Blow-up conditions of nonlinear parabolic equations and systems under mixed nonlinear boundary conditions

In this paper, we ﬁrstly discuss blow-up phenomena for nonlinear parabolic equations under mixed nonlinear boundary conditions ∂ u ∂ u ) on (cid:6) 1 × (0, t ∗ ) and u = 0 on (cid:6) 2 × (0, t ∗ ), where (cid:3) is a bounded domain and (cid:6) 1 and (cid:6) 2 are disjoint subsets of a boundary ∂(cid:3) . Here, f and h are real-valued C 1 -functions and ρ is a positive C 1 -function. To obtain the blow-up solutions, we introduce the following blow-up conditions: x ∈ (cid:3) , z ∈ ∂(cid:3) , t > 0, and u ∈ R for some constants (cid:7) , β where ρ m := inf s >0 ρ ( s ), λ R is the ﬁrst Robin eigenvalue and λ S is the ﬁrst Steklov eigenvalue. Lastly, we discuss blow-up solutions for nonlinear parabolic systems.


Introduction
In this paper, we firstly discuss blow-up solutions to the nonlinear parabolic equations under mixed nonlinear boundary conditions ∂u ∂n + θ (z)u = h(z, t, u), on 1 × (0, t * ), u = 0, on 2 × (0, t * ), u(·, 0) = u 0 , i n . (1) Next, we deal with blow-up solutions to the nonlinear parabolic systems under mixed nonlinear boundary conditions Here, is a bounded domain in R N (N ≥ 2) with the smooth boundary ∂ and 1 , 2 are disjoint open and closed subsets of ∂ , respectively, such that 1 ∪ 2 = ∂ . Also, t * is the maximal existence time of the solution u (or the solution pair (u, v)). Also, we assume that f is a real-valued C 1 ( × R + × R)-function, f 1 and f 2 are real-valued C 1 ( × R + × R 2 )-functions, h is a real-valued C 1 (∂ × R + × R)-function, h 1 and h 2 are real-valued C 1 (∂ × R + × R 2 )-functions, ρ, ρ 1 , and ρ 2 are positive and nonincreasing C 2 (R + )-functions satisfying inf s>0 ρ(s) > 0, inf s>0 ρ 1 (s) > 0, and inf s>0 ρ 2 (s) > 0, and θ is a nonnegative C 1 (∂ )-function, where R + := (0, ∞). Moreover, the initial data u 0 and v 0 are assumed to be nontrivial C 1 ( )-functions which are compatible with the boundary conditions. Equation (1) and system (2) appear in several branches of applied sciences. For example, they represent some ecosystems or chemical reaction models such as heat processes in one or more component mixtures. Also, we can consider the above boundary conditions as a migration during in these processes (see [1,2] and the references therein).
Some special cases of equation (1) and system (2) have been studied from various perspectives with respect to the blow-up property (see [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]). For example, Enache studied the following nonlinear parabolic equations: under the Dirichlet boundary conditions and the Robin boundary conditions in [15,16], respectively, where ρ is a positive and nonincreasing C 2 (R + )-function and f is a nonnegative differentiable function. He obtained the blow-up solutions to equation (3) by using a condition for some > 0. In fact, condition (A ρ ) has been frequently used to study the blow-up phenomena of nonlinear parabolic equations and systems. There are lots of research works on the equations and systems in which the functions f and h are replaced by a separable type functions in equation (1) and system (2) (see [17][18][19][20][21]). For the example of the systems, Baghaei and Hesaaraki [20] studied the following nonlinear parabolic systems under the nonlinear boundary conditions: where f 1 , f 2 , h 1 , and h 2 are nonnegative locally Lipschitz continuous functions. They obtained the blow-up solutions by using the condition (A) : (2 + 1 )F(r, s) ≥ rf 1 (r, s) + sf 2 (r, s), On the other hand, Chung and Choi [22] studied the following nonlinear parabolic equations: under the Dirichlet boundary condition, where f is a nonnegative locally Lipschitz function. They improved the blow-up conditions (A ρ ) for ρ ≡ 1 such that Here, λ D is the first Dirichlet eigenvalue of the Laplace operator .
In 2021, the authors [23] studied the blow-up solutions for the nonlinear parabolic equations under mixed boundary conditions, where ρ is a positive and nonincreasing C 2 (R)function and f is a nonnegative C 2 ( × R + × R)-function. They obtained the blow-up solutions by using the modified version of condition (C). It is well known that the blow-up phenomena are greatly influenced by the shape of domains (see [24]). However, most of all blow-up conditions do not depend on the domains and the boundary conditions. Therefore, it is worthwhile to notice that the above condition (C) depends on the domain , since the first eigenvalue of the Laplace operator depends on the domains.
From the above point of view, we obtained the blow-up condition for the solutions to equation (1) as follows: (C ρ ) : for x ∈ , z ∈ ∂ , t > 0, and u ∈ R, for some constants , β 1 , β 2 , γ 1 , and γ 2 , satisfying Here, ρ m := inf s>0 ρ(s), λ R is the first eigenvalue of the Robin eigenvalue problem, and λ S is the first eigenvalue of the Steklov eigenvalue problem.
Because we deal with the function f in the reaction terms and the function h in the boundary terms, it is important to find the blow-up conditions which depend on the domains and the boundary conditions. From this point, it is worth noticing that information on domain and boundary was applied to the blow-up condition (C ρ ) by using the first Robin eigenvalue and Steklov eigenvalue of the Laplace operator, respectively.
In most of the research results on blow-up, functions f and h have been assumed to be nonnegative. In addition, functions of separable types such as k(t)f (u) or f (u) have been considered. However, the functions f and h in this paper are real-valued functions and can be non-separable, which is one of our main purposes.
Our boundary conditions include various boundary conditions such as the Dirichlet boundary condition, the Neumann boundary condition, the Robin boundary conditions, and so on. One of the meanings of our result is a unified approach.
We organize this paper as follows. In Section 2, we deal with the blow-up solutions to equations (1). In Section 3, we discuss the blow-up solutions to systems (2).

Blow-up phenomena: nonlinear parabolic equations
In this section, we discuss blow-up solutions to the nonlinear parabolic equations under the mixed nonlinear boundary conditions (1). We introduce the definition of the blow-up.

Definition 2.1
We say that a solution u to equation (1) blows up in finite time t * > 0 whenever u 2 (x, t) dx → +∞ as t t * . Now, we introduce the first Robin eigenvalue and the first Steklov eigenvalue. [25,26]) There exist λ R ≥ 0 and a nonnegative function φ 0 ∈ W 1,2 ( ) such that

Lemma 2.2 (See
Moreover, λ R is given by [25,27]) Let 1 = ∅. Then there exist λ S > 0 and a nonnegative function Moreover, λ S is given by . Now, we state the main theorem.

Theorem 2.4
Suppose that the functions f and h satisfy condition (C ρ ). In addition, we assume that F and H are nondecreasing in t. Moreover, we assume that the function ρ satisfies If the initial data u 0 satisfies then every solution u to equation (1) blows up at finite time t * > 0.
Proof For a solution u(x, t), we define functions A and B on [0, ∞) by for each t ≥ 0. Firstly, we assume that 1 = ∅. It follows from integration by parts and the assumption ρ ≤ 0 that for all t ∈ (0, t * ). Applying condition (C ρ ) to inequality (9), we obtain for all t ∈ (0, t * ). Here, the last term can be estimated by using the following inequality: Therefore, we obtain from Lemma 2.2 and Lemma 2.3 that for all t ∈ (0, t * ). On the other hand, it follows from the fact that F and H are nondecreasing in t and integration by parts that for all t ∈ (0, t * ). Considering (11), (12), and the initial data condition (8), it is easy to see that A(t) > 1, A (t) > 0, B(t) > 0, and B (t) > 0 for all t ∈ (0, t * ). Now we use the Schwarz inequality and (11) to get for all t ∈ (0, t * ). Integrating by parts, the use of ρ ≤ 0 and assumption (7) give Combining (13) and (14), we have for all t ∈ (0, t * ). Then we obtain from (15) that for all t ∈ (0, t * ). It follows that for all t ∈ (0, t * ), which implies that Integrating from 0 to t, we finally obtain Therefore, the solution u blows up at finite time 0 < t * ≤ T.
On the other hand, if 1 = ∅, then it is trivial that the function h cannot affect the solution u. In this case, we can easily obtain the blow-up solution by following the above proof, by using the condition (C ρ ) : (2 + )F(x, t, u) ≤ uρ(u)f (x, t, u) + β 1 u 2 + γ 1 for some constants , β 1 , and γ 1 , satisfying > 0 and 0 ≤ β 1 ≤ ρ 2 m λ R 2 .

Remark 2.5 (i) We can easily obtain that
The upper bound T of the blow-up time t * can be obtained from inequality (16): . Now, we discuss nonnegative functions or nonpositive functions since, in fact, if the functions f and h have the same signs on × R + × R and ∂ × R + × R, respectively, then we can improve the blow-up condition (C ρ ).

Theorem 2.6 Suppose that the function F is nonpositive. Also, we assume that the functions f and h satisfy the conditions
for all x ∈ , z ∈ ∂ , t > 0, u > 0, for some constants 1 , 2 , β 1 , β 2 , γ 1 , γ 2 , satisfying In addition, we assume that F and H are nondecreasing in t. Moreover, we assume that the function ρ satisfies lim s→0+ s 2 ρ(s) = 0.
If the initial data u 0 satisfies for each t ≥ 0. Now, applying condition (C ρ ) to (9), we obtain for all t ≥ 0. Hence, we have from Lemma 2.2 and Lemma 2.3 that Also, by the same argument as inequality (12), we can obtain Therefore, we can easily obtain in a similar way as the proof of Theorem 2.4 that Hence, the solution u blows up at finite time 0 < t * ≤ T. Furthermore, the upper bound T of the blow-up time satisfies .

Theorem 2.7 Suppose that the function H is nonpositive. Also, we assume that the functions f and h satisfy the conditions
(C ρ ) : for all x ∈ , z ∈ ∂ , t > 0, u > 0, for some constants 1 , 2 , β 1 , β 2 , γ 1 , γ 2 , satisfying In addition, we assume that F and H are nondecreasing in t. Moreover, we assume that the function ρ satisfies lim s→0+ s 2 ρ(s) = 0.
If the initial data u 0 satisfies .

Proof
The proof is basically similar to the proof of Theorem 2.4 and Corollary 2.6. Therefore, one can easily complete this proof by following the proofs.
Since t is the one of variables of the reaction term f , we can expect that condition (C ρ ) may depend on t. From this point of view, we obtain the following condition (C ρ ) . In fact, condition (C ρ ) is the generalized version of condition (C ρ ): for all x ∈ , z ∈ ∂ , t > 0, u ∈ R, for some differentiable functions , β 1 , β 2 , γ 1 , γ 2 , satisfying for t > 0.

Theorem 2.8 Let 1 = ∅. Suppose that the functions f and h satisfy condition (C ρ ) .
In addition, we assume that and H(z, t, u) -γ 2 (z, t) 2 + (t) are nondecreasing in t.