Blow-up and global existence for the non-local reaction diffusion problem with time dependent coefficient

Iftikhar Ahmed; Chunlai Mu; Pan Zheng; Fuchen Zhang

doi:10.1186/1687-2770-2013-239

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Published: 09 November 2013

Blow-up and global existence for the non-local reaction diffusion problem with time dependent coefficient

Iftikhar Ahmed¹,
Chunlai Mu¹,
Pan Zheng¹ &
Fuchen Zhang¹

Boundary Value Problems volume 2013, Article number: 239 (2013) Cite this article

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Abstract

Blow-up and global existence for the non-local reaction diffusion problem with time dependent coefficient under the Dirichlet boundary condition are investigated. We derive the conditions on the data of problem (1.1) sufficient to guarantee that blow-up will occur, and obtain an upper bound for $t ∗$ . Also we give the condition for global existence of the solution.

1 Introduction

In this work, we consider the following non-local reaction diffusion problem with time dependent coefficient under the Dirichlet boundary condition

{u t = Δ u + ∫ Ω u p d x − k (t) u q, x = (x 1, x 2, …, x N) ∈ Ω, t ∈ (0, t ∗), u (x, t) = 0, x ∈ ∂ Ω, t ∈ (0, t ∗), u (x, 0) = u 0 (x) ≥ 0, x ∈ Ω,

(1.1)

where $Ω ⊂ R N$ is a bounded domain with a smooth boundary ∂ Ω, Δ is the Laplace operator, and $t ∗$ is the possible blow-up time. By the maximum principle, it follows that $u (x, t) ≥ 0$ in the time interval of existence. The coefficient $k (t)$ is assumed to be nonnegative. The particular case of $k = const$ of problem (1.1) has already been investigated by many authors, in [1, 2], they studied the question of blow-up for the solution, and in [3–5], they derived lower bounds for blow-up time under different boundary conditions. To deal with problem (1.1) with time dependent coefficient, we make the assumption on the parameters p and q, that is, $p = q > 1$ .

The motivation of this article comes from the work of Payne and Philippin in [6], where they investigated the blow-up phenomena of the solution of the following problem

{u t = Δ u + k (t) f (u), x = (x 1, …, x N) ∈ Ω, t ∈ (0, t ∗), u (x, t) = 0, x ∈ ∂ Ω, u (x, 0) = u 0 (x), x ∈ Ω,

(1.2)

where Ω is a bounded sufficiently smooth domain in $R N$ , $N ≥ 2$ , and the coefficient $k (t)$ is assumed nonnegative or strictly positive depending on the situation.

In next, we employ a method used by Kaplan in [7] to obtain a condition, which leads to blow-up at some finite time and also leads to an upper bound for the blow-up time. In Section 3, we derive the condition on the data of problem (1.1) sufficient to guarantee the global existence of $u (x, t)$ .

2 Conditions for blow-up in finite time $t ∗$

Let $λ 1$ be the first eigenvalue, and let $ϕ 1$ be the associated eigenfunction of the Dirichlet-Laplace operator defined as

Δ ϕ 1 = − λ 1 ϕ 1, ϕ 1 > 0, x ∈ Ω; ϕ 1 = 0, x ∈ ∂ Ω,

(2.1)

∫ Ω ϕ 1 d x = 1 .

(2.2)

Let the auxiliary function $η (t)$

η (t) : = (| Ω | − k (t)) 1 q − 1 ∫ Ω u ϕ 1 d x

(2.3)

defined in $(0, t ∗)$ , where $u (x, t)$ is the solution of (1.1) and $q > 1$ .

We assume that for all $t ∈ (0, t ∗)$ ,

| Ω | > k (t) > 0, − k ′ (t) | Ω | − k (t) ≥ β, max x ∈ Ω ϕ 1 | Ω | ≤ 1,

(2.4)

for some constant β, and

γ : = λ 1 − β q − 1 .

(2.5)

We deduce from (2.4) and (2.5) that

η ′ (t) ≥ β q − 1 η (t) + (| Ω | − k (t)) 1 q − 1 ∫ Ω ϕ 1 [Δ u + ∫ Ω u q d x − k (t) u q] d x = − γ η (t) + (| Ω | − k (t)) 1 q − 1 (∫ Ω u q d x − k (t) ∫ Ω ϕ 1 u q d x) ≥ − γ η (t) + (| Ω | − k (t)) 1 q − 1 ((1 max x ∈ Ω ϕ 1 − k (t)) ∫ Ω ϕ 1 u q d x) ≥ − γ η (t) + (| Ω | − k (t)) q q − 1 ∫ Ω ϕ 1 u q d x .

(2.6)

Furthermore, using (2.2) and Hölder’s inequality, we get

∫ Ω ϕ 1 u d x ≤ (∫ Ω ϕ 1 u q d x) 1 q .

(2.7)

Combining (2.6) and (2.7), we get

η ′ (t) ≥ − γ η (t) + η q (t), t ∈ (0, t ∗) .

(2.8)

By integrating (2.8), we get

(η (t)) 1 − q ≤ Θ (t) : = {((η (0)) 1 − q − 1 γ) e γ (q − 1) t + 1 γ, γ ≠ 0, (η (0)) 1 − q + (1 − q) t, γ = 0 .

(2.9)

If $Θ (T 1) = 0$ for some $T 1 > 0$ , then $η (t)$ blows up at time $t ∗ < T 1$ . This result is summarized in the following theorem.

Theorem 1 Let $u (x, t)$ be the solution of problem (1.1). Then the auxiliary function $η (t)$ defined in (2.3) blows up at time $t ∗ < T 1$ with

T 1 : = {1 γ (q − 1) log (− 1 γ ((η (0)) 1 − q − 1 γ)) if 0 < γ (η (0)) 1 − q < 1, 1 (q − 1) (η (0)) q − 1 if γ ≤ 0 .

(2.10)

3 Condition for global existence

In this section, our argument makes use of the following Sobolev-type inequality

(∫ Ω v 6 d x) 1 / 4 ≤ Γ (∫ Ω | ∇ v | 2 d x) 3 / 4, Γ = 2.3 − 3 / 4 π,

(3.1)

valid in $R 3$ for a nonnegative function v that vanishes on ∂ Ω. In this section, our results restricted to $R 3$ for proof of (3.1), see [8].

We consider the auxiliary function $σ (t)$ defined as

σ (t) : = M − 1 (| Ω | − k (t)) 2 n ∫ Ω u 2 n (p − 1) d x, t ∈ (0, t ∗),

(3.2)

with

M : = (| Ω | − k (0)) 2 n ∫ Ω u 0 2 n (q − 1) d x,

(3.3)

we assume that for all $t ∈ (0, t ∗)$ ,

| Ω | > k (t) > 0, − k ′ (t) | Ω | − k (t) < β,

(3.4)

for some constant β. In (3.2)-(3.3), n is subjected to restrictions

n (q − 1) ≥ 1, n > 34 .

(3.5)

For convenience, we set

v (x, t) = u n (q − 1),

(3.6)

and compute

σ ′ (t) = 2 n − k ′ (t) | Ω | − k (t) σ (t) + 2 n (q − 1) M − 1 (| Ω | − k (t)) 2 n × ∫ Ω u 2 n (q − 1) − 1 [Δ u + ∫ Ω u q d x − k (t) u q] d x

(3.7)

with

∫ Ω u 2 n (q − 1) − 1 Δ u d x = − 2 n (q − 1) − 1 n 2 (q − 1) 2 ∫ Ω | ∇ v | 2 d x,

(3.8)

due to (3.4), we obtain

σ ′ (t) ≤ 2 n β σ (t) − 2 [2 n (q − 1) − 1] n (q − 1) (| Ω | − k (t)) 2 n M − 1 ∫ Ω | ∇ v | 2 d x + 2 n (q − 1) M − 1 (| Ω | − k (t)) 2 n [| Ω | ∫ Ω v 2 + 1 n d x − k (t) ∫ Ω v 2 + 1 n d x] = 2 n β σ (t) − 2 [2 n (q − 1) − 1] n (q − 1) (| Ω | − k (t)) 2 n M − 1 ∫ Ω | ∇ v | 2 d x + 2 n (q − 1) M − 1 (| Ω | − k (t)) 2 n + 1 ∫ Ω v 2 + 1 n d x .

(3.9)

By using Hölder’s inequality,

∫ Ω v 2 + 1 n d x ≤ (∫ Ω v 2 d x) (4 n − 1) / 4 n (∫ Ω v 6 d x) 1 / 4 n,

(3.10)

and Sobolev-type inequality (3.1), we obtain

(| Ω | − k (t)) 2 n + 1 ∫ Ω v 2 + 1 n d x ≤ (| Ω | − k (t)) 2 n + 1 (∫ Ω v 2 d x) (4 n − 1) / 4 n (∫ Ω | ∇ v | 2 d x) 3 / 4 n Γ 1 / n = Γ 1 / n M (4 n − 1) / 4 n σ (4 n − 1) / 4 n ((| Ω | − k (t)) 2 n + 1 ∫ Ω | ∇ v | 2 d x) 3 / 4 n,

(3.11)

where Γ is defined in (3.1). Joining (3.11) and (3.9), we obtain

σ ′ (t) ≤ 2 n β σ (t) − 2 [2 n (q − 1) − 1] n (q − 1) M − 1 (| Ω | − k (t)) 2 n ∫ Ω | ∇ v | 2 d x + 2 n (q − 1) Γ 1 / n M 1 / 2 n σ (4 n − 1) / 4 n (M − 1 (| Ω | − k (t)) 2 n ∫ Ω | ∇ v | 2 d x) 3 / 4 n = 2 n β σ (t) + 2 n (λ − 1 M − 1 (| Ω | − k (t)) 2 n ∫ Ω | ∇ v | 2 d x) 3 / 4 n × {λ 3 / 4 n (q − 1) Γ 1 / n σ (4 n − 1) / 4 n M 1 / 2 n − 2 [2 n (q − 1) − 1] n 2 (q − 1) × λ (M − 1 (| Ω | − k (t)) 2 n λ − 1 ∫ Ω | ∇ v | 2 d x) (4 n − 3) / 4 n}

(3.12)

with arbitrary $λ ≠ 0$ . Choosing $λ : = λ 1$ , the first eigenvalue of problem (2.1), we have

∫ Ω | ∇ v | 2 d x ≥ λ 1 ∫ Ω v 2 d x,

(3.13)

by the Rayleigh principle. By using (3.13) in the last factor of (3.12), we obtain

σ ′ (t) ≤ 2 n β σ (t) + 2 n (λ 1 − 1 M − 1 (| Ω | − k (t)) 2 n ∫ Ω | ∇ v | 2 d x) 3 / 4 n × {λ 1 3 / 4 n (q − 1) Γ 1 / n σ (t) (4 n − 1) / 4 n M 1 / 2 n − 2 [2 n (q − 1) − 1] n 2 (q − 1) λ 1 σ (t) (4 n − 3) / 4 n} = 2 n β σ (t) + 2 n σ (t) 3 / 4 n × σ (t) (4 n − 3) / 4 n {ω σ (t) 1 / 2 n − (μ + β)},

(3.14)

with

ω = λ 1 3 / 4 n (q − 1) Γ 1 / n M 1 / 2 n, μ = 2 [2 n (q − 1) − 1] n 2 (q − 1) λ 1 − β .

(3.15)

Suppose that β is small enough to satisfy the condition

μ > 0,

(3.16)

and that initial data is small enough to satisfy the condition

ω − μ < 0 .

(3.17)

Then either $ω (σ (t)) 1 / 2 n − μ$ remains negative for all time, or there exists a first time $t 0$ such that

ω (σ (t 0)) 1 / 2 n − μ = 0 .

(3.18)

Then we obtain the differential inequality

σ ′ (t) ≤ 2 n σ (t) {ω (σ (t)) 1 / 2 n − μ} ≤ 0, t ∈ (0, t 0) .

(3.19)

Integrating this differential inequality, we obtain

σ (t) ≤ {(1 − ω μ) e μ t + ω μ} − 2 n, t > 0 .

(3.20)

This result is summarized in the next theorem.

Theorem 2 Let Ω be a bounded domain in $R 3$ , and assume that the data of problem (1.1) satisfy conditions (3.4), (3.16), (3.17). Then the auxiliary function $σ (t)$ defined in (3.2) satisfies (3.20), and $u (x, t)$ exists for all time $t > 0$ .

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express sincere gratitude to the referees for their valuable suggestions and comments on the original manuscript. This work is supported in part by the NSF of PR China (11371384) and in part by the Natural Science Foundation Project of CQ CSTC (2010BB9218).

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College of Mathematics and Statistics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P.R. China
Iftikhar Ahmed, Chunlai Mu, Pan Zheng & Fuchen Zhang

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Iftikhar Ahmed
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Ahmed, I., Mu, C., Zheng, P. et al. Blow-up and global existence for the non-local reaction diffusion problem with time dependent coefficient. Bound Value Probl 2013, 239 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2013-239

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Received: 04 July 2013
Accepted: 18 September 2013
Published: 09 November 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2013-239

Keywords

blow-up
global existence
non-local reaction diffusion problem
Dirichlet boundary condition

Blow-up and global existence for the non-local reaction diffusion problem with time dependent coefficient

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Conditions for blow-up in finite time t ∗

3 Condition for global existence

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Acknowledgements

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Keywords

2 Conditions for blow-up in finite time $t ∗$