- Research
- Open Access
- Published:
Nonlocal semilinear evolution equations without strong compactness: theory and applications
Boundary Value Problems volume 2013, Article number: 60 (2013)
Abstract
A semilinear multivalued evolution equation is considered in a reflexive Banach space. The nonlinear term has convex, closed, bounded values and a weakly sequentially closed graph when restricted to its second argument. No strong compactness is assumed, neither on the evolution operator generated by the linear part, or on the nonlinear term. A wide family of nonlocal associated boundary value problems is investigated by means of a fixed point technique. Applications are given to an optimal feedback control problem, to a nonlinear hyperbolic integro-differential equation arising in age-structure population models, and to a multipoint boundary value problem associated to a parabolic partial differential equation.
MSC:34G25, 34B10, 34B15, 47H04, 28B20, 34H05.
1 Introduction
The paper deals with the following semilinear evolution inclusion in a reflexive Banach space E:
where is a family of linear not necessarily bounded operators, is a multivalued map (multimap for short) and , are a linear and a nonlinear operator respectively. See Section 3 for detailed assumptions.
The boundary condition considered is very general and includes the initial value problem, the two-point problem as well as several nonlocal conditions. For instance, the following two cases are covered by our general framework when :
-
(i)
with such that for every and ;
-
(ii)
, with , , , and ,
where D is the uniform bound for the evolution operator U generated by (see formula (2.1)) and K is the invertible linear operator (see hypothesis (L2)).
Since the pioneering work of Byszewsky [1], nonlocal problems have been extensively studied due to being of interest in several contexts. For instance, the multipoint boundary value problem (case (ii) above) has better application in physics than the classical initial problem because it allows measurements at , rather than just at . Abstract problems similar to (1.1) are considered, for example, in [2, 3] and [4] with the linear part generator of a -semigroup or of a strongly continuous evolution operator; the semigroup and the evolution operator are always assumed to be compact there. In [5] a semilinear functional differential inclusion associated with a multivalued nonlocal boundary condition is considered, and in [6] an abstract problem as (1.1) is studied with a lower Scorza-Dragoni type nonlinearity; in both papers, regularity conditions by means of a measure of non-compactness on the nonlinearity are assumed. However, in [7] and [8] we proved the existence of classical solutions for the inclusion (1.1) associated with a two-point boundary condition by means of weak topology, thus avoiding hypotheses of compactness both on the semigroup generated by the linear part and on the nonlinear term F. The same is done in the present paper, for a wider class of boundary conditions, in order to find a result of existence for mild solutions of (1.1) (see Theorem 3.1). In particular, unlike [5] and [6], this allows to treat a class of nonlinear terms F which are not necessarily compact-valued.
Problems with a nonlinear nonlocal boundary condition of type (1.1) occur in many fields like pharmacokinetics, neural networks, epidemiology models etc, see e.g. [[9], Section 10.2]. In Section 4 we present several applications of the abstract result Theorem 3.1. More precisely, with our techniques we can handle diffusion problems of the form
joined with several boundary conditions and, in example (4.1), associated with a feedback control. This model arises from population dynamics theory in the case of intraspecific competition for resources (see [10]), while we refer to [11] for recent achievements for its controllability.
Moreover, we can consider the following class of nonlinear hyperbolic integro-differential problems arising in population biology:
They describe the time evolution of the age-structure of a population. The first models studying the age-structure of a population were the linear ones by McKendrick and Von Forster [12, 13]. The nonlinear model was introduced by Gurtin-MacCamy [14]. We are able to solve problem (1.2), writing it as an abstract problem of type (1.1). A similar approach for this type of models, but in a different setting, can be found in [15].
In Section 3 the abstract existence result is proved by means of a linearization argument and the application of the Ky Fan fixed point theorem. We investigate problem (1.1) in the space of continuous functions endowed with the weak topology. As was done in [4], on the nonlinear term F we assume a growth condition (see (F3′)) stronger than the sublinear growth, but weaker than the global integrably boundedness; instead, the sublinear growth condition is enough for studying the Cauchy problem and we have, as a by-product, the weak compactness of the solution set (see [16] and also Remark 3.2).
In Section 2 some definitions and results used in the sequel of the paper are recalled.
As far as we know, all the results showed are new even for the case of a single-valued nonlinear term F.
2 Preliminaries
Let be a reflexive Banach space, and let be the space E endowed with the weak topology. We denote by nB the closed ball centered at the origin and of radius n of E, and for a set , the symbol denotes the weak closure of A. We take for granted that a bounded subset A of a reflexive Banach space E is weakly relatively compact. In the whole paper, we denote by and the -norm and the -norm respectively and by ν the Lebesgue measure on . We recall (see [[17], Theorem 4.3]) that a sequence weakly converges to an element if and only if
-
1.
there exists such that for every and , ;
-
2.
for every , ;
Denoting , we recall that a two-parameter family , where is a bounded linear operator and , is called an evolution system if the following conditions are satisfied:
-
1.
, ; , ;
-
2.
is strongly continuous on Δ, i.e., the map is continuous on Δ for every .
For every evolution system, we can consider the respective evolution operator , where is the space of all bounded linear operators in E.
We observe that since the evolution operator U is strongly continuous on the compact set Δ, by the uniform boundedness theorem, there exists a constant such that
for details about evolution systems, we refer to [18, 19].
Let be the Cauchy operator defined by
Finally, for the sake of completeness, we recall some well-known results that we will need in the main section.
Firstly, we state the Ky Fan fixed point theorem.
Theorem 2.1 ([[20], Theorem 1])
Let X be a Hausdorff locally convex topological vector space, let V be a compact convex subset of X, and let be an upper semicontinuous multimap with closed, convex values. Then G has a fixed point.
Then we mention two results that are contained in the so-called Eberlein-Smulian theory.
Theorem 2.2 ([[21], Theorem 1, p.219])
Let Ω be a subset of a Banach space X. The following statements are equivalent:
-
1.
Ω is relatively weakly compact;
-
2.
Ω is relatively weakly sequentially compact.
Corollary 2.1 ([[21], p.219])
Let Ω be a subset of a Banach space X. The following statements are equivalent:
-
1.
Ω is weakly compact;
-
2.
Ω is weakly sequentially compact.
We recall the Krein-Smulian theorem.
Theorem 2.3 ([[22], p.434])
The convex hull of a weakly compact set in a Banach space E is weakly compact.
In conclusion, we recall the Pettis measurability theorem, which we use in Section 4.
Theorem 2.4 ([[23], p.278])
Let be a measure space, and let E be a separable Banach space. Then is measurable if and only if for every the function is measurable with respect to Σ and the Borel σ-algebra in ℝ.
3 Abstract result
3.1 Problem setting
We consider the semilinear differential inclusion (1.1) under the following hypotheses:
-
(A)
is a family of linear not necessarily bounded operators with , not depending on t and dense in E, generating an evolution operator ;
(F1) for every and , is nonempty, convex and weakly compact, and for every , has a measurable selection;
(F2) for a.a. , is weakly sequentially closed;
(L1) is a linear continuous operator;
(L2) the operator defined as is invertible;
-
(M)
is a weakly sequentially continuous operator mapping bounded sets into bounded sets and such that
(3.1)
We observe that if , we have that K equals the identity operator, thus condition (L2) is trivially satisfied. When is the abstract formulation of the Laplace operator, it generates a strongly continuous compact semigroup of contractions such that if and only if (see, e.g., [4] and [24]). According to the Fredholm alternative, is invertible for all , where I denotes the identity operator. Hence, the associated periodic problem satisfies condition (L2).
In the remaining part of this section, we always assume the following condition on the multivalued map F.
(F3) for each bounded subset Ω of E, there exists such that, for a.a. , .
Instead, for our main result (see Theorem 3.1), we need the stronger assumption as follows.
(F3′) For every , there exists such that, for a.a. , and
The previous boundedness condition is anyway weaker than the one that is often used in literature in relation with boundary value problems, i.e., the following one.
(F3′′) There exists such that, for every and a.a. , .
We look for mild solutions, i.e., for functions that satisfy the following definition.
Definition 3.1 A continuous function is said to be a mild solution of problem (1.1) if there exists a function such that for a.a. and

By the assumption of the invertibility of the operator K, it is possible to write the solution as
Remark 3.1 If E is a separable Banach space, according to the Kuratowski-Ryll-Nardzewski theorem (see [[25], Theorem A]), the measurability of for every is sufficient to obtain condition (F1). Moreover, in [25] sufficient conditions are given to obtain the existence of a strongly measurable selection for the multimap in not necessarily separable Banach spaces.
3.2 Existence result
Given , let us denote
Note that with our hypotheses on F, the set is always nonempty as the following proposition shows.
Proposition 3.1 (see [[16], Proposition 2.2])
Let be a multimap satisfying properties (F1), (F2) and (F3). Then, for every , the set is nonempty.
We denote by the multioperator defined as
The fixed points of the multioperator T are mild solutions of problem (1.1).
Fix , let be the closed ball centered at the origin and of radius n of , and denote by the restriction of the operator T on the set . We show some properties of .
Proposition 3.2 The multioperator has a weakly sequentially closed graph.
Proof Let and satisfying for all m and , in ; we will prove that .
Since for all m and for every , it follows that for all t. Moreover, M is weakly sequentially continuous, and hence in E. The fact that means that there exists a sequence , , such that
We observe that, according to (F3), for a.a. t and every m, i.e., is bounded and uniformly integrable and is bounded in E for a.a. . Hence, by the reflexivity of the space E and by the Dunford-Pettis theorem (see [[22], p.294]), we have the existence of a subsequence, denoted as the sequence, and a function g such that in .
Moreover, we have
Indeed, let be a linear continuous operator. By the linearity and continuity of the integral and the evolution operator , we have that the operator
is a linear and continuous operator from to ℝ for all . Then, from the definition of the weak convergence, we have for every
Moreover, for all m and every . Consequently, weakly in . Hence, for the linearity and continuity of the operator L, we have that . Finally, by the linearity and continuity of (due to hypotheses (L1) and (L2)) and , we have that
implying, for the uniqueness of the weak limit in E, that for all .
To conclude, we only have to prove that for a.a. .
By Mazur’s convexity theorem, we have the existence of a sequence
satisfying in and, up to a subsequence, there is with Lebesgue measure zero such that for all . With no loss of generality, we can also assume that is weakly sequentially closed and for every .
Fix and assume, by contradiction, that . By the reflexivity of the space E, the restriction of the multimap on the set nB is weakly compact. Hence, by Corollary 2.1, is a weakly closed multimap, and by [[26], Theorem 1.1.5], it is weakly u.s.c. Since and since is closed and convex, from the Hahn-Banach theorem, there is a weakly open convex set satisfying . Since is u.s.c., we can also find a weak neighborhood of such that for all with . Note that for all m. The convergence as then implies the existence of such that for all . Therefore for all . The convexity of V implies that for all and, by the convergence, we arrive at the contradictory conclusion that . We conclude that for a.a. . □
Proposition 3.3 The multioperator is weakly compact.
Proof We first prove that is weakly relatively sequentially compact.
Let and satisfying for all m. By the definition of the multioperator , there exists a sequence , , such that
Moreover, reasoning as in Proposition 3.2, we have that there exist a subsequence, denoted as the sequence, and a function g such that in . Since the operator M maps bounded sets into bounded sets and is bounded, we obtain that up to subsequence. Therefore
Furthermore, by the weak convergence of and , we have
for all , for all , and for some . Reasoning again like in Proposition 3.2, it is then easy to prove that in . Thus is weakly relatively sequentially compact, hence weakly relatively compact by Theorem 2.2. □
Proposition 3.4 The multioperator has convex and weakly compact values.
Proof Fix , since F is convex-valued, the set is convex from the linearity of the integral and of the operators , L, and for all . The weak compactness of follows by Propositions 3.3 and 3.2. □
Theorem 3.1 Under the assumptions (A), (F1), (F2), (F3′), (L1), (L2) and (M), problem (1.1) has at least a mild solution.
Proof We show that there exists such that the operator maps the ball into itself.
According to (3.2), there exists a subsequence, still denoted as the sequence, such that
Assume by contradiction that there exist two sequences and such that , and for all . By the definition of , there exists a sequence , and q.o. , such that
By the assumption , we must have, for every n,
Moreover implies by (F3′) that for a.a. , hence . Consequently,
Therefore
Notice that if for every , then because M maps bounded sets into bounded sets; if , then by hypothesis we have
In both cases . Moreover, by (3.4)
Hence
obtaining a contradiction.
Fix now such that . By Proposition 3.3 the set is a weakly compact set. Let now , where denotes the closed convex hull of . By Theorem 2.3, is a weakly compact set. Moreover, from the fact that and that is a convex closed set, we have that and hence
Therefore, from Proposition 3.2 and from Corollary 2.1, we obtain that the restriction of the multimap on has a closed graph, and hence, by Proposition 3.4, it is weakly u.s.c (see [[26], Theorem 1.1.5]). The conclusion then follows by Theorem 2.1. □
When dealing with Cauchy problems, it is possible to weaken condition (F3′) and to obtain the weak compactness of the solution set, as pointed out in the following remark.
Remark 3.2 In [[27], Theorem 4.1], under condition (F3), an existence result for local classical solutions for the Cauchy problem associated to a semilinear differential inclusion is proved. Following the proof’s outline of the cited theorem and combing it with Propositions 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, it is easy to obtain the existence of local mild solutions for (1.1) with a Cauchy initial condition under the same boundedness assumption (F3). Moreover, in the same paper (see Theorem 4.2), a global classical solution is obtained for the initial value problem under the following classical assumption.
(F3′′′) There exists such that, for every and a.a. , .
Again, under (F3′′′), in [[16], Theorem 4.2] the existence of a nonempty weakly compact set of mild solutions is showed for the initial value problem.
We point out the fact that the boundedness hypotheses considered are related as follows: condition (F3′′) implies (F3′) which implies (F3′′′) which implies (F3).
4 Applications
4.1 Optimal feedback control problems of population diffusion models
Let Ω be a bounded domain in with boundary of class and . We consider the following feedback control problem:
with , where and .
We assume the following hypotheses:
-
(i)
a and b are globally measurable in , and there exist two functions such that, for a.a. and every ,
the map satisfies the following conditions:
-
(ii)
for all , is measurable;
-
(iii)
for a.a. and , is continuous;
-
(iv)
there exists such that, for a.a. and every and ,
Let , , , and be the maps defined by

We can write the feedback control problem (4.1) as a first-order inclusion in the Hilbert space
where , is the linear operator defined as and .
The operators and are defined as and . Trivially, L is a linear and bounded operator, and M is sequentially continuous with respect to the weak topology, and the operator K of condition (L2) is the identity operator, in particular it is invertible. Moreover, it is known that A generates a semigroup of contractions on E with the constant D of (2.1) equal to 1 (see, e.g., [19] p.209-210). Hence hypotheses (A),(L1),(L2) and (M) are satisfied with .
We prove that there exists a mild solution

where , .
We show now that all the hypotheses of Theorem 3.1 are satisfied.
The map defined as
is a selection of . Moreover, by the separability of the space , conditions (i), (ii), (iii), and by the Pettis measurability theorem (see Theorem 2.4), we obtain that g is a measurable map, and so we have obtained for every the existence of a measurable selection of .
We prove now that the map F verifies condition (F2), i.e., that the map is weakly sequentially closed for a.a. .
We start proving the sequential closedness with respect to the weak topology of the multimap V.
Let , in , , , . According to Mazur’s convexity lemma, for each j there exist and positive numbers , such that and the sequence in . Then we can extract a subsequence, denoted as the sequence, satisfying for a.a. . We have that the convex combination converges weakly to ω. Moreover, by the definition of V, we have that
Applying again Mazur’s convexity lemma, for each j there exist and positive numbers , such that and the sequence in . Then we can extract a subsequence, denoted as the sequence, satisfying for a.a. . As before,
Then passing to the limit, we obtain
i.e., .
Let now be fixed, let , weakly convergent to , and let with for every , weakly convergent to . By the definition of the multimap F, we have
where , , .
By the definition of the multimap V and the weak convergence of , we have that the sequence is norm bounded. Hence, by the reflexivity of the space , up to a subsequence, weakly converges to and the weak closure of the multimap V implies . Moreover, by the continuity of the map p and condition (iv), we have that converges weakly to and it is easy to see that converges weakly to . In conclusion, we have obtained
Furthermore, easily, V has convex and closed values; thus, by the linearity of the map and following the same reasonings as above, F is convex closed-valued as well.
Finally, the multimap verifies all the hypotheses of Theorem 3.1. Indeed from (i), (iv) and again from the definition of V, we have that
Denoting with , we have
obtaining both that for every and the set is bounded (hence relatively compact by the reflexivity of ) and that condition (F3′′′) is satisfied. Then applying Theorem 3.1 (see also Remark 3.2), we obtain the existence of a function such that
with .
Finally, applying the implicit function theorem of Filippov type (see [[28], Theorem 7.2]), we have that there exists such that and , .
Theorem 4.1 Let be a lower semicontinuous (l.s.c. for short) functional with respect to the weak topology. Then, under conditions (i)-(iv), there exists a mild solution of problem (4.1) such that
where is the set of all mild trajectories of the system (4.1) with the initial value .
Proof Under the hypotheses (i)-(iv), the set ; see the proof above. Moreover, according to [[16], Theorem 4.2] (see also Remark 3.2), the solution set is weakly compact in . Let be the minimizer of j on , and let be the corresponding control, then the pair is the required optimal solution. □
4.2 Age-structure population model
We consider the nonlinear hyperbolic integro-differential problem (1.2) which was already introduced in Section 1. This model arises in population biology and describes the time evolution of the age-structure of a population. Here we consider the case of a nonlinear equation with linear boundary conditions. The independent variables t and a denote respectively time and age, and represents the density of individuals of age a at time t. The death rate f is a nonnegative term depending on the time, the age and the total size of the population . The boundary condition accounts for the birth in the population. The weight function b measures the fertility at age a.
We consider problem (1.2) under the following hypothesis:
-
(i)
for all , is measurable;
-
(ii)
for a.a. and , is continuous;
-
(iii)
there exists such that, for every , and , ;
-
(iv)
.
Problem (1.2) can be written as the following Cauchy problem in the Banach space :
where is defined as , , is the single-valued map and , with
is the linear operator . A is the generator of the translation semigroup, which satisfies the identity
This semigroup is intensely studied in [29, 30], thus we do not give any details here. We just recall that the translation semigroup is not compact.
As showed in Section 4.1, the initial condition satisfies (L1), (L2) and (M).
According to (iii), for every , the function belongs to , hence F is nonempty-valued. Moreover, the Pettis measurability theorem (see Theorem 2.4), the separability of and conditions (i) and (ii) imply that F is globally measurable (see [[26], Corollary 1.3.1]), and hence, according to Remark 3.1, since F is single-valued, condition (F1) is also satisfied.
We now prove that is weakly sequentially continuous for a.a. t, so we take in . Then , thus (ii) implies that for a.a. . Moreover, it is possible to show that in obtaining condition (F2).
Finally, according to (iii), we have, for a.a. and every ,
and so the growth condition (F3′′′) is satisfied. Recalling Remark 3.2, this condition is sufficient for the existence of at least a solution for the Cauchy problem.
Hence we find a mild solution . We stress that by (4.4) the solution is a mild solution of (1.2) satisfying the required boundary conditions. Indeed,
Remark 4.1
With our techniques, we can attach also problems of the following general form:
where the Laplacian operator is understood only with respect to the space variable x and is a bounded closed domain with Lipschitz boundary. This model represents the age-structure of a population with spatial diffusion which takes into account the consequences of the environment changes on populations dynamics (see [31, 32]). The same arguments as above show that Theorem 3.1 applies to problem (4.5), taking again into account Remark 3.2. In fact, in this case, given the Banach space , we define the operator on
This operator generates a strongly continuous semigroup (see [33]), and all the other conditions can be shown as in the previous example.
4.3 Multipoint boundary value problem
Let and be a bounded set with a sufficiently regular boundary. Consider the multipoint boundary value problem
under the following hypotheses:
-
(i)
is measurable with and for all ;
-
(ii)
, , satisfy the following conditions:
-
(a)
for every and , is measurable;
-
(b)
for a.a. and all , is l.s.c. and is u.s.c.;
-
(c)
there exist and increasing such that, for a.a. and every , and , and
(4.7) -
(d)
for every , and , ;
-
(iii)
is measurable with for a.a. and ;
-
(iv)
;
-
(v)
, , satisfy and .
We search for solutions , and we can transform problem (4.6) into the nonlocal boundary value problem
in the reflexive Hilbert space , where , A and are as in Section 4.1. For , the function defined by is well defined and measurable according to (i). Moreover, for every . The multimap is defined by if and only if there is a measurable function satisfying and for a.a. . This definition is well posed, i.e., F is nonempty-valued according to (ii) and (iii), and it is easy to see that F is also convex-valued.
Given , from (ii) we have that
for every . Hence F has weakly relatively compact values. Moreover, according to (4.9) and (ii)(c), we have that
and therefore (F3′) follows from (4.7).
Now we investigate (F2), and hence we fix a value t in for which (ii)(b) is satisfied and consider the sequences such that , in and for all . Notice that the weak convergence of implies both the existence of such that and for all . Moreover, for all n and some measurable satisfying for a.a. . According to (ii)(c), a.e. in Ω for all n. Since Ω is bounded in , the set and it is weakly relatively compact. Hence we can find a subsequence, again denoted as the sequence, satisfying . Consequently, applying Mazur’s convexity lemma, for each n there exist and positive numbers , , such that and the sequence . Up to a subsequence, denoted again as the sequence, for a.a. . Since
passing to the limit as and according to (ii)(b), we obtain that a.e. in Ω. Let . It is possible to see that . However, , and hence for a.a. and the convergence is dominated since for a.a. . Therefore in , and the uniqueness of the weak limit implies that . We have showed that is weakly sequentially closed, i.e., that (F2) is satisfied, for a.a. . Then by (4.9) F has weakly sequentially compact values since is reflexive, and according to Corollary 2.1, it is weakly compact-valued. Furthermore, according to the Pettis measurability theorem (see Theorem 2.4), it is possible to show that the maps , , are measurable selection of for every ; hence condition (F1) is satisfied.
For we have that and then, as showed in Section 3, it satisfies both (L1) and (L2). Whereas is such that and it satisfies condition (M) (see Introduction); estimate (3.1), in particular, depends on (v). All the assumptions of Theorem 3.1 are then satisfied, and hence problem (4.8) is solvable. It implies that the multipoint boundary value problem (4.6) has a solution .
Remark 4.2 Similarly as before, it is possible to show that also the nonlocal boundary value problem given by the differential inclusion in (4.6) associated with the boundary condition
is solvable, provided that is Lipschitzian of some constant .
Remark 4.3 In (4.1) and (4.6) it is possible to substitute the Laplacian operator with a more general operator in divergence form of the following type:
with , and
-
(a)
, , ;
-
(b)
there exists such that, for a.a. and every , .
References
Byszewski L: Theorems about the existence and uniqueness of a solutions of a semilinear evolution nonlocal Cauchy problem. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 1991, 162: 495-505.
Liu Q, Yuanb R: Existence of mild solutions for semilinear evolution equations with nonlocal initial conditions. Nonlinear Anal. 2009, 71: 4177-4184. 10.1016/j.na.2009.02.093
Paicu A, Vrabie II: A class of nonlinear evolution equations subjected to nonlocal initial conditions. Nonlinear Anal. 2010, 72: 4091-4100. 10.1016/j.na.2010.01.041
Papageorgiou N: Existence of solutions for boundary value problems of semilinear evolution inclusions. Indian J. Pure Appl. Math. 1992, 23(7):477-488.
Basova MM, Obukhovskii VV: On some boundary-value problems for functional-differential inclusions in Banach spaces. J. Math. Sci. 2008, 149(4):1376-1384. 10.1007/s10958-008-0071-7
Cardinali T, Portigiani F, Rubbioni P: Nonlocal Cauchy problems and their controllability for semilinear differential inclusions with lower Scorza-Dragoni nonlinearities. Czechoslov. Math. J. 2011, 61(136):225-245.
Benedetti I, Malaguti L, Taddei V: Two-points b.v.p. for multivalued equations with weakly regular r.h.s. Nonlinear Anal. 2011, 74: 3657-3670. 10.1016/j.na.2011.02.046
Benedetti I, Malaguti L, Taddei V: B.V.P. for differential inclusions in Fréchet spaces with multiple solutions of the homogenous problem. Math. Bohem. 2011, 136(4):367-375.
McKibben MA I. In Discovering Evolution Equations with Applications. Chapman & Hall, Boca Raton; 2011.
Gourley SA: Travelling front solutions of a nonlocal Fisher equation. J. Math. Biol. 2000, 41: 272-284. 10.1007/s002850000047
Allegretto W, Nistri P: Existence and optimal control for periodic parabolic equations with nonlocal terms. IMA J. Math. Control Inf. 1999, 16: 43-58. 10.1093/imamci/16.1.43
McKendrick AG: Applications of mathematics to medical problems. Proc. Edinb. Math. Soc. 1926, 44: 98-130.
Von Foerster H: Some Remarks on Changing Populations, the Kinetics of Cellular Proliferation. Grune & Stratton, New York; 1959.
Gurtin ME, MacCamy RC: Non-linear age dependent population dynamics. Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 1974, 54: 281-300.
Benedetti, I, Taddei, V, Väth, M: Evolution problems with nonlinear nonlocal boundary conditions. J. Dyn. Diff. Eq. (to appear). doi:10.1007/s10884-013-9303-8
Benedetti I, Malaguti L, Taddei V: Nonlocal semilinear evolution equations without strong compactness: theory and applications. Rend. Ist. Mat. Univ. Trieste 2012, 44: 371-388. (Special issue dedicated to the 60th birthday of Prof. F. Zanolin of Rend. Ist.)
Bochner S, Taylor AE: Linear functionals on certain spaces of abstractly-valued functions. Ann. Math. 1938, 39(4):913-944. 10.2307/1968472
Krein SG: Linear Differential Equations in Banach Spaces. Am. Math. Soc., Providence; 1971.
Pazy A: Semigroups of Linear Operators and Applications to Partial Differential Equations. Springer, Berlin; 1983.
Fan K: Fixed point and minimax theorems in locally convex topological linear spaces. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1952, 38: 121-126. 10.1073/pnas.38.2.121
Kantorovich LV, Akilov GP: Functional Analysis. Pergamon, Oxford; 1982.
Dunford N, Schwartz JT: Linear Operators. Wiley, New York; 1988.
Pettis BJ: On the integration in vector spaces. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 1938, 44(2):277-304. 10.1090/S0002-9947-1938-1501970-8
Vrabie II: Compactness Methods for Nonlinear Evolutions. 2nd edition. Longman, Harlow; 1995.
Cascales C, Kadets V, Rodriguez J: Measurability and selections of multi-functions in Banach spaces. J. Convex Anal. 2010, 17(1):229-240.
Kamenskii MI, Obukhovskii VV, Zecca P: Condensing Multivalued Maps and Semilinear Differential Inclusions in Banach Space. de Gruyter, Berlin; 2001.
Benedetti I, Malaguti L, Taddei V: Semilinear differential inclusions via weak topologies. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 2010, 368: 90-102. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2010.03.002
Himmelberg C: Measurable relations. Fundam. Math. 1975, 87: 53-72.
Alaoui L: Age-dependent population dynamics and translation semigroups. Semigroup Forum 1998, 57(2):186-207. 10.1007/PL00005973
Grabosch A: Translation semigroups and their linearizations on spaces of integrable functions. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 1989, 311(1):357-390. 10.1090/S0002-9947-1989-0974781-2
Busenberg S, Iannelli M: A degenerate nonlinear diffusion problem in age-structured population dynamics. Nonlinear Anal. 1983, 7(12):1411-1429. 10.1016/0362-546X(83)90009-3
Liang D, Sun G, Wang W: Second-order characteristic schemes in time and age for a nonlinear age-structured population model. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 2011, 235(13):3841-3858. 10.1016/j.cam.2011.01.031
Guo BZ, Chan WL: On the semigroup for age dependent population dynamics with spatial diffusion. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 1994, 184: 190-199. 10.1006/jmaa.1994.1193
Acknowledgements
Dedicated to professor Jean Mawhin on the occasion of his seventieth birthday.
Supported by the national research project PRIN 2009 Ordinary Differential Equations and Applications.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
All authors have contributed equally. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Benedetti, I., Malaguti, L. & Taddei, V. Nonlocal semilinear evolution equations without strong compactness: theory and applications. Bound Value Probl 2013, 60 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2013-60
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2013-60
Keywords
- nonlocal condition
- semilinear evolution equation
- fixed point theorems
- optimal feedback control problem
- diffusion problem
- age-structure population model