Applications of the New Compound Riccati Equations Rational Expansion Method and Fan's Subequation Method for the Davey-Stewartson Equations

Abstract

We used what we called extended Fan's sub-equation method and a new compound Riccati equations rational expansion method to construct the exact travelling wave solutions of the Davey-Stewartson (DS) equations. The basic idea of the proposed extended Fan's subequation method is to take fulls advantage of the general elliptic equations, involving five parameters, which have many new solutions and whose degeneracies lead to special subequations involving three parameters like Riccati equation, first-kind elliptic equation, auxiliary ordinary equation and generalized Riccati equation. Many new exact solutions of the Davey-Stewartson (DS) equations including more general soliton solutions, triangular solutions, and double-periodic solutions are constructed by symbolic computation.

1. Introduction

The investigation of the exact travelling wave solutions for nonlinear partial differential equations plays an important role in the study of nonlinear physical phenomena. These exact solutions when they exist can help the physicists to well understand the mechanism of the complicated physical phenomena and dynamically processes modeled by these NLPDEs. In recent years, large amounts of effort have been directed towards finding exact solutions. Many powerful method have been proposed, such as Darboux transformation [1], Hirota bilinear method [2], Lie group method [3], homogeneous balance method [4], tanh method. In this paper, we construct the exact travelling wave solutions for the Davey-Stewartson (DS) equations for the function which are given by [5]

(1.1)

The case is called the DSI equation, while is the DSII equation. The parameter characterizes the focusing or defocusing case. The Davey-Stewartson I and II are two well-known examples of integrable equations in two-dimensional space, which arise as higher-dimensional generalizations of the nonlinear shrodinger (NLS) equation, from the point of physical view as well as from the study in [6]. Indeed, they appear in many applications, for example, in the description of gravity-capillarity surface wave packets and in the limit of the shallow water.

Davey and Stewartson first derived their model in the context of water waves, just purely physical considerations. In the context, is the amplitude of a surface wave packet, while is the velocity potential of the mean flow interacting with the surface wave [6].

The extended tanh-function method, the modified extended tanh-function method, and the F-expansion method belong to a class of methods called subequation methods for which they appear some basic relationships among the complicated NLPDEs under study and some simple solvable nonlinear ordinary equations. Thus by these subequation methods we seek for the solutions of the nonlinear partial differential equations in consideration as a polynomial in one variable satisfying equations (named subequation), for example, Riccati equation , auxiliary ordinary equation [7], first kind elliptic equation , generalized Riccati equation [8], and so on. Fan [9] developed a new algebraic method, belonging to the class of subequation methods, to seek for more new solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations that can be expressed as a polynomial in an elementary function which satisfies a more general subequation than other subequations like Riccati equation, first-kind elliptic equation, and generalized Riccati equation. Recently Yomba [10] and Soliman and Abdou [11] extended Fan's method to show that the general elliptic equation can be degenerated in some special conditions to Riccati equation, first-kind elliptic equation, and generalized Riccati equation. We will consider a general elliptic equation in the formal will through

(1.2)

In addition, we apply a new compound Riccati equations rational expansion method [12] to the Davey-Stewartson (DS) equations and construct new complexion solutions. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we simply provide the mathematical framework of Fan's subequation method. In Section 3, we apply the new presented method to the Davey-Stewartson (DS) equations. In Section 4, we briefly describe the new CRERE method. In Section 5, we obtain new complexion solutions of the Davey-Stewartson (DS) equations. In Section 6 and finally, some conclusions are given.

2. The Extended Fan Subequation Method

In the following we shall outline the main steps of our method.

For given nonlinear partial differential equations with independent variables and dependent variable ,

(2.1)

where is in general a polynomial function of its argument, and the subscripts denote the partial derivatives. We first consider its travelling wave solutions

(2.2)

where are all arbitrary constants. Substituting (2.2) into (2.1), we get

(2.3)

Then is expanded into a polynomial in as

(2.4)

where are constants to be determined later and satisfies (1.2). In order to determine explicitly, one may take the following steps.

Step 1.

Determine by balancing the linear term of the highest order with the nonlinear term in (2.3).

Step 2.

Substituting (2.4) with (1.2) into (2.3) and collecting all coefficients of = ;   = then, setting these coefficients, to zero we get a set of algebraic equations with respect to and

Step 3.

Solve the system of algebraic equations to obtain and . Inserting these results into (2.4), we thus obtained the general form of travelling wave solutions.

Step 4.

By using the results obtained in the above steps, we can derive a series of fundamental solutions to (1.2) depending on the different values chosen for , and [7, 8, 10]. The superscripts , and determine the group of the solution while the subscript determines the rank of the solution. Those solutions are listed as follows.

Case 1.

In some special cases, when , and , there may exist three parameters , and such that

(2.5)

Equation (2.5) is satisfied only if the following relations hold:

(2.6)

For example, if the conditions (1.2)–(2.5) are satisfied, the following solutions are obtained [8].

Type 1.

When and ,

(2.7)

where are two nonzero real constants and satisfy

(2.8)

where denotes .

Type 2.

When and

(2.)

where are two nonzero real constants and satisfy

(2.10)

where denotes .

Case 2.

Case 1 includes another special case when and , and . There may exist three parameters , and such that

(2.11)

Equation (2.2) requires for its existence the following relations:

(2.12)

The following constraint should exist between , and parameters:

(2.13)

For example, if the conditions (1.2), (2.5), (2.12), and (2.13) are satisfied, the following solutions are obtained.

Type 1.

When and,

(2.14)

where are two nonzero real constants and satisfy

(2.15)

where denotes . Thus for (2.5), (2.11), the general elliptic equation is reduced to the generalized Riccati Equation [8].

Case 3.

When , the general elliptic equation is reduced to the auxiliary ordinary equation [7]

(2.16)

For example, if the condition (2.16) is satisfied, the following solutions are obtained.

Type 1.

If (2.16) has the solution

(2.17)

Type 2.

If (2.16) has the solution

(2.18)

Type 3.

If (2.16) has the solution

(2.19)

Type 4.

If (2.16) has the solution

(2.20)

Type 5.

If (2.16) has the solution

(2.21)

Type 6.

If (2.16) has the solution

(2.22)

Type 7.

If (2.16) has the solution

(2.23)

where , and are arbitrary constants.

Type 8.

If ,

(2.24)

When , the general elliptic equation is reduced to the elliptic equation

(2.25)

Equation (2.25) includes the Riccati equation

(2.26)

where , and solutions of (2.26) can be deduced from those of (2.25) in the specific case where the modulus of the Jacobi elliptic functions is drived to and .

Case 4.

Assume that the conditions of verification of (2.26) are fulfilled, then the general solutions are just the single solution and the combined nondegenerative Jacobi elliptic functions. The relations between the values of and the corresponding Jacobi elliptic function solution of the NODE (2.25) are given in Table 1.

where the modulus of the Jacobi elliptic function satisfies (

The Jacobi elliptic function degenerates as hyperbolic functions when (see Table 2).

The Jacobi elliptic function degenerates as hyperbolic functions when (see Table 3).

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Case 5.

When , the general elliptic equation is reduced to the following:

(2.27)

For example, if the condition (2.27) holds, the solution is of Weierstrass elliptic doubly periodic type

(2.28)

where

Case 6.

When , and the general elliptic equation admits solution

(2.29)

Case 7.

when and , the general elliptic equation have solution

(2.30)

3. Exact Solutions of the Davey-Stewartson (DS) Equations

Now, we will construct the exact solutions to (DS) equations (1.1). Let us assume the travelling wave solutions of (1.1) in the form

(3.1)

where are real functions, and the constants are real which can be determined later. Substituting (3.1) into (1.1), we find that and satisfy the following coupled ordinary differential system:

(3.2)

(3.3)

where "the prime" denotes to .

Integrating (3.3) w.r.t. and solving for we get

(3.4)

where is an integration constant. Substituting (3.4) into (3.2), we get

(3.5)

where

(3.6)

Balancing the highest-order derivative term () with nonlinear term () in (3.5) gives leading We thus suppose that (3.5) has the following formal solutions:

(3.7)

where are to be determined later; substituting (3.7) along with (1.2) into (3.5) yields a polynomial equation in . Setting to zero their coefficients yields the following set of algebraic equations:

(3.8)

Substituting (3.6) into (3.8) and solving with respect to , we obtain the following solutions:

(3.9)

where are arbitrary real constants, and are real constants so we choose the case .

The exact travelling wave solutions of the DSII equations (1.1) are given by

(3.10)

where

(3.11)

and are arbitrary constants. We may have many kinds of solutions depending on the special values for

Case 1.

If , then is one of the containing that are real and that are complex. For example, if we select then one could write down explicitly the following soliton solutions:

(3.12)

where

(3.13)

Case 2.

If , then is one of the contain are real and are complex. For example, if we select then one may write down explicitly the following soliton solutions:

(3.14)

where

(3.15)

Case 3.

If are arbitrary constants, then is one of the as follows.

Type 1.

If then the travelling wave solutions are given as follows:

(3.16)

where

(3.17)

Type 2.

If then the travelling wave solutions are given as follows:

(3.18)

where

(3.19)

Case 4.

If are arbitrary constants, then is one of the containing that are real and one that is complex. For example, if we select , then , and the travelling wave solutions are rediscovered:

(3.20)

where

(3.21)

In the limit case, when then (3.20) admits the soliton wave solutions

(3.22)

When , then (3.20) admits the soliton wave solutions

(3.23)

where

(3.24)

If we select , then , and the travelling wave solutions are rediscovered:

(3.25)

where

(3.26)

In the limit case when then (3.25) admits the soliton wave solutions

(3.27)

When , then (3.25) admits the soliton wave solutions

(3.28)

where

(3.29)

Case 5.

If are arbitrary constants. The system does not admit solutions of this group.

Case 6.

If , the travelling wave solutions of (1.1) are

(3.30)

where

(3.31)

Case 7.

If is arbitrary constant. The system does not admit solutions of this group.

4. Summary of the New Compound Riccati Equations Rational Expansion Method

The key steps of our method are as follows.

Step 1.

For a given NLPDEs with some physical fields in three variables ,

(4.1)

by using the wave transformation

(4.2)

where are constants to be determined later. Then (4.1) is reduced to an ordinary differential equation

(4.3)

Step 2.

We introduce a solution of (4.3) in terms of finite rational formal expansion in the following forms:

(4.4)

where are constants to be determined later and the new variables satisfy the Riccati equation.

That is,

(4.5)

where are arbitrary constants.

Step 3.

The parameter can be found by balancing the highest nonlinear terms and the highest-order partial derivative terms in (4.1) or (4.3).

Step 4.

Substitute (4.3), (4.4) with (4.5) and then set all coefficients of of the resulting system's numerator to zero to get an overdetermined system of nonlinear algebraic system with respect to

Step 5.

Solving the overdetermined system of nonlinear algebraic equations by use of Maple or Mathematica software, we would end up with the explicit expressions for

Step 6.

It is well known that the general solutions of the Riccati equation

(4.6)

are the following.

()

(4.7)

()

(4.8)

()

(4.9)

()

(4.10)

()

(4.11)

()

(4.12)

where , and is arbitrary constant.

5. Application of the New Compound Riccati Equations Rational Expansion Method to the Davey-Stewartson (DS) Equations

By considering the wave transformations,

(5.1)

Equation (1.1) reduces to the following ordinary differential equations:

(5.2)

(5.3)

where "the prime" denotes to .

Integrating (5.3) w.r.t. and setting the constant of integration to zero, we obtain

(5.4)

By balancing the highest nonlinear terms and the highest-Order partial derivative terms in (5.2) and (5.4), we suppose that (5.2) and (5.4) have the following solutions:

(5.5)

where satisfiy (4.5), with the aid of Mathematica software; substituting (5.5) along with (4.5) into (5.2) and (5.4) yields a set of algebraic equations for setting the coefficients of these terms to zero yields a set of overdetermined algebraic equations with respect to , and

By using the Maple software to solving the overdetermined algebraic equations, we get the following results:

(5.6)

where and , , , , , , , , are arbitrary constants.

So we obtain the following solutions of (1.1).

Family 1

Consider the following

(5.7)

Family 2

Consider the following

(5.8)

where and are arbitrary constants.

Family 3

Consider the following

(5.9)

Family 4

Consider the following

(5.10)

Family 5

Consider the following

(5.11)

Family 6

Consider the following

(5.12)

where −, , and , are arbitrary constants.

6. Conclusion

In this paper, we have used the extended Fan's subequation method and a new compound Riccati equations rational expansion method to construct the exact travelling wave solutions and obtain many explicit solutions for the Davey-Stewartson equations.

We deduced a relation between the general elliptic equation involving five parameters and other subequations involving three parameter, like Riccati equation, auxiliary ordinary equation, first-kind elliptic equation, and generalized Riccati equation; many exact travelling wave solutions and new complexion solutions including more general soliton solutions, triangular solutions, double-periodic solutions, hyperbolic function solutions, and trigonometric function solutions are also given.