Partial Hecke-type operators and their applications

Aykut Ahmet Aygunes; Yilmaz Simsek

doi:10.1186/1687-2770-2013-46

Research
Open Access

Partial Hecke-type operators and their applications

Aykut Ahmet Aygunes¹ and
Yilmaz Simsek¹Email author

Boundary Value Problems20132013:46

https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2013-46

Received: 14 November 2012

Accepted: 22 January 2013

Published: 6 March 2013

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to give not only the matrix representation of partial Hecke-type operators by means of Bernoulli polynomials and Euler polynomials, but also functional equations and differential equations related to partial Hecke-type operators and special polynomials. By using these functional equations and differential equations, we derive some identities associated with special polynomials and partial Hecke-type operators. Moreover, we find several useful identities and relations using the partial Hecke operators.

MSC:05B20, 11B68, 11F25.

Keywords

Bernoulli polynomial
Euler polynomial
partial Hecke-type operator
total Hecke-type operator
Hurwitz zeta function
partial zeta function

1 Introduction

Recently, there have been many applications of Bernoulli polynomials and Euler polynomials in differential equations, in analytic number theory and in engineering. High-order linear differential-difference equations have also been solved in terms of Bernoulli polynomials. These polynomials are also related to several linear operators. In this paper, we investigate and derive several new identities related to the Hecke-type operators and generating functions for special polynomials.

Recently, many authors introduced and investigated the following generating functions which give us the Bernoulli polynomials

B_{n} (x)

and the Euler polynomials

E_{n} (x)

, respectively:

\frac{t e^{x t}}{e^{t} - 1} = \sum_{n = 0}^{\infty} B_{n} (x) \frac{t^{n}}{n!} (| t | < 2 π),

(1)

and

\frac{2 e^{x t}}{e^{t} + 1} = \sum_{n = 0}^{\infty} E_{n} (x) \frac{t^{n}}{n!} (| t | < π) .

(2)

For $x = 0$ , (1) and (2) are reduced to the generating functions for the Bernoulli numbers $B_{n}$ and the Euler numbers $E_{n}$ , respectively (cf. [1–4]), and see also the references cited in each of these earlier works.

The multiplication formulas for the Bernoulli and Euler polynomials are given as follows:

\sum_{k = 0}^{m - 1} B_{n} (\frac{x + k}{m}) = m^{1 - n} B_{n} (x),

(3)

and for odd m,

\sum_{k = 0}^{m - 1} {(- 1)}^{k} E_{n} (\frac{x + k}{m}) = m^{1 - n} E_{n} (x)

(4)

(cf. [5–8]), and see also the references cited in each of these earlier works.

The Bernoulli polynomials satisfy the following well-known identity:

\frac{1}{m} \sum_{k = 0}^{m - 1} f (x + \frac{k}{m}) = m^{- n} f (m x),

where m and n are positive integers (cf. [5, 9, 10]).

Bayad et al. [11] introduced and systematically studied the following family of partial Hecke-type operators on $C [x]$ .

Throughout this paper, we use the following notations: $a \equiv 1 (N)$ . Let $N = {0, 1, 2, 3, \dots}$ and $Z^{+} = {1, 2, 3, \dots}$ .

For fixed

a, N \in Z^{+}

and

0 \leq k \leq a - 1

, we have

T_{χ_{a, N}} (P (x)) = \sum_{k = 0}^{a - 1} χ_{a, N} (k) P (\frac{x + k}{a}),

where

χ_{a, N} (k) = {\begin{cases} ξ_{N}^{k} = e^{\frac{2 π i k}{N}} & if N \geq 2, \\ \frac{1}{a} & if N = 1 . \end{cases}

Lemma 1.1 [[11], p.114, Lemma 1]

For any

a, N \in Z^{+}

such that

a \equiv 1 (N)

, we have the following properties:

(i)

$T_{χ_{a, N}}$ preserves the degree in $C [x]$ .
(ii)

By induction,
$T_{χ_{a, N}} (x^{m}) = {\begin{cases} S_{0} = 1 & if m = 0, \\ a^{- m} x^{m} + a^{- m} \sum_{v = 0}^{m - 1} (\begin{array}{c} m \\ v \end{array}) S_{m - v} (χ_{a, N}) x^{v} & if m \geq 1, \end{cases}$

where

S_{m - v} (χ_{a, N}) = \sum_{k = 0}^{a - 1} χ_{a, N} (k) k^{m - v} .

(iii)

For any $m \in Z^{+}$ , let $β_{m} = (1, x, x^{2}, \dots, x^{m})$ be the canonical ℂ-basis of
$C_{m} [x] = {P (x) \in C [x] : deg P (x) \leq m} .$

Then the matrix

M_{β_{m}} (T_{χ_{a, N}})

corresponding to the operator

T_{χ_{a, N}}

(restricted to

C_{m} [x]

) in the basis

β_{m}

is represented by:

M_{β_{m}} (T_{χ_{a, N}}) = (\begin{array}{ccccc} S_{0} (χ_{a, N}) & a^{- 1} S_{1} (χ_{a, N}) & a^{- 2} S_{2} (χ_{a, N}) & \dots & a^{- m} S_{m} (χ_{a, N}) \\ 0 & a^{- 1} S_{0} (χ_{a, N}) & 2 a^{- 2} S_{1} (χ_{a, N}) & \dots & a^{- m} (\begin{array}{c} m \\ 1 \end{array}) S_{m - 1} (χ_{a, N}) \\ 0 & 0 & a^{- 2} S_{0} (χ_{a, N}) & \dots & a^{- m} (\begin{array}{c} m \\ 2 \end{array}) S_{m - 2} (χ_{a, N}) \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \dots & a^{- m} (\begin{array}{c} m \\ 3 \end{array}) S_{m - 3} (χ_{a, N}) \\ ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \dots & a^{- m} S_{0} (χ_{a, N}) \end{array})

(5)

for all

0 \leq l \leq m - 1

.

(iv)

Let $a, b \geq 1$ such that $a \equiv b \equiv 1 (N)$ , then
$T_{χ_{a, N}} T_{χ_{b, N}} = T_{χ_{b, N}} T_{χ_{a, N}} .$

Consequently, for a given integer n, there is only one monic polynomial $P_{n, N}$ with degree n in x satisfying the functional equation (6).

The operator

T_{χ_{a, N}}

satisfies the following equation:

T_{χ_{a, N}} (P_{n, N} (x)) = a^{- n} P_{n, N} (x) .

(6)

For $a \equiv 1 (N)$ , from (6) and Lemma 1.1, we know that $P_{n, N} (x)$ is a monic polynomial (cf. [11]).

Remark 1.2 Equations (3) and (4) are closely related to the functional equation of (6). For $N = 1$ and $N = 2$ , equation (6) is reduced to $P_{n, 1} (x) = B_{n} (x)$ and $P_{n, 2} (x) = E_{n} (x)$ , respectively. For fixed $a, N \in Z^{+}$ , we know that there is only one monic polynomial satisfying (6) by Lemma 1.1, and there already exist the functional equations as (3) and (4).

The total Hecke-type operators, associated with partial Hecke-type operators, are defined by Bayad et al. [[11], p.112, Eq. (1.6)] as follows:

T_{N} = \sum_{a \equiv 1 (N)} T_{χ_{a, N}} .

Theorem 1.3 [11]

Polynomials

P_{n, N} (x)

are eigenfunctions for the operators

T_{N}

with eigenvalues

N^{- n} ζ (n, \frac{1}{N})

, that is,

T_{N} (P_{n, N} (x)) = N^{- n} ζ (n, \frac{1}{N}) P_{n, N} (x),

where

ζ (s, x)

is the Hurwitz zeta function defined by

ζ (s, x) = \sum_{k \geq 0} \frac{1}{{(x + k)}^{s}} (cf . [10, 12]) .

2 Differential equations related to the partial Hecke-type operators and special polynomials

In this section, we derive some ordinary and partial differential equations not only for a generating function, but also for partial Hecke-type operators. We also give a functional equation for the generating function. We set

F_{N} (t, x) = \sum_{n = 0}^{\infty} P_{n, N} (x) \frac{t^{n}}{n!} .

We now give an explicit formula of the generating function $F_{N} (t, x)$ as follows.

Theorem 2.1 [11]

Generating functions for the polynomials

P_{n, N} (x)

are given by

F_{N} (t, x) = {\begin{cases} \frac{t e^{t x}}{e^{t} - 1} & if N = 1, \\ \frac{(ξ_{N} - 1) e^{t x}}{ξ_{N} e^{t} - 1} & if N \geq 2 . \end{cases}

The polynomials $P_{n, N} (x)$ are the so-called Bernoulli-Euler-type polynomials.

We derive the following partial differential equation for

F_{N} (t, x)

as follows:

\frac{\partial^{v}}{\partial x^{v}} F_{N} (t, x) = t^{v} F_{N} (t, x) .

(7)

Theorem 2.2 Let

v \in N

. Then

\frac{d^{v}}{d x^{v}} P_{n, N} (x) = {\begin{cases} {(n)}_{v} B_{n - v} (x) & if N = 1, \\ {(n)}_{v} P_{n - v, N} (x) & if N \geq 2, \end{cases}

where ${(n)}_{v} = n (n - 1) (n - 2) \dots (n - v + 1)$ .

Proof By using (7), for

N \geq 2

, we obtain

\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty} (\frac{d^{v}}{d x^{v}} P_{n, N} (x)) \frac{t^{n}}{n!} = \sum_{n = v}^{\infty} {(n)}_{v} P_{n - v, N} (x) \frac{t^{n}}{n!} .

(8)

Therefore, by comparing the coefficients of $\frac{t^{n}}{n!}$ on both sides of equation (8), we have the desired result.

For $N = 1$ , we apply the same process. So, we omit it. □

We set the following differential equation:

\frac{ξ_{N} e^{t (x + y)}}{{(ξ_{N} e^{t} - 1)}^{2}} = (x + y - 1) \frac{e^{t (x + y - 1)}}{(ξ_{N} e^{t} - 1)} - \frac{d}{d t} \frac{e^{t (x + y - 1)}}{(ξ_{N} e^{t} - 1)} .

(9)

Theorem 2.3

\frac{ξ_{N}}{ξ_{N} - 1} \sum_{k = 0}^{n} (\begin{array}{c} n \\ k \end{array}) P_{k, N} (x) P_{n - k, N} (y) = (x + y - 1) P_{n, N} (x + y - 1) - n P_{n + 1, N} (x + y - 1) .

Proof We make some arrangement (9) and obtain

\begin{array}{rcl} \frac{ξ_{N}}{{(ξ_{N} - 1)}^{2}} [{(\frac{ξ_{N} - 1}{ξ_{N} e^{t} - 1})}^{2} e^{t (x + y)}] & = & \frac{x + y - 1}{ξ_{N} - 1} (\frac{(ξ_{N} - 1) e^{t (x + y - 1)}}{(ξ_{N} e^{t} - 1)}) \\ - \frac{d}{d t} \frac{1}{ξ_{N} - 1} \frac{(ξ_{N} - 1) e^{t (x + y - 1)}}{(ξ_{N} e^{t} - 1)} . \end{array}

Therefore,

\frac{ξ_{N}}{{(ξ_{N} - 1)}^{2}} (\frac{ξ_{N} - 1}{ξ_{N} e^{t} - 1} e^{t x}) (\frac{ξ_{N} - 1}{ξ_{N} e^{t} - 1} e^{t y}) = \frac{ξ_{N}}{{(ξ_{N} - 1)}^{2}} (\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty} P_{n, N} (x) \frac{t^{n}}{n!}) (\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty} P_{n, N} (y) \frac{t^{n}}{n!}) .

From the above equation, we get

\begin{matrix} \frac{ξ_{N}}{{(ξ_{N} - 1)}^{2}} \sum_{n = 0}^{\infty} \sum_{k = 0}^{n} ((\begin{array}{c} n \\ k \end{array}) P_{k, N} (x) P_{n - k, N} (y)) \frac{t^{n}}{n!} \\ = \frac{x + y - 1}{ξ_{N} - 1} \sum_{n = 0}^{\infty} (P_{n, N} (x + y - 1) - \frac{n}{ξ_{N} - 1} P_{n + 1, N} (x + y - 1)) \frac{t^{n}}{n!} . \end{matrix}

By comparing the coefficients of $\frac{t^{n}}{n!}$ on both sides of the above equation, we have the desired result. □

Remark 2.4 In Theorem 2.3, we obtain a convolution formula for the polynomials $P_{n, N} (x)$ . If we substitute $x = y = 1$ into Theorem 2.3, then we get a convolution formula for the Eulerian-type numbers (cf. [10, 13]).

Higher-order partial differential equation for $T_{χ_{a, N}} (P_{n, N} (x))$ is given by the following theorem.

Theorem 2.5 Let

N \geq 2

and

v \in N

. Then

\frac{\partial^{v}}{\partial x^{v}} T_{χ_{a, N}} (P_{n, N} (x)) = \frac{{(n)}_{v}}{a^{v}} T_{χ_{a, N}} (P_{n - v, N} (x)),

where

{(n)}_{v} = n (n - 1) (n - 2) \dots (n - v + 1) .

Proof Taking v th derivative of the operator

T_{χ_{a, N}} (P_{n, N} (x))

, with respect to x, we obtain the following higher-order partial differential equation:

\frac{\partial^{v}}{\partial x^{v}} T_{χ_{a, N}} (P_{n, N} (x)) = \sum_{k = 0}^{a - 1} χ_{a, N} (k) \frac{\partial^{v}}{\partial x^{v}} P_{n, N} (\frac{x + k}{a}) .

Using Theorem 2.2, we get

\frac{\partial^{v}}{\partial x^{v}} T_{χ_{a, N}} (P_{n, N} (x)) = \frac{{(n)}_{v}}{a^{v}} \sum_{k = 0}^{a - 1} χ_{a, N} (k) P_{n - v, N} (\frac{x + k}{a}) .

Thus, we get the desired result. □

3 Matrix representations of partial Hecke-type operators

In this section, we give some numerical examples for the matrix representations of the operator $T_{χ_{a, N}}$ . For the basis $β_{m} = {1, x, x^{2}, \dots, x^{m}}$ , our matrix representations contain Bernoulli polynomials and Euler polynomials for the operators $T_{χ_{a, 1}}$ and $T_{χ_{a, 2}}$ , respectively. Therefore, we need the following lemmas.

Lemma 3.1 Let

m, n \in N

and

n \geq 1

. Then

\sum_{k = 0}^{n - 1} k^{m} = \frac{B_{m + 1} (n) - B_{m + 1} (0)}{m + 1} .

Lemma 3.2 Let

m, n \in N

and

n \geq 1

. Then

\sum_{k = 0}^{n - 1} {(- 1)}^{k} k^{m} = \frac{E_{m} - {(- 1)}^{n} E_{m} (n)}{2} .

Proofs of Lemma 3.1 and Lemma 3.2 have been given by many authors (among others) (cf. [2, 4, 8, 10]).

In a special case, substituting

N = 1

into (iii) in Lemma 1.1 and using Lemma 3.1, we get

\begin{array}{rcl} S_{l, 1} (a) & = & \sum_{k = 0}^{a - 1} χ_{a, 1} (k) k^{l} \\ = & \frac{B_{l + 1} (a) - B_{l + 1} (0)}{a (l + 1)} . \end{array}

According to the above equation, we are ready to give the main result of this section by the following theorem.

Theorem 3.3 The matrix

M_{β_{m}} (T_{χ_{a, 1}})

corresponding to the operator

T_{χ_{a, 1}}

(restricted to

C_{m} [x]

) in the basis

β_{m}

is represented by Bernoulli polynomials as follows:

M_{β_{m}} (T_{χ_{a, 1}}) = (\begin{array}{ccccc} \frac{B_{1} (a) - B_{1} (0)}{a} & \frac{B_{2} (a) - B_{2} (0)}{2 a^{2}} & \frac{B_{3} (a) - B_{3} (0)}{3 a^{3}} & \dots & \frac{B_{m + 1} (a) - B_{m + 1} (0)}{a^{m + 1} (m + 1)} \\ 0 & \frac{B_{1} (a) - B_{1} (0)}{a^{2}} & \frac{B_{2} (a) - B_{2} (0)}{a^{3}} & \dots & (\begin{array}{c} m \\ 1 \end{array}) \frac{B_{m} (a) - B_{m} (0)}{a^{m + 1} m} \\ 0 & 0 & \frac{B_{1} (a) - B_{1} (0)}{a^{3}} & \dots & (\begin{array}{c} m \\ 2 \end{array}) \frac{B_{m - 1} (a) - B_{m - 1} (0)}{a^{m + 1} (m - 1)} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \dots & (\begin{array}{c} m \\ 3 \end{array}) \frac{B_{m - 2} (a) - B_{m - 2} (0)}{a^{m + 1} (m - 2)} \\ ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \dots & \frac{B_{1} (a) - B_{1} (0)}{a^{m + 1}} \end{array}) .

Setting

N = 2

(iii) in Lemma 1.1 and using Lemma 3.2, we obtain

\begin{array}{rcl} S_{l, 2} (a) & = & \sum_{k = 0}^{a - 1} χ_{a, 2} (k) k^{l} \\ = & \frac{E_{l} (0) - {(- 1)}^{a} E_{l} (a)}{2} . \end{array}

If $a \equiv 1 (2)$ , then we obtain another main result by the following theorem.

Theorem 3.4 Let a be an odd number. The matrix

M_{β_{m}} (T_{χ_{a, 2}})

corresponding to the operator

T_{χ_{a, 2}}

(restricted to

C_{m} [x]

) in the basis

β_{m}

is represented by Euler polynomials as follows:

M_{β_{m}} (T_{χ_{a, 2}}) = (\begin{array}{ccccc} \frac{E_{0} (0) + E_{0} (a)}{2} & \frac{E_{1} (0) + E_{1} (a)}{2 a} & \frac{E_{2} (0) + E_{2} (a)}{2 a^{2}} & \dots & \frac{E_{m} (0) + E_{m} (a)}{2 a^{m}} \\ 0 & \frac{E_{0} (0) + E_{0} (a)}{2 a} & \frac{E_{1} (0) + E_{1} (a)}{a^{2}} & \dots & (\begin{array}{c} m \\ 1 \end{array}) \frac{E_{m - 1} (0) + E_{m - 1} (a)}{2 a^{m}} \\ 0 & 0 & \frac{E_{0} (0) + E_{0} (a)}{2 a^{2}} & \dots & (\begin{array}{c} m \\ 2 \end{array}) \frac{E_{m - 2} (0) + E_{m - 2} (a)}{2 a^{m}} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \dots & (\begin{array}{c} m \\ 3 \end{array}) \frac{E_{m - 3} (0) + E_{m - 3} (a)}{2 a^{m}} \\ ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \dots & \frac{E_{0} (0) + E_{0} (a)}{2 a^{m}} \end{array}) .

4 Some applications of total Hecke-type operators

In this section, we give some applications related to eigenvalues for the total Hecke-type operators of $T_{1}$ and $T_{2}$ . We derive many new identities which are related not only to the total Hecke-type operators, but also to the Riemann zeta function, the Hurwitz zeta function, Bernoulli and Euler numbers, Euler identities and the convolution of Bernoulli and Euler numbers and polynomials.

Throughout this section, we use the following notation:

ζ^{'} (a) = \frac{d}{d s} ζ (s) |_{s = a} .

The partial zeta function

H (s, a, F)

is defined by

H (s, a, F) = \sum_{n \equiv a (F)} \frac{1}{n^{s}},

where $ℜ (s) > 1$ , $n > 0$ and $0 < a < F$ ( $F \in Z^{+}$ ) (cf. [4, 8, 10, 12, 14]).

Theorem 4.1 The polynomials

P_{n, N} (x)

are eigenfunctions for the operators

T_{N}

with eigenvalues

H (n, 1, N)

, that is,

T_{N} (P_{n, N} (x)) = H (n, 1, N) P_{n, N} (x),

where $H (s, a, F)$ is a partial zeta function.

Proof

\sum_{n \equiv a (F)} \frac{1}{n^{s}} = \frac{1}{F^{s}} ζ (s, \frac{a}{F}) .

Therefore,

ζ (s, \frac{a}{F}) = F^{s} H (s, a, F) .

Substituting $F = N$ , $s = n$ and $a = 1$ into the above equation, after using Theorem 1.3, we arrive at the desired result. □

Theorem 4.2 Let

n \in Z^{+}

with

n > 1

. Then we have

T_{2} (E_{2 n} (x)) = \frac{{(- 1)}^{n} (1 - 2^{- 2 n}) {(2 π)}^{2 n}}{(4 n + 2) (2 n)!} E_{2 n} (x) \sum_{k = 1}^{n - 1} (\begin{array}{c} 2 n \\ 2 k \end{array}) B_{2 k} B_{2 n - 2 k} .

(10)

Proof Putting

N = 2

in Theorem 1.3 and using

P_{n, 2} (x) = E_{n} (x),

we have

T_{2} (E_{n} (x)) = 2^{- n} ζ (n, \frac{1}{2}) E_{n} (x) .

(11)

We recall from the definition of

ζ (n, \frac{1}{2})

and

ζ (n)

that we have

2^{- n} ζ (n, \frac{1}{2}) = (1 - 2^{- n}) ζ (n),

(12)

(cf. [[10], p.96]). Combining (11) and (12), we get

T_{2} (E_{n} (x)) = ζ (n) (1 - 2^{- n}) E_{n} (x) .

(13)

If we replace n by 2n in the above equation, we obtain

T_{2} (E_{2 n} (x)) = ζ (2 n) (1 - 2^{- 2 n}) E_{2 n} (x) .

(14)

From the work of Srivastava and Choi [[4], p.98], we recall that

ζ (2 n) = \frac{2}{2 n + 1} \sum_{k = 1}^{n - 1} ζ (2 k) ζ (2 n - 2 k),

(15)

where

n \in Z^{+}

with

n > 1

and

ζ (2 n) = \frac{{(- 1)}^{n + 1} {(2 π)}^{2 n} B_{2 n}}{2 (2 n)!} .

(16)

By substituting (15) and (16) into (14), after some elementary calculations, we arrive at the desired result. □

Theorem 4.3 Let

n \in N

. Then

T_{2} (E_{2 n} (x)) = \frac{{(- 1)}^{n + 1} (2^{2 n} - 1) π^{2 n}}{2 (2 n)!} B_{2 n} E_{2 n} (x) .

(17)

Proof Combining (14) and (16), we easily complete the proof of the theorem, that is,

T_{2} (E_{2 n} (x)) = ζ (2 n) (1 - 2^{- 2 n}) E_{2 n} (x) = \frac{{(- 1)}^{n + 1} (2^{2 n} - 1) π^{2 n}}{2 (2 n)!} B_{2 n} E_{2 n} (x) .

□

By using (10) and (17), we obtain a convolution formula (Euler identity) for Bernoulli numbers.

Theorem 4.4 Let

n > 1

. Then

B_{2 n} = - \frac{1}{2 n + 1} \sum_{k = 1}^{n - 1} (\begin{array}{c} 2 n \\ 2 k \end{array}) B_{2 k} B_{2 n - 2 k} .

(18)

Proof Since the left-hand sides of (10) and (17) are equal, the right-hand sides of (10) and (17) must be equal. Thus, we obtain

\frac{{(- 1)}^{n + 1} (2^{2 n} - 1) π^{2 n}}{2 (2 n)!} B_{2 n} = \frac{{(- 1)}^{n} (2^{2 n} - 1) π^{2 n}}{(4 n + 2) (2 n)!} \sum_{k = 1}^{n - 1} (\begin{array}{c} 2 n \\ 2 k \end{array}) B_{2 k} B_{2 n - 2 k} .

After some elementary calculation in the above equation, we get the desired result. □

Observe that the proof of (18) is also given in [4].

Theorem 4.5 Let

n \in N

. Then

T_{2} (E_{2 n} (x)) = \frac{e^{π i n} π^{2 n}}{4 (2 n - 1)!} E_{2 n - 1} (0) E_{2 n} (x) .

Proof For all

n \in N

, we have

E_{2 n - 1} (0) = \frac{4 {(- 1)}^{n}}{{(2 π)}^{2 n}} (2 n - 1)! (2^{2 n} - 1) ζ (2 n)

(19)

(cf. [[4], p.131]). By using (14) and (19), we obtain

\begin{array}{rcl} T_{2} (E_{2 n} (x)) & = & ζ (2 n) (1 - 2^{- 2 n}) E_{2 n} (x) \\ = & (\frac{{(2 π)}^{2 n} E_{2 n - 1} (0)}{4 {(- 1)}^{n} (2 n - 1)! (2^{2 n} - 1)}) (1 - 2^{- 2 n}) E_{2 n} (x) . \end{array}

Thus, the proof is completed. □

Theorem 4.6 Let

n \in N

. Then we have

\begin{aligned} T_{2} (E_{2 n + 1} (x)) \\ = \frac{{(- 1)}^{n + 1} (1 - 2^{- 2 n - 1}) {(2 π)}^{2 n + 1} E_{2 n + 1} (x)}{2 (2 n + 1)!} \int_{0}^{1} B_{2 n + 1} (t) cot (π t) d t . \end{aligned}

(20)

Proof Consider that n is replaced by

2 n + 1

in (13), we have

T_{2} (E_{2 n + 1} (x)) = ζ (2 n + 1) (1 - 2^{- 2 n - 1}) E_{2 n + 1} (x) .

(21)

For all

n \in N

, one can easily get

ζ (2 n + 1) = \frac{{(- 1)}^{n + 1} {(2 π)}^{2 n + 1}}{2 (2 n + 1)!} \int_{0}^{1} B_{2 n + 1} (t) cot (π t) d t

(22)

(cf. [[4], p.99, Eq. (21)]). Hence, we have

\begin{array}{rcl} T_{2} (E_{2 n + 1} (x)) & = & ζ (2 n + 1) (1 - 2^{- 2 n - 1}) E_{2 n + 1} (x) \\ = & (\frac{{(- 1)}^{n + 1} (1 - 2^{- 2 n - 1}) {(2 π)}^{2 n + 1}}{2 (2 n + 1)!} \int_{0}^{1} B_{2 n + 1} (t) cot (π t) d t) E_{2 n + 1} (x) . \end{array}

Thus, the proof is completed. □

Theorem 4.7 Let

n \in N

. Then we have

T_{2} (E_{2 n + 1} (x)) = \frac{2 {(- 1)}^{n} {(2 π)}^{2 n} (1 - 2^{- 2 n - 1})}{(2 n)!} ζ^{'} (- 2 n) E_{2 n + 1} (x) .

(23)

Proof Note that, for all

n \in N

, we have

ζ^{'} (- 2 n) = {(- 1)}^{n} \frac{(2 n)!}{2 {(2 π)}^{2 n}} ζ (2 n + 1)

(24)

(cf. [[4], p.99, Eq. (22)]). By using (21) and (24), we have

\begin{array}{rcl} T_{2} (E_{2 n + 1} (x)) & = & ζ (2 n + 1) (1 - 2^{- 2 n - 1}) E_{2 n + 1} (x) \\ = & (\frac{2 {(- 1)}^{n} ζ^{'} (- 2 n) {(2 π)}^{2 n}}{(2 n)!}) (1 - 2^{- 2 n - 1}) E_{2 n + 1} (x) . \end{array}

Thus, the proof is completed. □

Theorem 4.8 Let

n \in N

. Then

T_{1} (B_{2 n} (x)) = \frac{{(- 1)}^{n + 1} 2^{2 n - 1} π^{2 n}}{(2 n)!} B_{2 n} B_{2 n} (x) .

Proof Substituting

N = 1

into Theorem 1.3 and by

P_{n, 1} (x) = B_{n} (x)

, we have

T_{1} (B_{n} (x)) = ζ (n, 1) B_{n} (x) = ζ (n) B_{n} (x) .

(25)

If n is replaced by 2n in the above equation, we get

T_{1} (B_{2 n} (x)) = ζ (2 n) B_{2 n} (x) .

(26)

By using (16), we have

T_{1} (B_{2 n} (x)) = \frac{{(- 1)}^{n + 1} {(2 π)}^{2 n} B_{2 n}}{2 (2 n)!} B_{2 n} (x) .

(27)

Thus, the proof is completed. □

Theorem 4.9 Let

n \in Z^{+}

with

n > 1

. Then we have

T_{1} (B_{2 n} (x)) = \frac{{(- 1)}^{n} {(2 π)}^{2 n}}{(4 n + 2) (2 n)!} B_{2 n} (x) \sum_{k = 1}^{n - 1} (\begin{array}{c} 2 n \\ 2 k \end{array}) B_{2 k} B_{2 n - 2 k} .

Proof By using (26), (15) and (16), we have

\begin{array}{rcl} T_{1} (B_{2 n} (x)) & = & ζ (2 n) B_{2 n} (x) \\ = & (\frac{2}{2 n + 1} \sum_{k = 1}^{n - 1} ζ (2 k) ζ (2 n - 2 k)) B_{2 n} (x) \\ = & \frac{2}{2 n + 1} (\sum_{k = 1}^{n - 1} \frac{{(- 1)}^{k + 1} {(2 π)}^{2 k} B_{2 k}}{2 (2 k)!} \frac{{(- 1)}^{n - k + 1} {(2 π)}^{2 n - 2 k} B_{2 n - 2 k}}{2 (2 n - 2 k)!}) B_{2 n} (x) \\ = & \frac{{(- 1)}^{n} {(2 π)}^{2 n} B_{2 n} (x)}{(4 n + 2) (2 n)!} \sum_{k = 1}^{n - 1} (\begin{array}{c} 2 n \\ 2 k \end{array}) B_{2 k} B_{2 n - 2 k} . \end{array}

Thus, the proof is completed. □

Theorem 4.10 Let

n \in N

. Then

T_{1} (B_{2 n} (x)) = \frac{{(- 1)}^{n} {(2 π)}^{2 n}}{4 (2 n - 1)! (2^{2 n} - 1)} E_{2 n - 1} (0) B_{2 n} (x) .

Proof By using (26) and (19), we have

\begin{array}{rcl} T_{1} (B_{2 n} (x)) & = & ζ (2 n) B_{2 n} (x) \\ = & (\frac{{(2 π)}^{2 n} E_{2 n - 1} (0)}{4 {(- 1)}^{n} (2 n - 1)! (2^{2 n} - 1)}) B_{2 n} (x) . \end{array}

Thus, the proof is completed. □

Theorem 4.11 Let

n \in N

. Then

T_{1} (B_{2 n + 1} (x)) = \frac{{(- 1)}^{n + 1} {(2 π)}^{2 n + 1}}{2 (2 n + 1)!} B_{2 n + 1} (x) \int_{0}^{1} B_{2 n + 1} (t) cot (π t) d t .

(28)

Proof By replacing n by

2 n + 1

in (25), we have

T_{1} (B_{2 n + 1} (x)) = ζ (2 n + 1) B_{2 n + 1} (x) .

(29)

By substituting (29) into (22), we get

T_{1} (B_{2 n + 1} (x)) = \frac{{(- 1)}^{n + 1} {(2 π)}^{2 n + 1}}{2 (2 n + 1)!} B_{2 n + 1} (x) \int_{0}^{1} B_{2 n + 1} (t) cot (π t) d t .

Thus, the proof is completed. □

Theorem 4.12 Let

n \in N

. Then we have

T_{1} (B_{2 n + 1} (x)) = \frac{2 {(- 1)}^{n} {(2 π)}^{2 n}}{(2 n)!} ζ^{'} (- 2 n) B_{2 n + 1} (x) .

(30)

Proof By using (29) and (24), we have

\begin{array}{rcl} T_{1} (B_{2 n + 1} (x)) & = & ζ (2 n + 1) B_{2 n + 1} (x) \\ = & (\frac{2 {(- 1)}^{n} ζ^{'} (- 2 n) {(2 π)}^{2 n}}{(2 n)!}) B_{2 n + 1} (x) . \end{array}

Thus, the proof is completed. □

By comparing (20) and (23) or (28) and (30), we arrive at the following result.

Corollary 4.13

\int_{0}^{1} B_{2 n + 1} (t) cot (π t) d t = - \frac{2 (2 n + 1)}{π} ζ^{'} (- 2 n) .

Declarations

Acknowledgements

Dedicated to Professor Hari M Srivastava.

All authors are partially supported by Research Project Offices Akdeniz Universities. We would like to thank the referees for their valuable comments.

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Campus, Antalya, Turkey

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