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Regularity of Hölder continuous solutions of the supercritical porous media equation
Boundary Value Problems volume 2013, Article number: 225 (2013)
Abstract
In this paper, we present a regularity result for weak solutions of the N-dimensional () porous media equation with supercritical () dissipation . If a Leray-Hopf weak solution is Hölder continuous with on the time interval , then it is actually a classical solution on .
MSC:76S05, 76D03.
1 Introduction
We use Darcy’s law to describe the flow velocity, which reads
where is the liquid discharge, p is the scalar pressure, θ is the liquid temperature, k is the matrix position-independent medium permeabilities in the different directions, respectively, divided by the viscosity, g is the acceleration due to gravity and is the last canonical vector . For brevity, we only consider .
In this article, we study the system of heat transfer with a fractional diffusion in an incompressible -dimensional flow [1]
where is the dissipative coefficient, and the differential operator is given by . Considering the scaling transform for , the system will be divided into three cases: the case is called the critical case, the case is subcritical and the case is supercritical.
Next, by rewriting Darcy’s law, we obtain the expression of velocity v only in terms of temperature θ [2, 3]. In the 2D case, thanks to the incompressibility, taking the curl operator first and the operator second on both sides of Darcy’s law, we have
thus the velocity v can be recovered as
Through integration by parts, we finally get
where the kernel is defined by
Similarly, in the 3D case, applying the curl operator twice to Darcy’s law, we get
where , thus
where
We observe that, in general, each coefficient of (with t as parameter) is only the linear combination of the Calderón-Zygmund singular integral (for the definition, see the sequel) of θ and θ itself. We write the general version as
where , , , , are all operators mapping scalar functions to vector-valued functions and equals a constant multiplication operator, whereas means a Calderón-Zygmund singular integral operator. Especially the corresponding specific forms in 2D or 3D are shown as (2) or (3).
We observe that the system () is not more than a dissipative transport diffusion equation with non-local divergence-free velocity field (the specific relationship between velocity and temperature as (4) shows). It shares many similarities with another flow model - 2D dissipative quasi-geostrophic (QG) equation, which has been intensively studied by many authors [4–11]. From a mathematical point of view, the system () is somewhat a generalization of (QG) equation. Very recently, the system () was introduced and investigated by Córdoba and his group. In [2], the authors obtained some results on strong solutions, weak solutions and attractors for the dissipative system (). For finite energy, they obtained global existence and uniqueness in the subcritical and critical cases. In the supercritical case, they obtained local results in , and extended to be global under a small condition , for , where c is a small fixed constant. In [3], they treated the nondissipative () 2D case and obtained the local existence and uniqueness in the Hölder space for by the particle-trajectory method and gave some blowup criteria of smooth solutions.
In this paper we present a regularity result of weak solutions of the porous media equation with (the supercritical case). The result asserts that if a Leray-Hopf weak solution θ of (1) is in the Hölder class with on the time interval , then it is actually a classical solution on . The proof involves representing the functions in the Hölder space in terms of the Littlewood-Paley decomposition and using Besov space techniques. When θ is in , it also belongs to the Besov space for any . By taking p sufficiently large, we have for . The idea is to show that with . Through iteration, we establish that with . Then θ becomes a classical solution.
The rest of this paper is divided into two sections. Section 2 provides the definition of Besov spaces and necessary tools. Section 3 states and proves the main result.
Notation Throughout the paper, C denotes various ‘harmless’ large finite constants, and c denotes various ‘harmless’ small constants. We shall sometimes use to denote the estimate for some C.
2 Besov spaces and related tools
In this preparatory section, we give the definition of Besov spaces based on the Littlewood-Paley decomposition, introduce the Calderón-Zygmund singular integral, and finally we review some important results that will be used in the following.
Let us recall the Littlewood-Paley decomposition. Let be the Schwartz class of rapidly decreasing functions. Given , its Fourier transform is defined by
Choose two nonnegative radial functions , supported respectively in and , such that
Setting . Let and , we define the frequency localization operator as follows:
Informally, is a frequency projection to the annulus , while is a frequency projection to the ball . One easily verifies that with our choice of φ,
Now we give the definitions of Besov spaces.
Definition 2.1 Let , , the homogeneous Besov space is defined by
Here,
and denotes the dual space of = {; ; multi-index} and can be identified by the quotient space of with the polynomials space .
The following proposition lists a few simple facts that we will use in the subsequent section. The proof is rather standard and one can refer to [12].
Proposition 2.2 Assume that and .
-
(1)
If , then .
-
(2)
(Besov embedding) If and , then .
-
(3)
If , then
where denotes a standard homogeneous Sobolev space.
We next introduce the classical Bernstein inequality [13].
Lemma 2.3 Let ℬ be a ball, be a ring, . Then , , there exists a constant such that
Similar inequalities hold for the fractional derivative .
The following proposition provides a lower bound for an integral that originates from the dissipative term in the process of estimates (see [6, 14]).
Proposition 2.4 Assume either and or and . Let j be an integer and . Then
for some constant C depending on N, α and p.
The classical Calderón-Zygmund singular integrals are operators of the form
where Ω is defined on the unit sphere of , , and is integrable with zero average, and where . Clearly, the definition is meaningful for Schwartz functions. Moreover, if , is bounded, .
The general version (4) of the relationship between v and θ is in fact ensured by the following result (see, e.g., [15]).
Lemma 2.5 Let be a homogeneous function of degree 0, and let be the corresponding multiplier operator defined by , then there exist and with zero average such that for any Schwartz function f,
Remark 2.1 Since , the Fourier multiplier of the operator is rather clear. In fact, each component of its multiplier is the linear combination of the term like , , which of course belongs to and is homogeneous of degree 0.
3 The main theorem and its proof
Theorem 3.1 Let θ be a Leray-Hopf weak solution of (1), namely
Let and let . If
then for .
Proof First we notice that (5) and (6) imply that
for any and . In fact, for any ,
Since , we have when
Next, we show that
implies
for some to be specified. Let j be an integer. Applying to the first equation of (1), we get
By Bony’s notion of paraproduct,
Multiplying (7) by , integrating with respect to x and applying the lower bound
of Proposition 2.4, we obtain
We now estimate . The standard idea is to decompose it into three terms: one with commutator, one that becomes zero due to the divergence-free condition and the rest. That is, we rewrite as
where we have used the simple fact that , and the brackets represent the commutator, namely
Since u is divergence free, becomes zero. We now bound and . By Hölder’s inequality,
To bound the commutator, we have, by the definition of ,
Using the fact that and thus
we obtain
Therefore,
The estimate for is straightforward. By Hölder’s inequality,
We then bound . By Hölder’s inequality, Bernstein’s inequality and the fact , we obtain
Last, we bound . By Hölder’s inequality and Bernstein’s inequality,
Inserting the estimates for , and in (8) and eliminating from both sides, we get
Integrating with time t, we have
Multiplying both sides by and taking the supremum with respect to j, we get
Here we have used the fact that
Therefore, we conclude that if
then
Since , we have and thus gain regularity. In addition, according to the Besov embedding of Proposition 2.2,
where
We have when
Noticing that
we conclude that, for ,
for some . The above process can then be iterated with replaced by . A finite number of iterations allow us to obtain that
for some . The regularity in the spatial variable can then be converted into regularity in time. We have thus established that θ is a classical solution to the supercritical porous media equation. Higher regularity can be proved by well-known methods. □
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Funds of China for Distinguished Young Scholar under Grant No. 50925727, the National Defense Advanced Research Project Grant Nos. C1120110004, 9140A27020211DZ5102, the Key Grant Project of Chinese Ministry of Education under Grant No. 313018, and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2012HGCX0003).
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In this paper, WY carried ‘Regularity of Hoder continuous solutions of the supercritical porous media equation’. YH, YT, QL and XW participated in the analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Yu, W., He, Y., Tong, Y. et al. Regularity of Hölder continuous solutions of the supercritical porous media equation. Bound Value Probl 2013, 225 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2013-225
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2013-225