Table 1 Ecological meaning

\(r_{1}\)

Growth rate of prey population in the absence of predators,

\(r_{2}\)

Growth rate of predators (based on the convention coefficients from prey individuals to predator individuals),

ρ

Strength of competition among individuals of prey species,

\(\delta _{1}\)

Maximum value of per capita reduction rate of prey,

\(\delta _{2}\)

Maximum value of per capita predator consumption rate,

\(\delta _{3}\)

Death rate of predators,

\(\chi _{1}\)

Half saturation constant of prey in absence of refuge,

\(\chi _{2}\)

Measures the handling time of prey on the feeding rate,

\(\chi _{3}\)

Coefficient of interference (disturbance) among predators,

\(\chi _{4}\)

Measures the extent to which the environment provides protection to a predator.