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Existence and Location Results for Fully Nonlinear Boundary Value Problem of n th-Order Nonlinear System
Boundary Value Problems volume 2009, Article number: 791548 (2009)
Abstract
By appropriate bounding function pair and modified functions, using the theory of differential inequalities, this paper presents the existence and location criteria of solutions for the system of general n th-order differential equations with nonlinear boundary conditions. We give an example showing that the results are sharp. Our results extend many existing results.
1. Introduction
In this paper, we are concerned with the following boundary value problem (BVP) for an th-order nonlinear system:
where
Boundary value problems for ordinary differential equations play a very important role in both theory and applications. They are used to describe a large number of physical, biological, and chemical phenomena. There have been many accomplishments on the study of the existence of solutions for BVPs of nonlinear differential equations using the theory of differential inequalities (cf. [1–31]). Although the method has been particularly fruitful for low-order ordinary differential equations (cf. [3–8, 14, 18, 31, 32]), Kelley [33] and Klaasen [3] did obtain early applications to higher-order ODEs. For more information, we refer the readers to [2, 3, 9, 10, 12–16, 19–21, 26, 28, 33–35] and the references therein. For the case of differential systems, the results are few (cf. [2, 4–6, 8, 11, 29–32]). On the other hand, there are many papers, see [17, 18, 22, 23, 25, 36–39] and the references therein, concerning the existence of solutions for BVPs by using other approaches (e.g., the shooting method, many kinds of fixed-point theorems, many kinds of degree theories, etc.). However, there are very few results on the study of the existence of solutions for the general nonlinear system with the general nonlinear boundary conditions. To fill the gap, we will investigate BVP (1.1).
The aim of this paper is to generalize or complement the existing results. In order to do so, as a sequel of [28, 29], following the thoughts and methods of Fabry and Habets [1], the authors considered the nonlinear BVP (1.1) for differential equation and even the more general BVP (4.1) with the full nonlinear boundary conditions and obtained some results [40–43]. In this paper we consider the nonlinear BVP (1.1) for differential systems and even the more general BVP (4.1) with the full nonlinear boundary conditions. To the best of our knowledge, the general cases of BVP (1.1) and BVP (4.1) have not been studied in the available reference materials. By appropriate bounding function pair and modified functions, using the theory of differential inequalities, we establish some sufficient conditions which guarantee the existence of at least one solution for these BVPs. We give an example showing that our results are sharp.
A novel feature of our work is that we present a new definition of bounding function pair for BVP. It is well known that bounding function pair (i.e., upper-lower solutions in many references) is very important to study the existence of solutions for BVPs. Because of the complexity of the vector case (cf. [2, chapters 2 and 7]), how to give an appropriate definition of bounding function pair for the full nonlinear BVP of differential system is the difficulty in our work.
The method of this paper, which may be called simultaneous modification, is distinctive. It is not only modifying the nonlinear function in the original equations, but also transforming the original nonlinear boundary conditions into some new boundary conditions which are easy to discuss. Thus, we get the new BVP which will be discussed in the first place, then the judgement of the existence of solutions for the original BVP will be attained naturally. This technique dealing with the nonlinear problem is simpler and clearer compared with the method of shooting.
Throughout the paper, the comparison between the two vectors will be viewed as the same comparisons according to their components, and the operations between the two vectors will be viewed as the same operations according to their components.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we first give two basic definitions, that is, bounding function pair and the Nagumo condition, and then we study the modified boundary value problem of BVP (1.1), that is, BVP (2.17). Following the preparative theorem in Section 2, in Section 3, we state and prove the main result, that is, the sufficient criterion of the existence of solutions for BVP (1.1). In Section 4, a more general boundary value problem (4.1) is investigated. Moreover in Section 5, an example is illustrated to show that our results are sharp. Finally, in Section 6, some remarks are given.
2. Preparative Theorem
2.1. Basic Concepts
We first define a function
where Moreover, if
then, we define
Definition 2.1.
Assume that . The pair of vector-valued functions is called a bounding function pair (or simply, a bounding pair) of BVP(1.1) in case that for some positive constant depending on , and for all
(i)
-
(ii)
(24)
where
-
(iii)
(26)
where , and
Definition 2.2.
A continuous function is said to satisfy the Nagumo condition with respect to variable on the set
in case there exist functions , such that
2.2. The Modified Problem
Assume that there are two vector-valued functions satisfying
We define function which components are
where , and is a positive constant such that
in which . is continuous, bounded, and
Such function is easy to obtain, for example, let
In addition, we define
Then, we consider the following modified problem:
2.3. Preparative Theorem
Lemma 2.3.
Assume that
(A1)BVP (1.1) has a bounding pair on the interval by Definition 2.1;
(A2)the function in BVP (1.1) satisfies the Nagumo condition with respect to by Definition 2.2.
Then, BVP (2.17) has a solution such that
where is defined in .
The following three propositions will lead to the proof of Lemma 2.3.
Proposition 2.4.
The modified BVP (2.17) has a solution .
Proof.
Noticing that the functions and () are bounded, this proposition immediately follows from the Schauder fixed-point theorem. The details here are omitted.
Proposition 2.5.
Every solution of the modified BVP (2.17) satisfies
Proof.
First, we show that
If is not true, then there exist some and such that
Then, by the boundary conditions of BVP (2.17). Thus,
However, on the other hand, from the definition of and that is a solution of (2.17), we have
This contradicts (2.23). Hence,
A similar proof shows that
Summing up, (2.20) is true. From (2.20), the function is increasing in . Noticing
we know that A similar proof shows Using the same argument, it follows that Thus, the proof of Proposition 2.5 is completed.
Proposition 2.6.
Every solution of the modified BVP (2.17) satisfies
Proof.
Suppose that there exist some and such that
Without loss of generality, we assume that There exists such that
Hence, there exists some subinterval such that
From condition (A2),
On the other hand, from (2.13) we know that
This inequality contradicts the above one and Proposition 2.6 holds.
The proof of Lemma 2.3 is now a simple consequence of Propositions 2.4, 2.5, and 2.6.
3. Main Theorem
Now, the main result of this paper is given in the following theorem.
Theorem 3.1.
Let conditions (A1) and (A2) in Lemma 2.3 hold and assume that
(A3)the functions are decreasing in while are increasing in .
Then, BVP (1.1) has a solution such that
where is defined in .
Proof.
From Lemma 2.3 and the definition of , the solution of the modified BVP (2.17) satisfies (1.1). Obviously, if it is proved that satisfies the boundary conditions of (1.1) under condition (A3), we may conclude that is just the solution of BVP (1.1).
First, we prove that
Case 1.
Suppose that
Then
Thus,
Case 2.
Suppose that there exist some and some such that
Then,
Hence,
From Proposition 2.5,
From Proposition 2.6,
When , Proposition 2.5 implies
When , formula (3.7) implies
Recalling that , , we get . Thus,
It follows from formulas (3.7)–(3.13) and condition (A3) that, for ,
It is easy to see that the last inequality contradicts (iii) of Definition 2.1. Therefore, Case 2 is not true.
Case 3.
Suppose that there exist some and some such that
Then,
Hence,
Similar to the argument of Case 2, we have
Obviously, the last inequality contradicts (iii) of Definition 2.1. Therefore, this case cannot hold. Summing up, (3.2) holds.
A similar proof shows that
Consequently, the proof is completed.
Remark 3.2.
From (iii) of Definition 2.1 and (A3) of Theorem 3.1, it is easy to see that the functions should be increasing in
4. A Generalized Problem
Now, we consider the following boundary value problem with more generalized boundary conditions:
where and are continuous m-dimensional vector-valued functions.
Similar to Definition 2.1, we give the following.
Definition 4.1.
Assume , The pair of vector-valued functions is called a bounding function pair of BVP (4.1) in case that
(i)same as (i) of Definition 2.1;
(ii)same as (ii) of Definition 2.1;
(iii)′
where
For BVP (4.1), we have the following existence theorem.
Theorem 4.2.
Assume that
(A1)′BVP (4.1) has a bounding function pair in the interval I by Definition 4.1;
(A2)′the function in BVP (4.1) satisfies the Nagumo condition with respect to by Definition 2.2;
(A3)′the functions are decreasing in while are increasing in .
Then, BVP (4.1) has a solution such that
where is defined in .
Proof.
Consider the modified problem
The modified function is defined as BVP (2.17), and
where
Using the same argument as the proof of Lemma 2.3, it follows from conditions (A1)′ and (A2)′ that BVP (4.4) has a solution satisfying the two inequalities in the conclusions of Lemma 2.3. Furthermore, in an analogous way to the proof of Theorem 3.1, it follows that the solution of BVP(4.4) is just a solution of BVP (4.1). Consequently, the proof of Theorem 4.2 is completed. The details of the proof will be omitted.
Remark 4.3.
From (iii)′ of Definition 4.1 and (A3)′ of Theorem 4.2, it is easy to see that the functions should be increasing in
5. An Example
In this section, we present an example by making use of Theorems 3.1 and 4.2. With the example, we try to illustrate the applicability of our results and techniques and show that a bounding pair according to Definitions 2.1 or 4.1 can exist naturally.
Example 5.1.
Consider the following 4th-order nonlinear system:
together with the following boundary conditions:
where , and is a constant.
Let
Then, for the case of and the case of , by direct calculation, it is easy to check that is a bounding pair of BVP (5.1) and all assumptions of Theorems 3.1 and 4.2 are fulfilled, respectively. Hence, for any of the two cases, BVP (5.1) has at least one solution satisfying
for each
6. Remarks
-
(1)
If the directions of the signs of inequalities in condition (iii) of Definition 2.1 are all changed to the opposite, and conditions (i), (ii) of Definition 2.1 hold, then we denote the revised definition by Definition 2.1. We obtain the following theorem similar to Theorem 3.1.
Theorem 6.1.
Assume that
(A1)′′BVP (1.1) has a bounding function pair by Definition 6.1;
(A2)same as (A2) of Theorem 3.1;
(A3)′′the monotony of is opposite to that of (A3) .
Then, the conclusion of Theorem3.1 still holds.
In fact, if we replace by in Theorem 3.1, then, it follows from Theorem 3.1 that Theorem 6.1 is true. We may make the analogous argument for BVP (4.1).
-
(2)
The essentiality of the modified function is to modify a general nonlinear continuous function to a continuous bounded function. It was appearing in different forms in references. In this paper, we give out one concise form.
-
(3)
The definitions of scalar bounding functions are a good many. In this paper, the definitions in vector cases given are new and can be regarded as a kind of improvement and generalization. Of course, the conditions of the definitions may be changed by the actual need. For example, we take Definition 2.1 to discuss the following.
If in of condition (ii) are changed to , respectively, we still may assure that those results hold.
If both and in of condition (ii) are modified to , we may simplify the depiction and the proof. But, the modified condition becomes stronger.
It should be pointed out that condition (ii) may be weakened as
However, when proving Proposition 2.5, we should add one condition " are all decreasing in ". Thus, (*) implies condition (ii) of Definition 2.1. Consequently, condition (ii) about seems weaker, but in fact, the whole requirement becomes stronger in some sense.
We also may discuss condition (iii) of Definition 2.1 in a similar way.
-
(4)
The Nagumo condition in this paper ensures that the integral inequality (2.13) is true and essentially ensures that the derivative functions of solutions of the considered problems are bounded. Indeed, in some references, the integral equality
(61)
is straightly substituted by inequality (2.13). Moreover, we exhibit some new forms of the integral inequality (see [29]).
-
(5)
From Theorems 3.1, 4.2, and the above remarks, we include or improve the results in [1–43], since our system and boundary conditions are fully nonlinear. Obviously, the results in all the references are not available to our example.
-
(6)
Last but not least, it should be pointed out that although this paper presents the existence and location criteria of solutions for BVPs, the premise is that the bounding function pair is assumed to be existing. It is well known how to get a precise bounding function pair for a given BVP is a very difficult job in the theory of upper-lower solutions and remains unsolved.
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the reviewers for their careful reading of the manuscript and for their very helpful comments. This paper is supported by Science Research Innovation Project for Graduates of Jiangsu Province (CX07B-029Z), Natural Science Foundation of XZNU (08XLB03) and Qing Lan Project of XZNU.
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Sun, L., Zhou, M. & Wang, G. Existence and Location Results for Fully Nonlinear Boundary Value Problem of n th-Order Nonlinear System. Bound Value Probl 2009, 791548 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/791548
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/791548