Regularity criterion for a weak solution to the three-dimensional magneto-micropolar fluid equations

Yinxia Wang

doi:10.1186/1687-2770-2013-58

Research | Open | Published: 25 March 2013

Regularity criterion for a weak solution to the three-dimensional magneto-micropolar fluid equations

Yinxia Wang¹

Boundary Value Problemsvolume 2013, Article number: 58 (2013) | Download Citation

Abstract

In this paper, a regularity criterion for the 3D magneto-micropolar fluid equations is investigated. A sufficient condition on the derivative of the velocity field in one direction is obtained. More precisely, we prove that if $u x 3$ belongs to $L β (0, T; L α (R 3))$ with $3 α + 2 β ≤ 1$ and $α ≥ 3$ , then the solution $(u, v, b)$ is regular.

MSC:35K15, 35K45.

1 Introduction

In the paper we investigate the initial value problem for magneto-micropolar fluid equations in $R 3$

{∂ t u − (μ + χ) Δ u + u ⋅ ∇ u − b ⋅ ∇ b + ∇ (p + 12 | b | 2) − χ ∇ × v = 0, ∂ t v − γ Δ v − κ ∇ ∇ ⋅ v + 2 χ v + u ⋅ ∇ v − χ ∇ × u = 0, ∂ t b − ν Δ b + u ⋅ ∇ b − b ⋅ ∇ u = 0, ∇ ⋅ u = 0, ∇ ⋅ b = 0,

(1.1)

with the initial value

t = 0 : u = u 0 (x), v = v 0 (x), b = b 0 (x),

(1.2)

where $u (t, x)$ , $v (t, x)$ , $b (t, x)$ and $p (t, x)$ denote the velocity of the fluid, the micro-rotational velocity, magnetic field and hydrostatic pressure, respectively. μ is the kinematic viscosity, χ is the vortex viscosity, γ and κ are spin viscosities and $1 ν$ is the magnetic Reynold.

The incompressible magneto-micropolar fluid equations (1.1) have been studied extensively (see [1–6] and [7–10]). The existence and uniqueness of local strong solutions is proved by the Galerkin method in [5]. In [4], the author proved global existence of a strong solution with the small initial data. The existence of weak solutions and the uniqueness of weak solutions in 2D case were established in [6]. Yuan [8] obtained a Beale-Kato-Majda type blow-up criterion for a smooth solution $(u, v, b)$ to the Cauchy problem for (1.1) that relies on the vorticity of velocity $∇ × u$ only. Wang et al. [10] established a Beale-Kato-Majda blow-up criterion of smooth solutions to the 3D magneto-micropolar fluid equation with partial viscosity. Fundamental mathematical issues such as the regularity of weak solutions have generated extensive research and many interesting results have been established (see [1, 7] and [9]).

If $b = 0$ , (1.1) reduces to micropolar fluid equations. The micropolar fluid equations were first proposed by Eringen [11] (see also [12]). The existence of weak and strong solutions for micropolar fluid equations was obtained by Galdi and Rionero [13] and Yamaguchi [14], respectively. Dong and Chen [15] established regularity criteria of weak solutions to the three-dimensional micropolar fluid equations. In [3], the authors gave sufficient conditions on the kinematics pressure in order to obtain the regularity and uniqueness of weak solutions to the micropolar fluid equations. For more details on regularity criteria, see [16, 17] and [18].

If both $v = 0$ and $χ = 0$ , then equations (1.1) reduce to be magneto-hydrodynamic(MHD) equations. Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), the science of motion of an electrically conducting fluid in the presence of a magnetic field, consists essentially of the interaction between the fluid velocity and the magnetic field (see [19]). Besides their physical applications, the MHD equations are also mathematically significant. The local existence of solutions to the Cauchy problem (1.1), (1.2) in the usual Sobolev spaces $H s (R 3)$ was established in [20] for any given initial data $u 0, B 0 ∈ H s (R 3)$ , $s ≥ 3$ . But whether the local solution can be extended to a global solution is a challenging open problem in the mathematical fluid mechanics. There are numerous important progresses on the fundamental issue of the regularity for the weak solution to (1.1), (1.2) (see [21–28] and [29–32]).

The purpose of this paper is to establish the regularity criteria of weak solutions to (1.1), (1.2) via the derivative of the velocity in one direction. It is proved that if $∫ 0 T ∥ u x 3 ∥ L α β d t < ∞$ with $3 α + 2 β ≤ 1$ and $α ≥ 3$ , then the solution $(u, v, b)$ can be extended smoothly beyond $t = T$ .

The paper is organized as follows. We first state some important inequalities in Section 2. Then we give the definition of a weak solution and state main results in Section 3, and then we prove the main result in Section 4.

2 Preliminaries

In order to prove our main result, we need the following lemma, which may be found in [33] (see also [21, 34] and [35]).

Lemma 2.1 Assume that $θ, λ, ϑ ∈ R$ and satisfy

1 ≤ θ, λ < ∞, 1 θ + 2 λ > 1, 1 + 3 ϑ = 1 θ + 2 λ .

Assume that $f ∈ H 1 (R 3)$ , $f x 1, f x 2 ∈ L λ (R 3)$ and $f x 3 ∈ L θ (R 3)$ . Then there exists a positive constant such that

∥ f ∥ L ϑ ≤ C ∥ f x 1 ∥ L λ 13 ∥ f x 2 ∥ L λ 13 ∥ f x 3 ∥ L θ 13 .

(2.1)

Especially, when $λ = 2$ , there exists a positive constant $C = C (θ)$ such that

∥ f ∥ L 3 θ ≤ C ∥ f x 1 ∥ L 2 13 ∥ f x 2 ∥ L 2 13 ∥ f x 3 ∥ L θ 13,

(2.2)

which holds for any $f ∈ H 1 (R 3)$ and $f x 3 ∈ L θ (R 3)$ with $1 ≤ μ < ∞$ .

Lemma 2.2 Let $2 ≤ q ≤ 6$ and assume that $f ∈ H 1 (R 3)$ . Then there exists a positive constant $C = C (q)$ such that

∥ f ∥ L q ≤ C ∥ f ∥ L 2 6 − q 2 q ∥ ∂ x 1 f ∥ L 2 q − 2 2 q ∥ ∂ x 2 f ∥ L 2 q − 2 2 q ∥ ∂ x 3 f ∥ L 2 q − 2 2 q .

(2.3)

Proof

It follows from the interpolating inequality that

∥ f ∥ L q ≤ C ∥ f ∥ L 2 6 − q 2 q ∥ f ∥ L 6 3 q − 6 2 q .

(2.4)

Using (2.2) with $θ = 2$ , we obtain

∥ f ∥ L 6 ≤ C ∥ ∂ x 1 f ∥ L 2 13 ∥ ∂ x 2 f ∥ L 2 13 ∥ ∂ x 3 f ∥ L 2 13 .

(2.5)

Combining (2.4) and (2.5) immediately yields (2.3). □

3 Main results

Before stating our main results, we introduce some function spaces. Let

C 0, σ ∞ (R 3) = {φ ∈ (C ∞ (R 3)) 3 : ∇ ⋅ φ = 0} ⊂ (C ∞ (R 3)) 3 .

The subspace

L σ 2 = C 0, σ ∞ (R 3) ¯ ∥ ⋅ ∥ L 2 = {φ ∈ L 2 (R 3) : ∇ ⋅ φ = 0}

is obtained as the closure of $C 0, σ ∞$ with respect to $L 2$ -norm $∥ ⋅ ∥ L 2$ . $H σ r$ is the closure of $C 0, σ ∞$ with respect to the $H r$ -norm

∥ φ ∥ H r = ∥ (I − Δ) r 2 φ ∥ L 2, r ≥ 0 .

Before stating our main results, we give the definition of a weak solution to (1.1), (1.2) (see [1, 7] and [9]).

Definition 3.1 (Weak solutions)

Let $T > 0$ , $u 0, b 0 ∈ L σ 2 (R 3)$ , $v 0 ∈ L 2 (R 3)$ . A measurable $R 3$ -valued triple $(u, v, b)$ is said to be a weak solution to (1.1), (1.2) on $[0, T]$ if the following conditions hold:

1.
$(u, b) ∈ L ∞ (0, T; L σ 2 (R 3)) ∩ L 2 (0, T; H σ 1 (R 3))$

and
$v ∈ L ∞ (0, T; L 2 (R 3)) ∩ L 2 (0, T; H 1 (R 3)) .$
2.
(1.1), (1.2) is satisfied in the sense of distributions, i.e., for every $(φ, ψ) ∈ H 1 ((0, T); H σ 1)$ and $ϕ ∈ H 1 ((0, T); H 1)$ with $φ (T) = ψ (T) = ϕ (T) = 0$ , the following hold:

and
$∫ 0 T {− 〈 b, ∂ τ ψ 〉 + ν 〈 ∇ b, ∇ ψ 〉 + 〈 u ⋅ ∇ b, ψ 〉 − 〈 b ⋅ ∇ u, ψ 〉} d τ = 〈 b 0, ψ (0) 〉 .$
3.
The energy inequality, that is,
(3.1)

Theorem 3.1 Let $u 0, b 0 ∈ H σ 1 (R 3)$ with $v 0 ∈ H 1 (R 3)$ . Assume that $(u, v, b)$ is a weak solution to (1.1), (1.2) on some interval $[0, T]$ . If

Φ (T) ≡ ∫ 0 T ∥ u x 3 ∥ L α β d t < ∞,

(3.2)

where

3 α + 2 β ≤ 1, α ≥ 3,

then the solution $(u, v, b)$ can be extended smoothly beyond $t = T$ .

4 Proof of Theorem 3.1

Proof Multiplying the first equation of (1.1) by u and integrating with respect to x on $R 3$ , using integration by parts, we obtain

12 d d t ∥ u (t) ∥ L 2 2 + (μ + χ) ∥ ∇ u (t) ∥ L 2 2 = ∫ R 3 b ⋅ ∇ b ⋅ u d x + χ ∫ R 3 (∇ × v) ⋅ u d x .

(4.1)

Similarly, we get

12 d d t ∥ v (t) ∥ L 2 2 + γ ∥ ∇ v (t) ∥ L 2 2 + κ ∥ ∇ ⋅ v ∥ L 2 2 + 2 χ ∥ v ∥ L 2 2 = χ ∫ R 3 (∇ × u) ⋅ v d x

(4.2)

and

12 d d t ∥ b (t) ∥ L 2 2 + ν ∥ ∇ b (t) ∥ L 2 2 = ∫ R 3 b ⋅ ∇ u ⋅ b d x .

(4.3)

Summing up (4.1)-(4.3), we deduce that

(4.4)

By integration by parts and the Cauchy inequality, we obtain

χ ∫ R 3 (∇ × v) ⋅ u d x + χ ∫ R 3 (∇ × u) ⋅ v d x ≤ χ ∥ ∇ u ∥ L 2 2 + χ ∥ v ∥ L 2 2 .

(4.5)

Using integration by parts, we obtain

∫ R 3 b ⋅ ∇ b ⋅ u d x + ∫ R 3 b ⋅ ∇ u ⋅ b d x = 0 .

(4.6)

Combining (4.4)-(4.6) yields

Integrating with respect to t, we have

(4.7)

Differentiating (1.1) with respect to $x 3$ , we obtain

{∂ t u x 3 − (μ + χ) Δ u x 3 + u x 3 ⋅ ∇ u + u ⋅ ∇ u x 3 − b x 3 ⋅ ∇ b − b ⋅ ∇ b x 3 + ∇ (p + 12 | b | 2) x 3 − χ ∇ × v x 3 = 0, ∂ t v x 3 − γ Δ v x 3 − κ ∇ ⋅ ∇ v x 3 + 2 χ v x 3 + u x 3 ⋅ ∇ v + u ⋅ ∇ v x 3 − χ ∇ × u x 3 = 0, ∂ t b x 3 − ν Δ b x 3 + u x 3 ⋅ ∇ b + u ⋅ ∇ b x 3 − b x 3 ⋅ ∇ u − b ⋅ ∇ u x 3 = 0 .

(4.8)

Taking the inner product of $u x 3$ with the first equation of (4.8) and using integration by parts yield

(4.9)

Similarly, we get

(4.10)

and

(4.11)

Combining (4.9)-(4.11) yields

(4.12)

Using integration by parts and the Cauchy inequality, we obtain

χ ∫ R 3 (∇ × v x 3) ⋅ u x 3 d x + χ ∫ R 3 (∇ × u x 3) ⋅ v x 3 d x ≤ χ ∥ ∇ u x 3 ∥ L 2 2 + χ ∥ v x 3 ∥ L 2 2 .

(4.13)

Using integration by parts, we have

∫ R 3 b ⋅ ∇ b x 3 ⋅ u x 3 d x + ∫ R 3 b ⋅ ∇ u x 3 ⋅ b x 3 d x = 0 .

(4.14)

Combining (4.12)-(4.14) yields

(4.15)

In what follows, we estimate $I j$ ( $j = 1, 2, …, 5$ ). By integration by parts and the Hölder inequality, we obtain

I 1 ≤ C ∥ ∇ u x 3 ∥ L 2 ∥ u x 3 ∥ L ϱ ∥ u ∥ L 3 α,

where

1 ϱ + 1 3 α = 12, 2 ≤ ϱ ≤ 6 .

It follows from the interpolating inequality that

∥ u x 3 ∥ L ϱ ≤ C ∥ u x 3 ∥ L 2 1 − 3 (12 − 1 ϱ) ∥ ∇ u x 3 ∥ L 2 3 (12 − 1 ϱ) .

From (2.2), we get

I 1 ≤ C ∥ ∇ u x 3 ∥ L 2 ∥ u x 3 ∥ L 2 1 − 3 (12 − 1 ϱ) ∥ ∇ u x 3 ∥ L 2 3 (12 − 1 ϱ) ∥ ∇ u ∥ L 2 23 ∥ u x 3 ∥ L α 13 ≤ C ∥ ∇ u x 3 ∥ L 2 1 + 3 (12 − 1 ϱ) ∥ u x 3 ∥ L 2 1 − 3 (12 − 1 ϱ) ∥ ∇ u ∥ L 2 23 ∥ u x 3 ∥ L α 13 ≤ μ 2 ∥ ∇ u x 3 ∥ L 2 2 + C ∥ u x 3 ∥ L 2 2 ∥ ∇ u ∥ L 2 2 q ∥ u x 3 ∥ L α q,

where

q = 2 3 − 9 (12 − 1 ϱ) = 2 3 (1 − 1 α) .

When $α ≥ 3$ , we have $2 q ≤ 2$ , and the application of the Young inequality yields

I 1 ≤ μ 2 ∥ ∇ u x 3 ∥ L 2 2 + C ∥ u x 3 ∥ L 2 2 (∥ ∇ u ∥ L 2 2 + ∥ u x 3 ∥ L α δ),

(4.16)

where

3 α + 2 δ = 1 .

From integration by parts and the Hölder inequality, we obtain

I 2 ≤ C ∥ ∇ b ∥ L 2 ∥ b x 3 ∥ L 2 α α − 2 ∥ u x 3 ∥ L α ≤ C ∥ ∇ b ∥ L 2 ∥ u x 3 ∥ L α ∥ b x 3 ∥ L 2 1 − 3 α ∥ ∇ b x 3 ∥ L 2 3 α ≤ ν 6 ∥ ∇ b x 3 ∥ L 2 2 + ∥ ∇ b ∥ L 2 2 α 2 α − 3 ∥ u x 3 ∥ L α 2 α 2 α − 3 ∥ b x 3 ∥ L 2 2 α − 6 2 α − 3 ≤ ν 6 ∥ ∇ b x 3 ∥ L 2 2 + C (∥ ∇ b ∥ L 2 2 + ∥ u x 3 ∥ L α δ) ∥ b x 3 ∥ L 2 2 α − 6 2 α − 3,

(4.17)

where

3 α + 2 δ = 1 .

Similarly,

I 3 ≤ C ∥ ∇ v ∥ L 2 ∥ v x 3 ∥ L 2 α α − 2 ∥ u x 3 ∥ L α ≤ C ∥ ∇ v ∥ L 2 ∥ u x 3 ∥ L α ∥ v x 3 ∥ L 2 1 − 3 α ∥ ∇ v x 3 ∥ L 2 3 α ≤ γ 2 ∥ ∇ v x 3 ∥ L 2 2 + ∥ ∇ v ∥ L 2 2 α 2 α − 3 ∥ u x 3 ∥ L α 2 α 2 α − 3 ∥ v x 3 ∥ L 2 2 α − 6 2 α − 3 ≤ γ 2 ∥ ∇ v x 3 ∥ L 2 2 + C (∥ ∇ v ∥ L 2 2 + ∥ u x 3 ∥ L α δ) ∥ v x 3 ∥ L 2 2 α − 6 2 α − 3,

(4.18)

and

I 4 ≤ C ∥ ∇ b ∥ L 2 ∥ b x 3 ∥ L 2 α α − 2 ∥ u x 3 ∥ L α ≤ C ∥ ∇ b ∥ L 2 ∥ u x 3 ∥ L α ∥ b x 3 ∥ L 2 1 − 3 α ∥ ∇ b x 3 ∥ L 2 3 α ≤ ν 6 ∥ ∇ b x 3 ∥ L 2 2 + ∥ ∇ b ∥ L 2 2 α 2 α − 3 ∥ u x 3 ∥ L α 2 α 2 α − 3 ∥ b x 3 ∥ L 2 2 α − 6 2 α − 3 ≤ ν 6 ∥ ∇ b x 3 ∥ L 2 2 + C (∥ ∇ b ∥ L 2 2 + ∥ u x 3 ∥ L α δ) ∥ b x 3 ∥ L 2 2 α − 6 2 α − 3,

(4.19)

where

3 α + 2 δ = 1 .

By integration by parts and the inequality, we have

I 5 ≤ C ∥ ∇ b x 3 ∥ L 2 ∥ b x 3 ∥ L σ ∥ u ∥ L 3 α ≤ C ∥ ∇ b x 3 ∥ L 2 ∥ b x 3 ∥ L 2 1 − 3 (12 − 1 σ) ∥ ∇ b x 3 ∥ L 2 3 (12 − 1 σ) ∥ ∇ u ∥ L 2 23 ∥ u x 3 ∥ L 2 13 ≤ ν 6 ∥ ∇ b x 3 ∥ L 2 2 + C ∥ b x 3 ∥ L 2 2 ∥ ∇ u ∥ L 2 2 q ∥ u x 3 ∥ L α q,

where

q = 2 3 (1 − 1 α) .

When $α ≥ 3$ , we have $2 q ≤ 2$ , and the application of the Young inequality yields

I 5 ≤ ν 6 ∥ ∇ b x 3 ∥ L 2 2 + C ∥ b x 3 ∥ L 2 2 (∥ ∇ u ∥ L 2 2 + ∥ u x 3 ∥ L α δ),

(4.20)

where

3 α + 2 δ = 1 .

Combining (4.15)-(4.20) yields

From the Gronwall inequality, we get

(4.21)

Multiplying the first equation of (1.1) by $− Δ u$ and integrating with respect to x on $R 3$ , and then using integration by parts, we obtain

(4.22)

Similarly, we get

(4.23)

and

(4.24)

Collecting (4.22)-(4.24) yields

(4.25)

Thanks to integration by parts and the Cauchy inequality, we get

− χ ∫ R 3 (∇ × v) ⋅ Δ u d x − χ ∫ R 3 (∇ × u) ⋅ Δ v d x ≤ χ ∥ Δ u ∥ L 2 2 + χ ∥ ∇ v ∥ L 2 2 .

(4.26)

It follows from (4.25)-(4.26) and integration by parts that

(4.27)

In what follows, we estimate $J i$ ( $i = 1, …, 5$ ).

By (2.3) and the Young inequality, we deduce that

J 1 ≤ C ∥ ∇ u ∥ L 3 3 ≤ C ∥ ∇ u ∥ L 2 32 ∥ ∇ x ˜ ∇ u ∥ L 2 ∥ ∇ u x 3 ∥ L 2 12 ≤ μ 10 ∥ ∇ x ˜ ∇ u ∥ L 2 2 + C ∥ ∇ u ∥ L 2 3 ∥ ∇ u x 3 ∥ L 2 ≤ μ 10 ∥ ∇ x ˜ ∇ u ∥ L 2 2 + C (∥ ∇ u ∥ L 2 2 + ∥ ∇ u x 3 ∥ L 2 2) ∥ ∇ u ∥ L 2 2 .

(4.28)

By (2.3) and the Young inequality, we have

J 2 ≤ ∥ ∇ u ∥ L 3 ∥ ∇ b ∥ L 3 2 ≤ C ∥ ∇ u ∥ L 2 12 ∥ ∇ x ˜ ∇ u ∥ L 2 13 ∥ ∇ u x 3 ∥ L 2 16 ∥ ∇ b ∥ L 2 ∥ ∇ x ˜ ∇ b ∥ L 2 23 ∥ ∇ b x 3 ∥ L 2 13 ≤ μ 10 ∥ ∇ x ˜ ∇ u ∥ L 2 2 + C ∥ ∇ u ∥ L 2 35 ∥ ∇ u x 3 ∥ L 2 15 ∥ ∇ b ∥ L 2 65 ∥ ∇ x ˜ ∇ b ∥ L 2 45 ∥ ∇ b x 3 ∥ L 2 25 ≤ μ 10 ∥ ∇ x ˜ ∇ u ∥ L 2 2 + ν 6 ∥ ∇ x ˜ ∇ b ∥ L 2 2 + C ∥ ∇ u ∥ L 2 ∥ ∇ u x 3 ∥ L 2 13 ∥ ∇ b ∥ L 2 2 ∥ ∇ b x 3 ∥ L 2 23 ≤ μ 10 ∥ ∇ x ˜ ∇ u ∥ L 2 2 + ν 6 ∥ ∇ x ˜ ∇ b ∥ L 2 2 + C ∥ ∇ b ∥ L 2 2 (∥ ∇ u ∥ L 2 2 + ∥ ∇ u x 3 ∥ L 2 2 + ∥ ∇ b x 3 ∥ L 2 2) .

(4.29)

Similarly, we obtain

(4.30)

(4.31)

and

J 5 ≤ ∥ ∇ u ∥ L 3 ∥ ∇ b ∥ L 3 2 ≤ μ 10 ∥ ∇ x ˜ ∇ u ∥ L 2 2 + ν 6 ∥ ∇ x ˜ ∇ b ∥ L 2 2 + C ∥ ∇ b ∥ L 2 2 (∥ ∇ u ∥ L 2 2 + ∥ ∇ u x 3 ∥ L 2 2 + ∥ ∇ b x 3 ∥ L 2 2) .

(4.32)

Combining (4.27)-(4.32) yields

(4.33)

From (4.33), the Gronwall inequality, (4.7) and (4.21), we know that $(u, v, b) ∈ L ∞ (0, T; H 1 (R 3))$ . Thus, $(u, v, b)$ can be extended smoothly beyond $t = T$ . We have completed the proof of Theorem 3.1. □

Author’s contributions

The author completed the paper herself. The author read and approved the final manuscript.

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School of Mathematics and Information Sciences, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450011, China
- Yinxia Wang

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Correspondence to Yinxia Wang.

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About this article

Received
30 January 2013
Accepted
04 March 2013
Published
25 March 2013
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2013-58

Keywords

magneto-micropolar fluid equations
weak solution
regularity criterion

Regularity criterion for a weak solution to the three-dimensional magneto-micropolar fluid equations

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Preliminaries

3 Main results

4 Proof of Theorem 3.1

Author’s contributions

References

Author information

Affiliations

School of Mathematics and Information Sciences, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450011, China

Authors

Search for Yinxia Wang in:

Corresponding author

Additional information

Competing interests

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About this article

Received

Accepted

Published

DOI

Keywords