- Research Article
- Open access
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Positive Solutions for a Class of Coupled System of Singular Three-Point Boundary Value Problems
Boundary Value Problems volume 2009, Article number: 273063 (2009)
Abstract
Existence of positive solutions for a coupled system of nonlinear three-point boundary value problems of the type ,
,
,
,
,
,
, is established. The nonlinearities
,
are continuous and may be singular at
, and/or
, while the parameters
,
satisfy
. An example is also included to show the applicability of our result.
1. Introduction
Multipoint boundary value problems (BVPs) arise in different areas of applied mathematics and physics. For example, the vibration of a guy wire composed of parts with a uniform cross-section and different densities in different parts can be modeled as a Multipoint boundary value problem [1]. Many problems in the theory of elastic stability can also be modeled as Multipoint boundary value problem [2].
The study of Multipoint boundary value problems for linear second order ordinary differential equations was initiated by Il'in and Moiseev, [3, 4], and extended to nonlocal linear elliptic boundary value problems by Bitsadze et al. [5, 6]. Existence theory for nonlinear three-point boundary value problems was initiated by Gupta [7]. Since then the study of nonlinear three-point BVPs has attracted much attention of many researchers, see [8–11] and references therein for boundary value problems with ordinary differential equations and also [12] for boundary value problems on time scales. Recently, the study of singular BVPs has attracted the attention of many authors, see for example, [13–18] and the recent monograph by Agarwal et al. [19].
The study of system of BVPs has also fascinated many authors. System of BVPs with continuous nonlinearity can be seen in [20–22] and the case of singular nonlinearity can be seen in [8, 21, 23–26]. Wei [25], developed the upper and lower solutions method for the existence of positive solutions of the following coupled system of BVPs:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ1_HTML.gif)
where , and may be singular at
,
,
and/or
.
By using fixed point theorem in cone, Yuan et al. [26] studied the following coupled system of nonlinear singular boundary value problem:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ2_HTML.gif)
are allowed to be superlinear and are singular at
and/or
. Similarly, results are studied in [8, 21, 23].
In this paper, we generalize the results studied in [25, 26] to the following more general singular system for three-point nonlocal BVPs:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ3_HTML.gif)
where ,
,
. We allow
and
to be singular at
,
, and also
and/or
. We study the sufficient conditions for existence of positive solution for the singular system (1.3) under weaker hypothesis on
and
as compared to the previously studied results. We do not require the system (1.3) to have lower and upper solutions. Moreover, the cone we consider is more general than the cones considered in [20, 21, 26].
By singularity, we mean the functions and
are allowed to be unbounded at
,
,
, and/or
. To the best of our knowledge, existence of positive solutions for a system (1.3) with singularity with respect to dependent variable(s) has not been studied previously. Moreover, our conditions and results are different from those studied in [21, 24–26]. Throughout this paper, we assume that
are continuous and may be singular at
,
,
, and/or
. We also assume that the following conditions hold:
(A1) and satisfy
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ4_HTML.gif)
(A2)There exist real constants such that
,
,
and for all
,
,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ5_HTML.gif)
(A3)There exist real constants such that
,
,
and for all
,
,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ6_HTML.gif)
for example, a function that satisfies the assumptions and
is
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ7_HTML.gif)
where ,
,
;
such that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ8_HTML.gif)
The main result of this paper is as follows.
Theorem 1.1.
Assume that hold. Then the system (1.3) has at least one positive solution.
2. Preliminaries
For each , we write
. Let
. Clearly,
is a Banach space and
is a cone. Similarly, for each
, we write
. Clearly,
is a Banach space and
is a cone in
. For any real constant
, define
. By a positive solution of (1.3), we mean a vector
such that
satisfies (1.3) and
,
on
. The proofs of our main result (Theorem 1.1) is based on the Guo's fixed-point theorem.
Lemma 2.1 (Guo's Fixed-Point Theorem [27]).
Let be a cone of a real Banach space
,
,
be bounded open subsets of
and
. Suppose that
is completely continuous such that one of the following condition hold:
(i) for
and
  for
;
(ii) for
and
  for
.
Then, has a fixed point in
.
The following result can be easily verified.
Result.
Let such that
. Let
,
and concave on
. Then,
for all
.
Choose such that
. For fixed
and
, the linear three-point BVP
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ9_HTML.gif)
has a unique solution
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ10_HTML.gif)
where is the Green's function and is given by
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ11_HTML.gif)
We note that as
, where
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ12_HTML.gif)
is the Green's function corresponding the boundary value problem
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ13_HTML.gif)
whose integral representation is given by
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ14_HTML.gif)
Lemma 2.2 (see [9]).
Let . If
and
, then then unique solution
of the problem (2.5) satisfies
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ15_HTML.gif)
where .
We need the following properties of the Green's function in the sequel.
Lemma 2.3 (see [11]).
The function can be written as
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ16_HTML.gif)
where
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ17_HTML.gif)
Following the idea in [10], we calculate upper bound for the Green's function in the following lemma.
Lemma 2.4.
The function satisfies
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ18_HTML.gif)
where
Proof.
For , we discuss various cases.
Case 1.
,
; using (2.3), we obtain
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ19_HTML.gif)
If , the maximum occurs at
, hence
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ20_HTML.gif)
and if , the maximum occurs at
, hence
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ21_HTML.gif)
Case 2.
,
; using (2.3), we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ22_HTML.gif)
Case 3.
,
; using (2.3), we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ23_HTML.gif)
Case 4.
,
; using (2.3), we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ24_HTML.gif)
For , the maximum occurs at
, hence
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ25_HTML.gif)
For , the maximum occurs at
, so
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ26_HTML.gif)
Now, we consider the nonlinear nonsingular system of BVPs
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ27_HTML.gif)
We write (2.19) as an equivalent system of integral equations
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ28_HTML.gif)
By a solution of the system (2.19), we mean a solution of the corresponding system of integral equations (2.20). Define a retraction by
and an operator
by
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ29_HTML.gif)
where operators are defined by
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ30_HTML.gif)
Clearly, if is a fixed point of
, then
is a solution of the system (2.19).
Lemma 2.5.
Assume that holds. Then
is completely continuous.
Proof.
Clearly, for any ,
. We show that the operator
is uniformly bounded. Let
be fixed and consider
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ31_HTML.gif)
Choose a constant such that
,
,
. Then, for every
, using (2.22), Lemma 2.4,
and
, we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ32_HTML.gif)
which implies that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ33_HTML.gif)
that is, is uniformly bounded. Similarly, using (2.22), Lemma 2.4,
and
, we can show that
is also uniformly bounded. Thus,
is uniformly bounded. Now we show that
is equicontinuous. Define
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ34_HTML.gif)
Let such that
. Since
is uniformly continuous on
, for any
, there exist
such that
implies
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ35_HTML.gif)
For , using (2.22)–(2.27), we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ36_HTML.gif)
Hence,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ37_HTML.gif)
which implies that is equicontinuous. Similarly, using (2.22)–(2.27), we can show that
is also equicontinuous. Thus,
is equicontinuous. By Arzelà -Ascoli theorem,
is relatively compact. Hence,
is a compact operator.
Now we show that is continuous. Let
such that
Then by using (2.22) and Lemma 2.4, we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ38_HTML.gif)
Consequently,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ39_HTML.gif)
By Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem, it follows that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ40_HTML.gif)
Similarly, by using (2.22) and Lemma 2.4, we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ41_HTML.gif)
From (2.32) and (2.33), it follows that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ42_HTML.gif)
that is, is continuous. Hence,
is completely continuous.
3. Main Results
Proof of Theorem 1.1.
Let . Choose a constant
such that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ43_HTML.gif)
Choose a constant such that
,
,
,
. For any
, using (2.22), (3.1),
, and
, we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ44_HTML.gif)
Since,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ45_HTML.gif)
it follows that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ46_HTML.gif)
Similarly, using (2.22), (3.1), , and
, we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ47_HTML.gif)
From (3.4), and (3.5), it follows that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ48_HTML.gif)
Choose a real constant such that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ49_HTML.gif)
Choose a constant such that
,
,
,
. For any
, using (2.22), (3.7),
, and
, we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ50_HTML.gif)
We used the fact that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ51_HTML.gif)
Thus,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ52_HTML.gif)
Similarly, using (2.22), (3.7), and
, we have,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ53_HTML.gif)
From (3.10) and (3.11), it follows that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ54_HTML.gif)
Hence by Lemma 2.1, has a fixed point
, that is,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ55_HTML.gif)
Moreover, by (3.4), (3.5), (3.10) and (3.11), we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ56_HTML.gif)
Since is a solution of the system (2.19), hence
and
are concave on
. Moreover,
and
. For
, using result (2.2) and (3.14), we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ57_HTML.gif)
which implies that is uniformly bounded on
. Now we show that
is equicontinuous on
. Choose
and
and consider the integral equation
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ58_HTML.gif)
Using Lemma 2.3, we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ59_HTML.gif)
Differentiating with respect to t, we obtain
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ60_HTML.gif)
which implies that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ61_HTML.gif)
In view of and (3.15), we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ62_HTML.gif)
which implies that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ63_HTML.gif)
Similarly, consider the integral equation
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ64_HTML.gif)
using and (3.15), we can show that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ65_HTML.gif)
In view of (3.21) and (3.23), is equicontinuous on
. Hence by Arzelà -Ascoli theorem, the sequence
has a subsequence
converging uniformly on
to
. Let us consider the integral equation
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ66_HTML.gif)
Letting , we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ67_HTML.gif)
Differentiating twice with respect to t, we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ68_HTML.gif)
Letting , we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ69_HTML.gif)
Similarly, consider the integral equation
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ70_HTML.gif)
we can show that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ71_HTML.gif)
Now, we show that also satisfies the boundary conditions. Since,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ72_HTML.gif)
Similarly, we can show that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ73_HTML.gif)
Equations (3.27)–(3.31) imply that is a solution of the system (1.3). Moreover,
is positive. In fact, by (3.27)
is concave and by Lemma 2.2
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ74_HTML.gif)
implies that for all
. Similarly,
for all
. The proof of Theorem 1.1 is complete.
Example.
Let
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F273063/MediaObjects/13661_2009_Article_836_Equ75_HTML.gif)
where the real constants satisfy
,
with
and the real constants
satisfy
,
with
. Clearly,
and
satisfy the assumptions
. Hence, by Theorem 1.1, the system (1.3) has a positive solution.
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Acknowledgment
Research of R. A. Khan is supported by HEC, Pakistan, Project 2- 3(50)/PDFP/HEC/2008/1.
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Asif, N., Khan, R. Positive Solutions for a Class of Coupled System of Singular Three-Point Boundary Value Problems. Bound Value Probl 2009, 273063 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/273063
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/273063