) by reformulating it into an equivalent Lippmann-Schwinger-type equation. To accomplish this, we introduce the exterior boundary value problem as follows: Then, by the Green representation theorem for the solution q to the problem (2.3) and the radiation conditions for q s and G s , it can be shown that the solution q of (2.3) can be represented in the following equivalent Lippmann-Schwinger-type form: Now define the operator T by It then follows from (2.5) that Noticing that F i (·; z) ∈ L s (D 1 ) with 6/5 ≤ s < 3/2. It is known from [11, Theorem 9.9] that T is bounded from L s (D 1 ) into W 2,s (D 1 ), so it is compact from L s (D 1 ) to itself. Hence, the operator I + T is of Fredholm type with index zero due to the uniqueness of the problem (2.3). Then an application of the Fredholm alternative implies that there exists a unique solution q to the problem (2.3) satisfying that In addition, it is noted that This, together with the fact that Tq ∈ W 2,s (D 1 ) → H 1 (D 1 ) for 6/5 ≤ s < 3/2, gives Combining (2.7) and (2.9) yields the following uniform a priori estimate for the solution q of the problem (2.3).

) and let q be the solution to the problem (2.3) produced by the incident supper singular point source q
where 6/5 ≤ s < 3/2 and C > 0 is a positive constant independent of z.
Remark 2.2 For a general incident field q i such as a plane wave q i = e ikx·d with d ∈ S 2 or a point source , it can be deduced from Theorem 2.1 that the solution q of (2.3) satisfies for a positive constant C > 0.
Before going further, we here remark that ω ∈ R is called a Jones frequency if the following boundary value problem: has a nontrivial solution, that is, u = 0 in D 0 (cf. [17,24]). Now, we consider the general boundary value problem where f 1 ∈ H -1/2 (Γ 0 ) 3 , f 2 ∈ H -1/2 (Γ 0 ). If ω ∈ R is not a Jones frequency, using the coupling method of a variational and boundary integral equation techniques (cf. [13,20]), the wellposedness of (2.13) can be obtained, which is stated as follows.

Theorem 2.3
If ω ∈ R is not a Jones frequency, then the problem (2.13) admits a unique for any sufficiently large R > 0. Here B R := {x ∈ R 3 : |x| ≤ R} and C > 0 is a constant depending on R.
Based on Theorem 2.1 and 2.3, we next establish the a priori estimate for the problem (2.1). Let (p, u) be the solution to the problem (2.1) corresponding to the incident super singular point source p i = ∇ x Φ(x, z) · a with z ∈ R 3 \ D and a fixed vector a ∈ R 3 . Assume that q is the total field corresponding to the scattered field q s in (2.1) with the incident super singular point source q i := ∇ x Φ(x, z) · a . Let w := pq in R 3 \ D 0 and u = u in D 0 , then ( w, u) is the solution to the problem (2.13) with the boundary data f 1 := -qν = -[(qq i ) + q i ]ν and f 2 := -iβq = -iβ[(qq i ) + q i ]. Moreover, it is noted from Theorem 2.1 that qq i ∈ H 1 (D 1 ) and q i = ∇ x Φ(x, z) · a with z ∈ R 3 \ D. By the trace theorem and the positive distance between z and Γ 0 , it is deduced that f 1 ∈ H -1/2 (Γ 0 ) 3 and f 2 ∈ H -1/2 (Γ 0 ), respectively. Therefore, by Theorem 2.1 and 2.3, we have the following theorem.

Theorem 2.4
For z * ∈ Γ 1 , let B ε 0 (z * ) be a small ball centered at z * with the radius ε 0 > 0. Let z ∈ B ε 0 (z * ) ∩ (R 3 \ D) and let (p, u) be the solution to the problem (2.1) corresponding to the incident super singular point source p i = ∇ x Φ(x, z) · a with a fixed vector a ∈ R 3 . Then p ∈ L s (D 1 ) and pp i ∈ H 1 (D 1 ) satisfy 14) where 6/5 ≤ s < 3/2 and C > 0 is a positive constant independent of z.
Remark 2.5 For a general incident field p i such as a plane wave p i = e ikx·d with d ∈ S 2 or a point source Relying on the above arguments, we can also derive the a priori estimate for the elastic wave field u of the problem (2.1) in the next theorem.

Theorem 2.6
For z * ∈ Γ 0 , let B ε 0 (z * ) be a small ball centered at z * with the radius ε 0 > 0. Let z ∈ B ε 0 (z * ) ∩ (R 3 \ D 0 ) and let (p, u) be the solution to the problem (2.1) corresponding to the incident point source p i = Φ 1 (x, z). Then we have where C > 0 is a positive constant independent of z.
In the following, it remains to show the uniform boundedness of (f 2,j , f 1,j ) in the norm given by (3.5) for all j ∈ N. It is first noted that since z * has a positive distance from Γ 1 and the acoustic wave field p j satisfies the Helmholtz equation p j + k 2 p j = 0 in Ω * . It is then deduced from the definition of h j that uniformly for all j ∈ N. Hence, by Theorem 2.4 we deduce that uniformly for all j ∈ N. This, together with (3.4) gives w 1,j L 2 Ω * ) + w 2,j L 2 (Ω * ) ≤ C uniformly for all j ∈ N. (3.12) Consequently, we have Moreover, it can be easily checked that (3.14) Then we see that (3.13) is a contradiction since p i j L 2 (Ω * ) → ∞ as j → ∞ and p jp i j L 2 (Ω * ) is uniformly bounded due to Theorem 2.4. Therefore, we get Γ 1 = Γ 1 .
Step 2. We continue to prove k 1 = k 1 by contradiction. Suppose that k 1 = k 1 . Then we can choose x * ∈ Γ 1 and define . Now, we still let (p j , u j ) and ( p j , u j ) be the solutions to the problem (2.1) with respect to the scatterers (D, Γ 0 , k 1 , Γ 1 ) and ( D, Γ 0 , k 1 , Γ 1 ), respectively, generated by the incident super singular point source p i j defined by (3.1) with z j replaced by x j . It then follows that (v 1,j , v 2,j ) := ( p j , p j ) solves the following interior transmission problem: where h 1,j , h 2,j are defined as f 1,j , f 2,j in (3.6) and (3.7). Arguing similarly as those between (3.8) and (3.14), we arrive at a contradiction. Then we have proved k 1 = k 1 .
It is observed from Theorem 2.6 that u j is uniformly bounded in H 1 (Ω 0 ) 3 , which gives the uniform boundedness of g 2,j in L 2 (Ω 0 ) 3 for all j ∈ N. Thanks to the positive distance between y * and Γ 0 , we obtain p j L 2 (Ω 0 ) + p s j H 1 (Ω 0 ) ≤ C uniformly for all j ∈ N. (3.21) This immediately shows that g 1,j is uniformly bounded in L 2 (Ω 0 ) for all j ∈ N. Furthermore, with the aid of (3.19), we only need to prove the uniform boundedness of f j H -1/2 (∂Ω 0 \Σ 0 ) 3 and h j H -1/2 (∂Ω 0 \Σ 0 ) for all j ∈ N. By the trace theorem, it is then sufficient to show the