Some properties of the generalized Apostol-type polynomials

Da-Qian Lu; Qiu-Ming Luo

doi:10.1186/1687-2770-2013-64

Research | Open | Published: 28 March 2013

Some properties of the generalized Apostol-type polynomials

Da-Qian Lu¹ &
Qiu-Ming Luo²

Boundary Value Problemsvolume 2013, Article number: 64 (2013) | Download Citation

Abstract

In this paper, we study some properties of the generalized Apostol-type polynomials (see (Luo and Srivastava in Appl. Math. Comput. 217:5702-5728, 2011)), including the recurrence relations, the differential equations and some other connected problems, which extend some known results. We also deduce some properties of the generalized Apostol-Euler polynomials, the generalized Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials, and Apostol-Genocchi polynomials of high order.

MSC:11B68, 33C65.

1 Introduction, definitions and motivation

The classical Bernoulli polynomials $B n (x)$ , the classical Euler polynomials $E n (x)$ and the classical Genocchi polynomials $G n (x)$ , together with their familiar generalizations $B n (α) (x)$ , $E n (α) (x)$ and $G n (α) (x)$ of (real or complex) order α, are usually defined by means of the following generating functions (see, for details, [1], pp.532-533 and [2], p.61 et seq.; see also [3] and the references cited therein):

(1.1)

(1.2)

and

(2 z e z + 1) α ⋅ e x z = ∑ n = 0 ∞ G n (α) (x) z n n! (| z | < π) .

(1.3)

So that, obviously, the classical Bernoulli polynomials $B n (x)$ , the classical Euler polynomials $E n (x)$ and the classical Genocchi polynomials $G n (x)$ are given, respectively, by

B n (x) : = B n (1) (x), E n (x) : = E n (1) (x) and G n (x) : = G n (1) (x) (n ∈ N 0) .

(1.4)

For the classical Bernoulli numbers $B n$ , the classical Euler numbers $E n$ and the classical Genocchi numbers $G n$ of order n, we have

B n : = B n (0) = B n (1) (0), E n : = E n (0) = E n (1) (0) and G n : = G n (0) = G n (1) (0),

(1.5)

respectively.

Some interesting analogues of the classical Bernoulli polynomials and numbers were first investigated by Apostol (see [4], p.165, Eq. (3.1)) and (more recently) by Srivastava (see [5], pp.83-84). We begin by recalling here Apostol’s definitions as follows.

Definition 1.1 (Apostol [4]; see also Srivastava [5])

The Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials $B n (x; λ)$ ( $λ ∈ C$ ) are defined by means of the following generating function:

(1.6)

with, of course,

B n (x) = B n (x; 1) and B n (λ) : = B n (0; λ),

(1.7)

where $B n (λ)$ denotes the so-called Apostol-Bernoulli numbers.

Recently, Luo and Srivastava [6] further extended the Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials as the so-called Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials of order α.

Definition 1.2 (Luo and Srivastava [6])

The Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials $B n (α) (x; λ)$ ( $λ ∈ C$ ) of order $α ∈ N 0$ are defined by means of the following generating function:

(1.8)

with, of course,

B n (α) (x) = B n (α) (x; 1) and B n (α) (λ) : = B n (α) (0; λ),

(1.9)

where $B n (α) (λ)$ denotes the so-called Apostol-Bernoulli numbers of order α.

On the other hand, Luo [7], gave an analogous extension of the generalized Euler polynomials as the so-called Apostol-Euler polynomials of order α.

Definition 1.3 (Luo [7])

The Apostol-Euler polynomials $E n (α) (x; λ)$ ( $λ ∈ C$ ) of order $α ∈ N 0$ are defined by means of the following generating function:

(2 λ e z + 1) α ⋅ e x z = ∑ n = 0 ∞ E n (α) (x; λ) z n n! (| z | < | log (− λ) |)

(1.10)

with, of course,

E n (α) (x) = E n (α) (x; 1) and E n (α) (λ) : = E n (α) (0; λ),

(1.11)

where $E n (α) (λ)$ denotes the so-called Apostol-Euler numbers of order α.

On the subject of the Genocchi polynomials $G n (x)$ and their various extensions, a remarkably large number of investigations have appeared in the literature (see, for example, [8–14]). Moreover, Luo (see [12–14]) introduced and investigated the Apostol-Genocchi polynomials of (real or complex) order α, which are defined as follows:

Definition 1.4 The Apostol-Genocchi polynomials $G n (α) (x; λ)$ ( $λ ∈ C$ ) of order $α ∈ N 0$ are defined by means of the following generating function:

(2 z λ e z + 1) α ⋅ e x z = ∑ n = 0 ∞ G n (α) (x; λ) z n n! (| z | < | log (− λ) |)

(1.12)

with, of course,

G n (α) (x) = G n (α) (x; 1), G n (α) (λ) : = G n (α) (0; λ), G n (x; λ) : = G n (1) (x; λ) and G n (λ) : = G n (1) (λ),

(1.13)

where $G n (λ)$ , $G n (α) (λ)$ and $G n (x; λ)$ denote the so-called Apostol-Genocchi numbers, the Apostol-Genocchi numbers of order α and the Apostol-Genocchi polynomials, respectively.

Recently, Luo and Srivastava [15] introduced a unification (and generalization) of the above-mentioned three families of the generalized Apostol type polynomials.

Definition 1.5 (Luo and Srivastava [15])

The generalized Apostol type polynomials $F n (α) (x; λ; u, v)$ ( $α ∈ N 0$ , $λ, u, v ∈ C$ ) of order α are defined by means of the following generating function:

(2 u z v λ e z + 1) α ⋅ e x z = ∑ n = 0 ∞ F n (α) (x; λ; u, v) z n n! (| z | < | log (− λ) |),

(1.14)

where

F n (α) (λ; u, v) : = F n (α) (0; λ; u, v)

(1.15)

denote the so-called Apostol type numbers of order α.

So that, by comparing Definition 1.5 with Definitions 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4, we have

(1.16)

(1.17)

(1.18)

A polynomial $p n (x)$ ( $n ∈ N$ , $x ∈ C$ ) is said to be a quasi-monomial [16], whenever two operators $M ˆ$ , $P ˆ$ , called multiplicative and derivative (or lowering) operators respectively, can be defined in such a way that

(1.19)

(1.20)

which can be combined to get the identity

M ˆ P ˆ p n (x) = n p n (x) .

(1.21)

The Appell polynomials [17] can be defined by considering the following generating function:

A (t) e x t = ∑ n = 0 ∞ R n (x) n! t n,

(1.22)

where

A (t) = ∑ k = 0 ∞ R k k! t k (A (0) ≠ 0)

(1.23)

is analytic function at $t = 0$ .

From [18], we know that the multiplicative and derivative operators of $R n (x)$ are

(1.24)

(1.25)

where

A ′ (t) A (t) = ∑ n = 0 ∞ α n t n n! .

(1.26)

By using (1.21), we have the following lemma.

Lemma 1.6 ([18])

The Appell polynomials $R n (x)$ defined by (1.22) satisfy the differential equation:

α n − 1 (n − 1)! y (n) + α n − 2 (n − 2)! y (n − 1) + ⋯ + α 1 1! y ″ + (x + α 0) y ′ − n y = 0,

(1.27)

where the numerical coefficients $α k$ , $k = 1, 2, …, n − 1$ are defined in (1.26), and are linked to the values $R k$ by the following relations:

R k + 1 = ∑ h = 0 k (k h) R h α k − h .

Let $P$ be the vector space of polynomials with coefficients in ℂ. A polynomial sequence ${P n} n ≥ 0$ be a polynomial set. ${P n} n ≥ 0$ is called a σ-Appell polynomial set of transfer power series A is generated by

G (x, t) = A (t) G 0 (x, t) = ∑ n = 0 ∞ P n (x) n! t n,

(1.28)

where $G 0 (x, t)$ is a solution of the system:

In [19], the authors investigated the connection coefficients between two polynomials. And there is a result about connection coefficients between two σ-Appell polynomial sets.

Lemma 1.7 ([19])

Let $σ ∈ Λ (− 1)$ . Let ${P n} n ≥ 0$ and ${Q n} n ≥ 0$ be two σ-Appell polynomial sets of transfer power series, respectively, $A 1$ and $A 2$ . Then

Q n (x) = ∑ m = 0 n n! m! α n − m P m (x),

(1.29)

where

A 2 (t) A 1 (t) = ∑ k = 0 ∞ α k t k .

In recent years, several authors obtained many interesting results involving the related Bernoulli polynomials and Euler polynomials [5, 20–40]. And in [29], the authors studied some series identities involving the generalized Apostol type and related polynomials.

In this paper, we study some other properties of the generalized Apostol type polynomials $F n (α) (x; λ; u, v)$ , including the recurrence relations, the differential equations and some connection problems, which extend some known results. As special, we obtain some properties of the generalized Apostol-Euler polynomials, the generalized Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials and Apostol-Genocchi polynomials of high order.

2 Recursion formulas and differential equations

From the generating function (1.14), we have

∂ ∂ x F n (α) (x; λ; u, v) = n F n − 1 (α) (x; λ; u, v) .

(2.1)

A recurrence relation for the generalized Apostol type polynomials is given by the following theorem.

Theorem 2.1 For any integral $n ≥ 1$ , $λ ∈ C$ and $α ∈ N$ , the following recurrence relation for the generalized Apostol type polynomials $F n (α) (x; λ; u, v)$ holds true:

(α v n + 1 − 1) F n + 1 (α) (x; λ; u, v) = α λ 2 u ⋅ n! (n + v)! F n + v (α + 1) (x + 1; λ; u, v) − x F n (α) (x; λ; u, v) .

(2.2)

Proof Differentiating both sides of (1.14) with respect to t, and using some elementary algebra and the identity principle of power series, recursion (2.2) easily follows. □

By setting $λ : = − λ$ , $u = 0$ and $v = 1$ in Theorem 2.1, and then multiplying $(− 1) α$ on both sides of the result, we have:

Corollary 2.2 For any integral $n ≥ 1$ , $λ ∈ C$ and $α ∈ N$ , the following recurrence relation for the generalized Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials $B n (α) (x; λ)$ holds true:

[α − (n + 1)] B n + 1 (α) (x; λ) = α λ B n + 1 (α + 1) (x + 1; λ) − x B n (α) (x; λ) .

(2.3)

By setting $u = 1$ and $v = 0$ in Theorem 2.1, we have the following corollary.

Corollary 2.3 For any integral $n ≥ 1$ , $λ ∈ C$ and $α ∈ N$ , the following recurrence relation for the generalized Apostol-Euler polynomials $E n (α) (x; λ)$ holds true:

E n + 1 (α) (x; λ) = x E n (α) (x; λ) − α λ 2 E n (α + 1) (x + 1; λ) .

(2.4)

By setting $u = 1$ and $v = 1$ in Theorem 2.1, we have the following corollary.

Corollary 2.4 For any integral $n ≥ 1$ , $λ ∈ C$ and $α ∈ N$ , the following recurrence relation for the generalized Apostol-Genocchi polynomials $G n (α) (x; λ)$ holds true:

2 [α − (n + 1)] G n + 1 (α) (x; λ) = α λ G n + 1 (α + 1) (x + 1; λ) − 2 (n + 1) x G n (α) (x; λ) .

(2.5)

From (1.14) and (1.22), we know that the generalized Appostol type polynomials $F n (α) (x; λ; u, v)$ is Appell polynomials with

A (t) = (2 u t v λ e t + 1) α .

(2.6)

From the Eq. (23) of [15], we know that $G 0 (1; λ) = 0$ . So from (2.6) and (1.12), we can obtain that if $v = 0$ , we have

A ′ (t) A (t) = λ α 2 ∑ n = 0 ∞ G n + 1 (1; λ) n + 1 ⋅ t n n! .

(2.7)

By using (1.24) and (1.26), we can obtain the multiplicative and derivative operators of the generalized Appostol type polynomials $F n (α) (x; λ; u, v)$

(2.8)

(2.9)

From (2.1), we can obtain

∂ p ∂ x p F n (α) (x; λ; u, v) = n! (n − p)! F n − p (α) (x; λ; u, v) .

(2.10)

Then by using (1.20), (2.8) and (2.10), we obtain the following result.

Theorem 2.5 For any integral $n ≥ 1$ , $λ ∈ C$ and $α ∈ N$ , the following recurrence relation for the generalized Apostol type polynomials $F n (α) (x; λ; u, 0)$ holds true:

F n + 1 (α) (x; λ; u, 0) = (x + λ α 2 G 1 (1; λ)) F n (α) (x; λ; u, 0) + λ α 2 ∑ k = 0 n − 1 (n k) G n − k + 1 (1; λ) n − k + 1 F n − k (α) (x; λ; u, 0) .

(2.11)

By setting $u = 1$ in Theorem 2.5, we have the following corollary.

Corollary 2.6 For any integral $n ≥ 1$ , $λ ∈ C$ and $α ∈ N$ , the following recurrence relation for the generalized Apostol-Euler polynomials $E n (α) (x; λ)$ holds true:

E n + 1 (α) (x; λ) = (x + λ α 2 G 1 (1; λ)) E n (α) (x; λ) + λ α 2 ∑ k = 0 n − 1 (n k) G n − k + 1 (1; λ) n − k + 1 E n − k (α) (x; λ) .

(2.12)

Furthermore, applying Lemma 1.7 to $F n (α) (x; λ; u, 0)$ , we have the following theorem.

Theorem 2.7 The generalized Apostol type polynomials $F n (α) (x; λ; u, 0)$ satisfy the differential equation:

(2.13)

Specially, by setting $u = 1$ in Theorem 2.7, then we have the following corollary.

Corollary 2.8 The generalized Apostol-Euler polynomials $E n (α) (x; λ)$ satisfy the differential equation:

(2.14)

3 Connection problems

From (1.14) and (1.28), we know that the generalized Apostol type polynomials $F n (α) (x; λ; u, v)$ are a $D x$ -Appell polynomial set, where $D x$ denotes the derivative operator.

From Table 1 in [19], we know that the derivative operators of monomials $x n$ and the Gould-Hopper polynomials $g n m (x, h)$ [30] are all $D x$ . And their transfer power series $A (t)$ are 1 and $e h t m$ , respectively.

Applying Lemma 1.7 to $P n (x) = x n$ and $Q n (x) = F n (α) (x; λ; u, v)$ , we have the following theorem.

Theorem 3.1

F n (α) (x; λ; u, v) = ∑ m = 0 n (n m) F n − m (α) (λ; u, v) x m,

(3.1)

where $F n (α) (λ; u, v)$ is the so-called Apostol type numbers of order α defined by (1.15).

By setting $λ : = − λ$ , $u = 0$ and $v = 1$ in Theorem 3.1, and then multiplying $(− 1) α$ on both sides of the result, we have the following corollary.

Corollary 3.2

B n (α) (x; λ) = ∑ m = 0 n (n m) B n − m (α) (λ) x m,

(3.2)

which is just Eq. (3.1) of [23].

By setting $u = 0$ and $v = 0$ in Theorem 3.1, we have the following corollary.

Corollary 3.3

E n (α) (x; λ) = ∑ m = 0 n (n m) E n − m (α) (λ) x m .

(3.3)

By setting $u = 1$ and $v = 1$ in Theorem 3.1, we have the following corollary.

Corollary 3.4

G n (α) (x; λ) = ∑ m = 0 n (n m) G n − m (α) (λ) x m,

(3.4)

which is just Eq. (24) of [15].

Applying Lemma 1.7 to $P n (x) = F n (x; λ; u, v)$ and $Q n (x) = F n (α) (x; λ; u, v)$ , we have the following theorem.

Theorem 3.5

F n (α) (x; λ; u, v) = ∑ m = 0 n (n m) F n − m (α − 1) (λ; u, v) F m (x; λ; u, v),

(3.5)

where $F n (α) (λ; u, v)$ is the so-called Apostol type numbers of order α defined by (1.15).

By setting $λ : = − λ$ , $u = 0$ and $v = 1$ in Theorem 3.5, and then multiplying $(− 1) α$ on both sides of the result, we have the following corollary.

Corollary 3.6

B n (α) (x; λ) = ∑ m = 0 n (n m) B n − m (α − 1) (λ) B m (x; λ),

(3.6)

which is just Eq. (3.2) of [23].

By setting $u = 1$ and $v = 0$ in Theorem 3.5, we have the following corollary.

Corollary 3.7

E n (α) (x; λ) = ∑ m = 0 n (n m) E n − m (α − 1) (λ) E m (x; λ) .

(3.7)

By setting $u = 1$ and $v = 1$ in Theorem 3.5, we have the following corollary.

Corollary 3.8

G n (α) (x; λ) = ∑ m = 0 n (n m) G n − m (α − 1) (λ) G m (x; λ) .

(3.8)

Applying Lemma 1.7 to $P n (x) = g n m (x, h)$ and $Q n (x) = F n (α) (x; λ; u, v)$ , we have the following theorem.

Theorem 3.9

F n (α) (x; λ; u, v) = ∑ r = 0 n n! r! [∑ k = 0 [(n − r) / m] (− 1) k h k k! (n − r − m k)! F n − r − m k (α) (λ; u, v)] g r m (x, h) .

(3.9)

By setting $λ : = − λ$ , $u = 0$ and $v = 1$ in Theorem 3.9, and then multiplying $(− 1) α$ on both sides of the result, we have the following corollary.

Corollary 3.10

B n (α) (x; λ) = ∑ r = 0 n n! r! [∑ k = 0 [(n − r) / m] (− 1) k h k k! (n − r − m k)! B n − r − m k (α) (λ)] g r m (x, h),

(3.10)

which is just Eq. (3.3) of [23].

By setting $u = 1$ and $v = 0$ in Theorem 3.9, we have the following corollary.

Corollary 3.11

E n (α) (x; λ) = ∑ r = 0 n n! r! [∑ k = 0 [(n − r) / m] (− 1) k h k k! (n − r − m k)! E n − r − m k (α) (λ)] g r m (x, h) .

(3.11)

By setting $u = 1$ and $v = 1$ in Theorem 3.9, we have the following corollary.

Corollary 3.12

G n (α) (x; λ) = ∑ r = 0 n n! r! [∑ k = 0 [(n − r) / m] (− 1) k h k k! (n − r − m k)! G n − r − m k (α) (λ)] g r m (x, h) .

(3.12)

When $v α = 1$ , applying Lemma 1.7 to $P n (x) = E n (α − 1) (x; λ)$ and $Q n (x) = F n (α) (x; λ; u, v)$ , we have the following theorem.

Theorem 3.13 If $v α = 1$ , then we have

F n (α) (x; λ; u, v) = ∑ m = 0 n (n m) 2 (u − 1) α G n − m (λ) E m (α − 1) (x; λ) .

(3.13)

By setting $λ : = − λ$ , $u = 0$ and $v = 1$ in Theorem 3.13, and then multiplying $(− 1) α$ on both sides of the result, we have the following corollary.

Corollary 3.14

B n (x; λ) = − 12 ∑ m = 0 n (n m) G n − m (− λ) x m .

(3.14)

By setting $u = 1$ and $v = 1$ in Theorem 3.13, we have the following corollary.

Corollary 3.15

G n (x; λ) = − 12 ∑ m = 0 n (n m) G n − m (λ) x m,

(3.15)

which is just the case of $α = 1$ in (3.4).

When $v = 1$ or $α = 0$ , applying Lemma 1.7 to $P n (x) = G n (α − 1) (x; λ)$ and $Q n (x) = F n (α) (x; λ; u, v)$ , we can obtain the following theorem.

Theorem 3.16 If $v = 1$ or $α = 0$ , we have

F n (α) (x; λ; u, v) = ∑ m = 0 n (n m) 2 (u − 1) α G n − m (λ) G m (α − 1) (x; λ) .

(3.16)

By setting $λ : = − λ$ , $u = 0$ and $v = 1$ in Theorem 3.13, and then multiplying $(− 1) α$ on both sides of the result, we have the following corollary.

Corollary 3.17

B n (α) (x; λ) = ∑ m = 0 n (n m) (− 12) α G n − m (− λ) G m (α − 1) (x; − λ) .

(3.17)

When $α = 1$ in (3.17), it is just (3.15).

By setting $u = 1$ and $v = 1$ in Theorem 3.16, we have the following corollary.

Corollary 3.18

G n (α) (x; λ) = ∑ m = 0 n (n m) G n − m (λ) G m (α − 1) (x; λ),

(3.18)

which is equal to (3.8).

If $α = 0$ in Theorem 3.16, we have:

Corollary 3.19

x n = ∑ m = 0 n (n m) G n − m (λ) G m (− 1) (x; λ) .

(3.19)

4 Hermite-based generalized Apostol type polynomials

Finally, we give a generation of the generalized Apostol type polynomials.

The two-variable Hermite-Kampé de Fériet polynomials (2VHKdFP) $H n (x, y)$ are defined by the series [31]

H n (x, y) = n! ∑ r = 0 [n / 2] x n − 2 r y r r! (n − 2 r)!

(4.1)

with the following generating function:

exp (x t + y t 2) = ∑ n = 0 ∞ t n n! H n (x, y) .

(4.2)

And the 2VHKdFP $H n (x, y)$ are also defined through the operational identity

exp (y ∂ 2 ∂ x 2) {x n} = H n (x, y) .

(4.3)

Acting the operator $exp (y ∂ 2 ∂ x 2)$ on (1.14), and by the identity [32]

exp (y ∂ 2 ∂ x 2) {exp (− a x 2 + b x)} = 1 1 + 4 a y exp (− a x 2 − b x − b 2 y 1 + 4 a y),

(4.4)

we define the Hermite-based generalized Apostol type polynomials $F n (α) H (x, y; λ; u, v)$ by the generating function

(2 u z v λ e t + 1) α ⋅ e x t + y t 2 = ∑ n = 0 ∞ H F n (α) (x, y; λ; u, v) t n n! (| t | < | log (− λ) |) .

(4.5)

Clearly, we have

F n H (x, y; λ; u, v) = H F n (1) (x, y; λ; u, v) .

From the generating function (4.5), we easily obtain

∂ ∂ x H F n (α) (x, y; λ; u, v) = n H F n − 1 (α) (x, y; λ; u, v)

(4.6)

and

∂ ∂ y H F n (α) (x, y; λ; u, v) = n (n − 1) H F n − 2 (α) (x, y; λ; u, v),

(4.7)

which can be combined to get the identity

∂ 2 ∂ x 2 H F n (α) (x, y; λ; u, v) = ∂ ∂ y H F n (α) (x, y; λ; u, v) .

(4.8)

Acting with the operator $exp y ∂ 2 ∂ x 2$ on both sides of (3.1), (3.5), (3.13), (3.18), and by using (4.3), we obtain

(4.9)

(4.10)

(4.11)

(4.12)

where $E n (α) H (x; λ)$ and $G n (α) H (x; λ)$ are the Hermite-based generalized Apostol-Euler polynomials and the Hermite-based generalized Apostol-Genocchi polynomials respectively, defined by the following generating functions:

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Acknowledgements

Dedicated to Professor Hari M Srivastava.

The present investigation was supported, in part, by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 11226281, Fund of Science and Innovation of Yangzhou University, China under Grant 2012CXJ005, Research Project of Science and Technology of Chongqing Education Commission, China under Grant KJ120625 and Fund of Chongqing Normal University, China under Grant 10XLR017 and 2011XLZ07.

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Department of Mathematics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, People’s Republic of China
- Da-Qian Lu
Department of Mathematics, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing Higher Education Mega Center, Huxi Campus, Chongqing, 401331, People’s Republic of China
- Qiu-Ming Luo

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Correspondence to Qiu-Ming Luo.

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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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All authors contributed equally in writing this paper, and read and approved the final manuscript.

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About this article

Received
10 December 2012
Accepted
19 March 2013
Published
28 March 2013
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2013-64

Keywords

generalized Apostol type polynomials
recurrence relations
differential equations
connected problems
quasi-monomial

Some properties of the generalized Apostol-type polynomials

Abstract

1 Introduction, definitions and motivation

2 Recursion formulas and differential equations

3 Connection problems

4 Hermite-based generalized Apostol type polynomials

References

Acknowledgements

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Affiliations

Department of Mathematics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, People’s Republic of China

Department of Mathematics, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing Higher Education Mega Center, Huxi Campus, Chongqing, 401331, People’s Republic of China

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Search for Qiu-Ming Luo in:

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Competing interests

Authors’ contributions

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Received

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Published

DOI

Keywords