Bounded solutions for the nonlinear wave equation

Tacksun Jung; Q-Heung Choi

doi:10.1186/1687-2770-2013-257

Research
Open Access

Bounded solutions for the nonlinear wave equation

Tacksun Jung¹ and
Q-Heung Choi²Email author

Boundary Value Problems20132013:257

https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2013-257

Received: 27 June 2013
Accepted: 25 October 2013
Published: 25 November 2013

Abstract

We investigate the number of periodic weak solutions for the wave equation with nonlinearity decaying at the origin. We get a theorem which shows the existence of a bounded weak solution for this problem. We obtain this result by approaching the variational method and applying the critical point theory for the indefinite functional induced from the invariant subspaces and the invariant functional.

MSC:35L05, 35L70.

Keywords

wave equation
critical point theory
invariant function
invariant subspace
${(P . S .)}_{c}$ condition
eigenvalue problem

1 Introduction and statement of the main result

Let

g (x, t, u)

be a

C^{1}

function from

[0, π] \times R \times R

to R and T-periodic in t. In this paper we are concerned with the number of weak periodic solutions of the following wave equation with boundary and periodic conditions:

\begin{aligned} u_{t t} - u_{x x} = g (x, t, u), \\ u (0, t) = u (π, t) = 0, \\ u (x, t + T) = u (x, t), \\ u_{t} (x, 0) = u_{t} (x, T) \forall x \in [0, π], \end{aligned}

(1.1)

where T is a rational multiple of π. We assume that g satisfies the following conditions:

(g1)

$g \in C^{1} ([0, π] \times R \times R, R)$ is T-periodic in t,
(g2)

$g (x, t, 0) = 0$ , $g (x, t, ξ) = o (| ξ |)$ uniformly with respect to $x \in [0, π]$ and $t \in R$ ,
(g3)

there exists $C > 0$ such that $| g (x, t, ξ) | < C$ $\forall x \in [0, π]$ , $t \in R$ , $ξ \in R$ .

Nonlinear problem of this type has been considered by many authors (cf. [1–5]).

The purpose of this paper is to show the existence of T-periodic weak solutions of problem (1.1).

Our main result is as follows.

Theorem 1.1 Assume that g satisfies (g1)-(g3). Then problem (1.1) has at least one bounded solution.

For the proof of our main result, we approach the variational method and apply the critical point theory induced from the invariant subspaces and the invariant functional. The outline of the proof of Theorem 1.1 is as follows. In Section 2, we introduce two Banach spaces H and E of functions satisfying some symmetry properties, stable by A ( $A u = u_{t t} - u_{x x}$ ), g such that the intersection of H with the kernel of A is reduced to 0. The search of a solution of problem (1.1) in the space H reduces the problem to a situation where $A^{- 1}$ is a compact operator. In Section 3, we introduce a functional I defined on E whose critical points and weak solutions of (1.1) possess one-to-one correspondence. We prove that $I \in C^{1} (E, R)$ and satisfies the Palais-Smale condition. By a critical point theorem for indefinite functionals (cf. [6]), we prove that there exists at least one solution of (1.1) which is bounded, and we prove Theorem 1.1.

2 Invariant Banach space

Let

Ω = (0, π) \times (0, T)

; T is a rational multiple of π

T = \frac{2 π b}{a},

where a and b are coprime integers. Let

A

be the operator defined by

\begin{matrix} D (A) = {u \in C^{2} (\bar{Ω}) | u (0, t) = u (π, t) = 0 \forall t \in [0, T], \\ u (x, 0) = u (x, T) \forall x \in [0, π], \\ u_{t} (x, 0) = u_{t} (x, T) \forall x \in [0, π]}, \\ A u = u_{t t} - u_{x x} . \end{matrix}

Let A be the adjoint of

A

in

L^{2} (Ω)

. We investigate the weak solutions of

A u = g (x, t, u) .

We note that the eigenvalues of A are

λ_{j k} = j^{2} - {(\frac{2 π k}{T})}^{2}

,

j = 1, 2, \dots

and

k = 0, 1, 2, \dots

, and the corresponding eigenfunctions are

sin j x sin \frac{2 π k t}{T} and sin j x cos \frac{2 π k t}{T} .

We also note that the set of functions

sin j x sin \frac{2 π k t}{T}

,

sin j x cos \frac{2 π k t}{T}

is an orthogonal base for

L^{2} (Ω)

. Let u be a function of

L^{2} (Ω)

. Then there exists one and only one function of

L^{2} ([0, π] \times R)

which is T-periodic in t and equals u on Ω. We shall denote this function by u. Let us denote an element u, in

L^{2} (Ω)

, by

u = \sum_{j > 0, k} u_{j k} sin j x exp i k \frac{a}{b} t

with

u_{j, k} = {\bar{u}}_{j, - k} .

We assume that b is even and a is odd. Let H be the closed subspace of

L^{2} (Ω)

defined by

H = {u \in L^{2} (Ω) | u (x, t) = - u (x, t + \frac{T}{2}) a.e. x \in (0, π), t \in R} .

Then H is invariant under shift: Let

h \in H

and τ be a real number. If

v (x, t) = u (x, t + τ)

, then

v \in H

. H is invariant under g: Let

u \in H

such that

g (u) \in L^{2} (Ω)

. Then

g (u) \in H

. Let

\tilde{u} (x, t) = u (x, t + \frac{T}{2})

. Then

u = \sum_{j > 0, k} u_{j k} {(- 1)}^{k} sin j x exp i k \frac{a}{b} t .

Therefore

u \in H ⟺ u_{j, k} = 0 for any even k .

(2.1)

Let

A_{1}

be a linear operator of H defined by

\begin{matrix} D (A_{1}) = D (A) \cap H, \\ A_{1} u = A u . \end{matrix}

Then

A_{1}

is self-adjoint in H and

H \cap N (A) = {0}

, where

N (A)

is the kernel of A. In fact, let

u \in H \cap N (A)

. Then

\begin{matrix} u = \sum u_{j, k} sin j x exp i k \frac{a}{b} t, \\ j^{2} - \frac{k^{2} a^{2}}{b^{2}} \neq 0 ⟹ u_{j, k} = 0 . \end{matrix}

Let j and k be such that

j^{2} - \frac{k^{2} a^{2}}{b^{2}} = 0 .

Since b is even and a is odd, k is even. Using (2.1), we have

u_{j, k} = 0

, and therefore

H \cap N (A) = {0}

. The eigenvalues of

A_{1}

are

j^{2} - {(\frac{2 π k}{T})}^{2}

, where j is odd and k is even and

H \cap N (A) = {0}

. Given

u \in H

, we write

u = \sum_{j > 0} u_{j, k} sin j x exp i \frac{2 π k t}{T}, j is odd, k is even

with

u_{j, k} = {\bar{u}}_{j, - k} .

Let

\begin{matrix} E = {u \in H | \sum_{j, k} | j^{2} - \frac{a^{2} k^{2}}{b^{2}} | \cdot {| u_{j, k} |}^{2} < + \infty}, \\ (u, v) = \sum_{j, k} | j^{2} - \frac{a^{2} k^{2}}{b^{2}} | u_{j, k} \cdot {\bar{v}}_{j, k} for u, v \in E, \end{matrix}

where

(,)

is a scalar product on E. With this scalar product, E is a Hilbert space with a norm

∥ u ∥ = {(u, u)}^{\frac{1}{2}}, u \in E .

Let

{∥ u ∥}_{r} = {(\int_{Ω} {| u |}^{r})}^{\frac{1}{r}}, r \geq 1 .

By the classical theorem of Riesz (cf. [[7], p.525]), we have

{∥ u ∥}_{r} \leq {(\begin{array}{c} π T \\ 2 \end{array})}^{\frac{1}{r}} {(\sum_{j, k} | u_{j, k} |^{r^{'}})}^{\frac{1}{r^{'}}}, r \geq 2, \frac{1}{r} + \frac{1}{r^{'}} = 1 .

Since for every

ϵ > o

\sum_{j odd, k even} \frac{1}{| j^{2} - \frac{a^{2} k^{2}}{b^{2}} |^{1 + ϵ}} < \infty,

it follows that for every

r \in [2, + \infty)

, there is

c_{r} \in R

such that

{∥ u ∥}_{r} \leq c_{r} ∥ u ∥ .

(2.2)

Let

\begin{matrix} E_{+} = {u | u \in E, u_{j, k} = 0 if j^{2} - \frac{a^{2} k^{2}}{b^{2}} < 0}, \\ E_{-} = {u | u \in E, u_{j, k} = 0 if j^{2} - \frac{a^{2} k^{2}}{b^{2}} > 0} . \end{matrix}

Then $E = E_{+} \oplus E_{-}$ . Let $P_{+}$ be the orthogonal projection from E onto $E_{+}$ and $P_{-}$ be the orthogonal projection from E onto $E_{-}$ . We can write $u = P_{+} u + P_{-} u$ for $u \in E$ .

3 Critical point theorem and the proof of Theorem 1.1

Now, we are going to seek a function u in E such that

A_{1} u = g (x, t, u) .

(3.1)

We consider the associated functional of (3.1),

\begin{aligned} I (u) & = \frac{1}{2} \int_{Ω} [- {| u_{t} |}^{2} + {| u_{x} |}^{2}] d x d t - \int_{Ω} G (x, t, u) d x d t \\ = \frac{1}{2} ({∥ P_{+} u ∥}^{2} - {∥ P_{-} u ∥}^{2}) - \int_{Ω} G (x, t, u) d x d t, \end{aligned}

(3.2)

where

G (x, t, u) = \int_{0}^{u} g (x, t, s) d s .

By (g1), I is well defined.

We recall the critical point theorem for the indefinite functional (cf. [6]).

Let

B_{r} = {u \in H | ∥ u ∥ \leq r}, \partial B_{r} = {u \in H | ∥ u ∥ = r} .

Theorem 3.1 (Critical point theorem for the indefinite functional)

Let E be a real Hilbert space with

E = E_{1} \oplus E_{2}

and

E_{2} = E_{1}^{⊥}

. Suppose that

I \in C^{1} (E, R)

satisfies (PS), and that

(I1)

$I (u) = \frac{1}{2} (L u, u) + b u$ , where $L u = L_{1} P_{1} u + L_{2} P_{2} u$ and $L_{i} : E_{i} \to E_{i}$ is bounded and self-adjoint, $i = 1, 2$ ,
(I2)

$b^{'}$ is compact, and
(I3)
there exist a subspace $\tilde{E} \subset E$ and sets $S \subset E$ , $Q \subset \tilde{E}$ and constants $α > ω$ such that
1. (i)
  
  $S \subset E_{1}$ and $I |_{S} \geq α$ ,
2. (ii)
  
  Q is bounded and $I |_{\partial Q} \leq ω$ ,
3. (iii)
  
  S and ∂Q link.

Then I possesses a critical value $c \geq α$ .

The eigenvalues of $A_{1}$ are $λ_{j k} = j^{2} - {(\frac{2 π k}{T})}^{2}$ , where j is odd and k is even, $j = 1, 2, \dots$ and $k = 0, 1, 2, \dots$ . Thus $A_{1}^{- 1}$ is a compact operator.

It is convenient for the following to rearrange the eigenvalues

λ_{j k}

, where j is odd and k is even, by increasing magnitude: from now on we denote by

{(η_{i}^{-})}_{i \geq 1} = λ_{j k} < 0

the sequence of negative eigenvalues, by

{(η_{i}^{+})}_{i \geq 1} = λ_{j k} > 0

the sequence of positive ones, so that

\dots \leq η_{i}^{-} \leq \dots \leq η_{2}^{-} \leq η_{1}^{-} < η_{1}^{+} \leq η_{2}^{+} \leq \dots \leq η_{i}^{+} \leq \dots .

(3.3)

We note that each eigenvalue has a finite multiplicity and that $η_{i}^{-} \to - \infty$ , $η_{i}^{+} \to + \infty$ as $i \to \infty$ .

We shall show that the functional I satisfies the geometrical assumptions of the critical point theorem for the indefinite functional.

By the following lemma, $I (u) \in C^{1} (E, R)$ and the solutions of (3.1) coincide with the nonzero critical points of $I (u)$ .

Lemma 3.1 Assume that g satisfies (g1)-(g3). Then

I (u)

is continuous and Fréchet differentiable in E with the Fréchet derivative

\begin{aligned} I^{'} (u) h & = \int_{Ω} [- u_{t} \cdot h_{t} + u_{x} \cdot h_{x} - g (x, t, u) h] d x d t \\ = (P_{+} u, P_{+} h) - (P_{-} u, P_{-} h) - \int_{Ω} g (x, t, u) h d x d t \end{aligned}

for all

h \in E

. Moreover, if we set

F (u) = \int_{Ω} G (x, t, u) d x d t,

then

F^{'} (u)

is continuous with respect to weak convergence,

F^{'} (u)

is compact, and

F^{'} (u) h = \int_{Ω} g (x, t, u) h d x d t for all h \in E .

This implies that $I \in C^{1} (E, R)$ and $F (u)$ is weakly continuous.

For the proof of Lemma 3.1, refer to [6].

Lemma 3.2 Assume that g satisfies (g1)-(g3). The problem

\begin{aligned} u_{t t} - u_{x x} in E, \\ u (0, t) = u (π, t) = 0, \\ u (x, t + T) = u (x, t), \\ u_{t} (x, 0) = u_{t} (x, T) \forall x \in [0, π] \end{aligned}

(3.4)

has only a trivial solution.

Proof Let $A u = u_{t t} - u_{x x}$ . Since $H \cap N (A) = {0}$ , $E \cap N (A) = {0}$ . Thus (3.4) has only a trivial solution. □

Lemma 3.3 Assume that g satisfies (g1)-(g3). Then $I (u)$ satisfies the Palais-Smale condition: If for a sequence $(u_{m})$ , $I (u_{m})$ is bounded from above and $I^{'} (u_{m}) \to 0$ as $m \to \infty$ , then $(u_{m})$ has a convergent subsequence.

Proof Let

(u_{m})

be a sequence with

I (u_{m}) \leq M

and

I^{'} (u_{m}) \to 0

as

m \to \infty

. It suffices to show that

(u_{m})

is bounded. By contradiction, we suppose that

∥ u_{m} ∥ \to \infty

as

m \to \infty

. Let

w_{m} = \frac{u_{m}}{∥ u_{m} ∥}

. Then

∥ w_{m} = 1 ∥

and

w_{m}

converges weakly to an element, say w. Then we have

\frac{M}{{∥ u_{m} ∥}^{2}} \leq \frac{I (u_{m})}{{∥ u_{m} ∥}^{2}} = \frac{1}{2} \int_{Ω} [- {| {(w_{m})}_{t} |}^{2} + {| {(w_{m})}_{x x} |}^{2}] - \int_{Ω} \frac{G (x, t, u_{m})}{{∥ u_{m} ∥}^{2}} .

(3.5)

Since

G (x, t, u)

is bounded, letting m∞ in (3.5), we have

0 \leq lim P_{+} w_{m} - lim P_{-} w_{m} = \int_{Ω} [- {| w_{t} |}^{2} + {| w_{x x} |}^{2}] .

(3.6)

On the other hand, we have

0 ⟵ \frac{I^{'} (u_{m})}{{∥ u_{m} ∥}^{2}} = \int_{Ω} [- {| {(w_{m})}_{t} |}^{2} + {| {(w_{m})}_{x x} |}^{2}] - \int_{Ω} \frac{g (x, t, u_{m})}{{∥ u_{m} ∥}^{2}} .

(3.7)

Letting

m \to \infty

in (3.7), we have

0 = lim_{m \to \infty} {∥ P_{+} w_{m} ∥}^{2} - lim_{m \to \infty} {∥ P_{-} w_{m} ∥}^{2} = \int_{Ω} [- {| w_{t} |}^{2} + {| w_{x x} |}^{2}] = {∥ P_{+} w ∥}^{2} - {∥ P_{-} w ∥}^{2} .

(3.8)

By (3.6) and (3.8),

{lim}_{m \to \infty} {∥ P_{+} w_{m} ∥}^{2} = {∥ P_{+} w ∥}^{2}

and

{lim}_{m \to \infty} {∥ P_{-} w_{m} ∥}^{2} = {∥ P_{-} w ∥}^{2}

. Thus

{lim}_{m \to \infty} ∥ w_{m} ∥ = ∥ w ∥

, so

w_{m}

converges strongly to w and by (3.8), w is a weak solution of the problem

w_{t t} - w_{x x} = 0 in E .

By Lemma 3.2, $w = 0$ , which is absurd for the fact that $∥ w ∥ = 1$ . Thus $(u_{m})$ is bounded. □

Let

Q = ({\bar{B}}_{R} \cap E_{-}) \oplus {r e | e \in \partial B_{1} \cap E_{+} 0 < r < R} .

Lemma 3.4 Assume that g satisfies the conditions (g1)-(g3). There exist a subspace

\tilde{E} \subset E

and sets

\partial B_{ρ} \subset E

,

Q \subset \tilde{E}

and constants

ρ > 0

and

α > 0

such that

(i)

$\partial B_{ρ} \subset E_{+}$ and $I |_{\partial B_{ρ}} \geq α$ ,
(ii)

there are $e \in \partial B_{1} \cap E_{+}$ and $R > ρ$ such that if $Q = ({\bar{B}}_{R} \cap E_{-}) \oplus {r e | 0 < r < R}$ , then $I |_{\partial Q} \leq 0$ ,
(iii)

there exists $u_{0} \in E ∖ Q$ such that $∥ u_{0} ∥ > R$ and $I (u_{0}) \leq 0$ ,
(iv)

$\partial B_{ρ}$ and ∂Q link.

Proof (i) Let

u \in E_{+}

. Since

G (x, t, u)

is bounded, there exists a constant

C > 0

such that

\begin{array}{rcl} I (u) & = & \frac{1}{2} {∥ P_{+} u ∥}^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {∥ P_{-} u ∥}^{2} - \int_{Ω} G (x, t, u) \\ \geq & \frac{1}{2} {∥ P_{+} u ∥}^{2} - C \end{array}

for $C > 0$ . Then there exist a constant $ρ > 0$ and a constant $α > 0$ such that if $u \in \partial B_{ρ} \cap E_{+}$ , then $I (u) \geq α$ .

(ii) Let us choose an element

e \in B_{1} \cap E_{+}

. Let

u \in ({\bar{B}}_{r} \cap E_{-}) \oplus {r e | 0 < r}

. Then

u = v + w

,

v \in B_{r} \cap E_{-}

,

w = r e

. We note that

if v \in B_{r} \cap E_{-}, then \int_{Ω} [- {| v_{t} |}^{2} + {| v_{x} |}^{2}] d x d t \leq η_{i}^{-} {∥ v ∥}_{L^{2} (Ω)}^{2} < 0 .

Thus we have

\begin{array}{rcl} I (u) & = & \frac{1}{2} r^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {∥ v ∥}^{2} - \int_{Ω} G (x, t, v + r e) \\ \leq & \frac{1}{2} r^{2} + \frac{1}{2} η_{1}^{-} {∥ v ∥}_{L^{2} (Ω)}^{2} + C_{1} \end{array}

for $C_{1} > 0$ . Then there exists $R > ρ > 0$ such that if $u \in Q = ({\bar{B}}_{R} \cap E_{-}) \oplus {r e | 0 < r < R}$ , then $I (u) |_{\partial Q} \leq 0$ .

(iii) Let us choose $u_{0} \in E ∖ Q$ . By (ii), $I (u_{0}) \leq 0$ .

(iv) S and Q link at the set ${e}$ . □

Proof of Theorem 1.1 By Lemma 3.1,

I (u)

is continuous and Fréchet differentiable in E. By Lemma 3.3, the functional I satisfies the (PS) condition. We note that

I (0) = 0

. By Lemma 3.4, there are constants

ρ > 0

,

α > 0

and a bounded neighborhood

B_{ρ}

of 0 such that

I |_{\partial B_{ρ} \cap E_{+}} \geq α

, and there are

e \in \partial B_{1} \cap E_{+}

and

R > ρ

such that if

Q = ({\bar{B}}_{R} \cap E_{-}) \oplus {r e | 0 < r < R}

. Let us set

Γ = {γ \in C (\bar{Q}, H) | γ = id on \partial Q} .

By Theorem 3.1, I possesses a critical value

c \geq α

. Moreover, c can be characterized as

c = inf_{γ \in Γ} max_{u \in Q} I (γ (u)) .

Thus we prove that I has at least one nontrivial critical point, we denote by

\tilde{u}

a critical point of I such that

I (\tilde{u}) = c

. We claim that c is bounded. In fact, we have

c \leq max_{0 \leq τ \leq 1} I (τ u_{0}),

and by (g3),

\begin{array}{rcl} I (τ u_{0}) & = & τ^{2} (\frac{1}{2} {∥ P_{+} u_{0} ∥}^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {∥ P_{-} u_{0} ∥}^{2}) - \int_{Ω} G (x, t, τ u_{0}) d x d t \\ \leq & τ^{2} {∥ u_{0} ∥}^{2} - \int_{Ω} G (x, t, τ u_{0}) d x d t \\ \leq & C_{1} τ^{2} {∥ u_{0} ∥}^{2} + C_{1} \end{array}

for some constant

C_{1} > 0

. Since

0 \leq τ \leq 1

, c is bounded:

c < \tilde{C} .

(3.9)

We claim that

\tilde{u}

is bounded. In fact, by contradiction,

{\tilde{u}}_{t t} + {\tilde{u}}_{x x} = g (x, t, \tilde{u})

and, for any

K > 0

,

{max}_{Ω} | \tilde{u} (x, t) | > K

imply that

c = I (\tilde{u}) = \frac{1}{2} ({∥ P_{+} \tilde{u} ∥}^{2} - {∥ P_{-} \tilde{u} ∥}^{2}) - \int_{Ω} G (x, t, \tilde{u}) d x d t

is not bounded, which is absurd to the fact that $c = I (\tilde{u})$ is bounded. Thus $\tilde{u}$ is bounded, so (1.1) has at least one bounded weak solution, and hence we prove Theorem 1.1. □

Declarations

Acknowledgements

This work (Choi) was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (KRF-2013010343).

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)

Department of Mathematics, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, 573-701, Korea

(2)

Department of Mathematics Education, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, Korea

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