The structure of fractional spaces generated by a two-dimensional elliptic differential operator and its applications

Allaberen Ashyralyev; Sema Akturk; Yasar Sozen

doi:10.1186/1687-2770-2014-3

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The structure of fractional spaces generated by a two-dimensional elliptic differential operator and its applications

Allaberen Ashyralyev^{1, 2},
Sema Akturk¹ and
Yasar Sozen^{1, 3}Email author

Boundary Value Problems20142014:3

https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2014-3

Received: 30 October 2013

Accepted: 3 December 2013

Published: 2 January 2014

Abstract

We consider the two-dimensional differential operator $A u (x_{1}, x_{2}) = - a_{11} (x_{1}, x_{2}) u_{x_{1} x_{1}} (x_{1}, x_{2}) - a_{22} (x_{1}, x_{2}) u_{x_{2} x_{2}} (x_{1}, x_{2}) + σ u (x_{1}, x_{2})$ defined on functions on the half-plane $Ω = R^{+} \times R$ with the boundary conditions $u (0, x_{2}) = 0$ , $x_{2} \in R$ , where $a_{i i} (x_{1}, x_{2})$ , $i = 1, 2$ , are continuously differentiable and satisfy the uniform ellipticity condition $a_{11}^{2} (x_{1}, x_{2}) + a_{22}^{2} (x_{1}, x_{2}) \geq δ > 0$ , $σ > 0$ . The structure of the fractional spaces $E_{α} (A, C^{β} (Ω))$ generated by the operator A is investigated. The positivity of A in Hölder spaces is established. In applications, theorems on well-posedness in a Hölder space of elliptic problems are obtained.

MSC: 35J25, 47E05, 34B27.

Keywords

positive operator fractional spaces Green’s function Hölder spaces

1 Introduction

It is well known that (see, for example, [1–3] and the references therein) various classical and non-classical boundary value problems for partial differential equations can be considered as an abstract boundary value problem for an ordinary differential equation in a Banach space with a densely defined unbounded operator. The importance of the positivity property of the differential operators in a Banach space in the study of various properties for partial differential equations is well known (see, for example, [4–7] and the references therein). Several authors have investigated the positivity of a wider class of differential and difference operators in Banach spaces (see [8–18] and the references therein).

Let us give the definition of positive operators and introduce the fractional spaces and preliminary facts that will be needed in the sequel.

The operator A is said to be positive in E if its spectrum

σ (A)

lies inside of the sector S of the angle ϕ,

0 < 2 ϕ < 2 π

, symmetric with respect to the real axis, and the following estimate (see, for example, [6, 19])

{∥ {(A - λ)}^{- 1} ∥}_{E \to E} \leq \frac{M (ϕ)}{1 + | λ |}

holds on the edges $S_{1} (ϕ) = {ρ e^{i ϕ} : 0 \leq ρ < \infty}$ , $S_{2} (ϕ) = {ρ e^{- i ϕ} : 0 \leq ρ < \infty}$ of S, and outside of the sector S. The infimum of all such angles ϕ is called the spectral angle of the positive operator A and is denoted by $ϕ (A, E)$ . We say that A is a strongly positive operator in E if $ϕ (A, E) < π / 2$ .

Throughout the article, M indicates positive constants which may differ from time to time, and we are not interested to precise. If the constant depends only on $α, β, \dots$ , then we will write $M (α, β, \dots)$ .

With the help of the positive operator A, we introduce the fractional space

E_{β} = E_{β} (E, A)

(

0 < β < 1

), consisting of all elements

v \in E

for which the norm

{∥ v ∥}_{E_{β}} = sup_{λ > 0} λ^{β} {∥ A {(λ + A)}^{- 1} v ∥}_{E} + {∥ v ∥}_{E}

is finite.

Theorem 1 [20]

Let

\frac{1}{p} + \frac{1}{q} = 1

,

p > 1

, and let

f, g : R^{+} \to R

be any two nonnegative integrable functions such that

0 < \int_{0}^{\infty} f^{p} (x) d x < \infty

and

0 < \int_{0}^{\infty} g^{q} (y) d y < \infty

. Then the following Hilbert’s inequality holds:

\int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{f (x) g (y)}{x + y} d x d y < π csc (\frac{π}{p}) {(\int_{0}^{\infty} f^{p} (x) d x)}^{\frac{1}{p}} {(\int_{0}^{\infty} g^{q} (y) d y)}^{\frac{1}{q}} .

Danelich in [12] considered the positivity of a difference analog $A_{h}^{x}$ of the 2m th-order multi-dimensional elliptic operator $A^{x}$ with dependent coefficients on semi-spaces $R^{+} \times R^{n - 1}$ .

The structure of fractional spaces generated by positive multi-dimensional differential and difference operators on the space $R^{n}$ in Banach spaces has been well investigated (see [21–23] and the references therein).

In papers [19, 24–27] the structure of fractional spaces generated by positive one-dimensional differential and difference operators in Banach spaces was studied. Note that the structure of fractional spaces generated by positive multi-dimensional differential and difference operators with local and nonlocal conditions on $Ω \subset R^{n}$ in Banach spaces $C (Ω)$ has not been well studied.

In the present paper, we study the structure of fractional spaces generated by the two-dimensional differential operator

A u (x_{1}, x_{2}) = - a_{11} (x_{1}, x_{2}) u_{x_{1} x_{1}} (x_{1}, x_{2}) - a_{22} (x_{1}, x_{2}) u_{x_{2} x_{2}} (x_{1}, x_{2}) + σ u (x_{1}, x_{2}),

(1)

defined over the region

R_{+}^{2} = R^{+} \times R

with the boundary condition

u (0, x_{2}) = 0

,

x_{2} \in R

. Here, the coefficients

a_{i i} (x_{1}, x_{2})

,

i = 1, 2

, are continuously differentiable and satisfy the uniform ellipticity

a_{11}^{2} (x_{1}, x_{2}) + a_{22}^{2} (x_{1}, x_{2}) \geq δ > 0,

and $σ > 0$ .

Following the paper [12], passing limit when

h \to 0

in the special case

m = 1

and

n = 2

, we get that there exists the inverse operator

{(A + λ)}^{- 1}

for all

λ \geq 0

and the following formula

{(A + λ)}^{- 1} f (x_{1}, x_{2}) = \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} G (x_{1}, x_{2}, p, s, λ) f (p, s) d s d p

(2)

holds, where

G (x_{1}, x_{2}, p, s, λ)

is the Green function of differential operator (1). Moreover, the following estimates

\begin{aligned} | G (x_{1}, x_{2}, p, s, λ) | \\ \leq C exp {- a {(λ + 1)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} - p | + | x_{2} - s |)} \\ \times (1 + ln {1 + {({(λ + 1)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} - p | + | x_{2} - s |))}^{- 1}}), \end{aligned}

(3)

and

\begin{aligned} | G_{x_{1}} (x_{1}, x_{2}, p, s, λ) |, | G_{x_{2}} (x_{1}, x_{2}, p, s, λ) | \\ \leq C exp {- a {(λ + 1)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} - p | + | x_{2} - s |)} {(| x_{1} - p | + | x_{2} - s |)}^{- 1} \end{aligned}

(4)

hold. Here $a = a (σ)$ .

Next, to formulate our result, we need to introduce the Hölder space

C^{β} = C^{β} (R_{+}^{2})

of all continuous bounded functions φ defined on

R_{+}^{2}

satisfying a Hölder condition with the indicator

β \in [0, 1]

with the norm

{∥ f ∥}_{C^{β} (R_{+}^{2})} = {∥ f ∥}_{C (R_{+}^{2})} + \underset{(x_{1}, x_{2}) \neq (x_{1}^{'}, x_{2}^{'})}{sup_{(x_{1}, x_{2}), (x_{1}^{'}, x_{2}^{'}) \in R_{+}^{2}}} \frac{| f (x_{1}, x_{2}) - f (x_{1}^{'}, x_{2}^{'}) |}{{(\sqrt{| x_{1} - x_{1}^{'} |^{2} + | x_{2} - x_{2}^{'} |^{2}})}^{β}} .

Here,

C (R_{+}^{2})

denotes the Banach space of all continuous bounded functions φ defined on

R_{+}^{2}

with the norm

{∥ φ ∥}_{C (R_{+}^{2})} = sup_{(x_{1}, x_{2}) \in R_{+}^{2}} | φ (x_{1}, x_{2}) | .

Clearly, from estimates (3) and (4) it follows that A is a positive operator in $C (R_{+}^{2})$ . Namely, we have the following.

Theorem 2 Let

λ \geq 0

. Then the following estimate

{∥ {(A + λ)}^{- 1} ∥}_{C (R_{+}^{2}) \to C (R_{+}^{2})} \leq \frac{M}{1 + λ}

is valid.

Here, the structure of fractional spaces generated by the operator A is investigated. The positivity of A in Hölder spaces is studied. The organization of the present paper is as follows. In Section 2, the positivity of A in Hölder spaces is established. In Section 3, the main theorem on the structure of fractional spaces $E_{α} (A, C^{β} (R_{+}^{2}))$ generated by A is investigated. In Section 4, applications on theorems on well-posedness in a Hölder space of parabolic and elliptic problems are presented. Finally, the conclusion is given.

2 Positivity of A in Hölder spaces $C^{β} (R_{+}^{2})$

Theorem 3 Let

β \in (0, 1)

. For

λ \geq 0

, we have the following estimate:

{∥ {(A + λ)}^{- 1} ∥}_{C^{β} (R_{+}^{2}) \to C^{β} (R_{+}^{2})} \leq \frac{M (a)}{1 + λ} .

Proof Applying formula (2), the triangle inequality, the definition of

C^{β}

-norm, estimate (3), and Hilbert’s inequality, we get

\begin{aligned} | {(A + λ)}^{- 1} f (x_{1}, x_{2}) | \\ \leq \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} | G (x_{1}, x_{2}, p, s, λ) | | f (p, s) | d s d p \\ \leq M {∥ f ∥}_{C^{β}} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} e^{- a {(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} - p | + | x_{2} - s |)} \\ \times (1 + ln {1 + {({(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} - p | + | x_{2} - s |))}^{- 1}}) d s d p \\ \leq M {∥ f ∥}_{C^{β}} [\int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} e^{- a {(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} - p | + | x_{2} - s |)} d s d p \\ + \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} e^{- a {(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} - p | + | x_{2} - s |)} {({(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} - p | + | x_{2} - s |))}^{- 1} d s d p] \\ \leq \frac{M_{1} (a)}{1 + λ} {∥ f ∥}_{C^{β}} + \frac{M_{2} (a)}{{(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2}} {∥ f ∥}_{C^{β}} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{e^{- a {(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (p + s)}}{p + s} d s d p \\ \leq \frac{M_{3} (a)}{1 + λ} {∥ f ∥}_{C^{β}} for (x_{1}, x_{2}) \in R_{+}^{2} . \end{aligned}

Then from that it follows

sup_{(x_{1}, x_{2}) \in R_{+}^{2}} | {(A + λ)}^{- 1} f (x_{1}, x_{2}) | \leq \frac{M_{3} (a)}{1 + λ} {∥ f ∥}_{C^{β}} .

(5)

Without loss of generality, we can put

τ, h > 0

. Using formula (2) and the triangle inequality, we get

\begin{aligned} | {(A + λ)}^{- 1} [\frac{f (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) - f (x_{1}, x_{2})}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}}] | \\ \leq \frac{1}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} | G (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h, p, s; λ) - G (x_{1}, x_{2}, p, s, λ) | \\ \times | f (p, s) | d s d p \end{aligned}

(6)

for

(x_{1}, x_{2}), (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) \in R_{+}^{2}

. Now, we will estimate the right-hand side of inequality (6). Let us consider two cases

τ^{2} + h^{2} < 1

and

τ^{2} + h^{2} \geq 1

separately. First, we consider the case

τ^{2} + h^{2} < 1

. Using the triangle inequality, estimate (4), the definition of

C^{β}

-norm, Hilbert’s inequality, and the Lagrange theorem, it follows that for some

x_{1}^{*}

between

x_{1}

,

x_{1} + τ

, and

x_{2}^{*}

between

x_{2}

,

x_{2} + h

,

\begin{aligned} | {(A + λ)}^{- 1} [\frac{f (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) - f (x_{1}, x_{2})}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}}] | \\ \leq M_{4} {∥ f ∥}_{C^{β}} [\frac{τ}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} | G_{x_{1}} (x_{1}^{*}, x_{2}^{*}, p, s; λ) | d s d p \\ + \frac{h}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} | G_{x_{2}} (x_{1}^{*}, x_{2}^{*}, p, s; λ) | d s d p] \\ \leq M_{4} {∥ f ∥}_{C^{β}} [\int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} | G_{x_{1}} (x_{1}^{*}, x_{2}^{*}, p, s; λ) | d s d p \\ + \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} | G_{x_{2}} (x_{1}^{*}, x_{2}^{*}, p, s; λ) | d s d p] \\ \leq M_{5} {∥ f ∥}_{C^{β}} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} \frac{e^{- a {(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1}^{*} - p | + | x_{2}^{*} - s |)}}{| x_{1}^{*} - p | + | x_{2}^{*} - s |} d s d p \leq \frac{M_{6} (a)}{1 + λ} {∥ f ∥}_{C^{β}} . \end{aligned}

(7)

Second, we consider the case

τ^{2} + h^{2} \geq 1

. Using formula (2), the triangle inequality, estimate (3), the definition of

C^{β}

-norm, and estimate (6), we get

\begin{aligned} | {(A + λ)}^{- 1} [\frac{f (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) - f (x_{1}, x_{2})}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}}] | \\ \leq M_{7} {∥ f ∥}_{C^{β}} [\int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} e^{- a {(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} + τ - p | + | x_{2} + h - s |)} \\ \times (1 + ln {1 + {({(λ + 1)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} + τ - p | + | x_{2} + h - s |))}^{- 1}}) d s d p \\ + \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} e^{- a {(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} - p | + | x_{2} - s |)} \\ \times (1 + ln {1 + {({(λ + 1)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} - p | + | x_{2} - s |))}^{- 1}}) d s d p] \\ \leq \frac{M_{8} (a)}{1 + λ} {∥ f ∥}_{C^{β}} . \end{aligned}

(8)

Estimates (7) and (8) yield that

\underset{(τ, h) \neq (0, 0)}{sup_{(x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h), (x_{1}, x_{2}) \in R_{+}^{2}}} | {(A + λ)}^{- 1} [\frac{f (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) - f (x_{1}, x_{2})}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}}] | \leq \frac{M_{8} (a)}{1 + λ} {∥ f ∥}_{C^{β}} .

(9)

Combining estimates (5) and (9), we obtain

{∥ {(A + λ)}^{- 1} ∥}_{C^{β} (R_{+}^{2}) \to C^{β} (R_{+}^{2})} \leq \frac{M (a)}{1 + λ} .

This finishes the proof of Theorem 3. □

Note that from the commutativity of A and its resolvent ${(A + λ)}^{- 1}$ , and Theorem 3, we have the following theorem.

Theorem 4 Let

λ \geq 0

. Then the following estimate holds:

{∥ {(A + λ)}^{- 1} ∥}_{E_{α} (A, C^{β} (R_{+}^{2})) \to E_{α} (A, C^{β} (R_{+}^{2}))} \leq \frac{M (a)}{1 + λ} .

3 The structure of fractional spaces $E_{α} (A, C^{β} (R_{+}^{2}))$

Suppose β, $2 α + β \in (0, 1)$ . Consider the fractional space $E_{α} (A, C^{β} (R_{+}^{2}))$ and the Hölder space $C^{2 α + β} (R_{+}^{2})$ . In this section, we prove the following structure theorem.

Theorem 5 The norms of the spaces $E_{α} (A, C^{β} (R_{+}^{2}))$ and $C^{2 α + β} (R_{+}^{2})$ are equivalent.

Proof Assume that

f \in C^{2 α + β} (R_{+}^{2})

. Let

(x_{1}, x_{2}) \in R_{+}^{2}

and

λ > 0

be fixed. From formula (2) it follows that

\begin{aligned} A {(A + λ)}^{- 1} f (x_{1}, x_{2}) \\ = \frac{1}{λ + 1} f (x_{1}, x_{2}) + λ \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} G (x_{1}, x_{2}, p, s, λ) (f (x_{1}, x_{2}) - f (p, s)) d s d p . \end{aligned}

(10)

Using equation (10), the triangle inequality, the following inequalities

{(a + b)}^{p} \leq 2^{p} (a^{p} + b^{p}), 0 < p < 1, a, b \geq 0,

(11)

{(a t)}^{θ} e^{- a t} \leq M, a > 0, θ \in [0, 1],

(12)

estimates (10), (11), (12), and the definition of

C^{2 α + β}

-norm, we obtain

\begin{aligned} | λ^{α} A {(A + λ)}^{- 1} f (x_{1}, x_{2}) | \\ \leq \frac{λ^{α}}{λ + 1} | f (x_{1}, x_{2}) | + λ^{α + 1} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} | G (x_{1}, x_{2}, p, s, λ) | | f (x_{1}, x_{2}) - f (p, s) | d s d p \\ \leq M_{9} {∥ f ∥}_{C^{2 α + β}} [\frac{λ^{α}}{λ + 1} + λ^{α + 1} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} | G (x_{1}, x_{2}, p, s, λ) | \\ \times {(| x_{1} - p |^{2} + | x_{2} - s |^{2})}^{α + β / 2} d s d p] \\ \leq M_{10} {∥ f ∥}_{C^{2 α + β}} [\frac{λ^{α}}{λ + 1} + λ^{α + 1} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} e^{- a {(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} - p | + | x_{2} - s |)} \\ \times (1 + ln {1 + {({(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} - p | + | x_{2} - s |))}^{- 1}}) {(| x_{1} - p |^{2} + | x_{2} - s |^{2})}^{α + β / 2} d s d p] \\ \leq M_{11} (a) {∥ f ∥}_{C^{2 α + β}} [\frac{λ^{α}}{λ + 1} + \frac{λ^{α + 1}}{{(1 + λ)}^{1 + α + β / 2}}] \leq M_{12} (a) {∥ f ∥}_{C^{2 α + β}} \\ for (x_{1}, x_{2}) \in R_{+}^{2} . \end{aligned}

(13)

Thus, it follows from estimate (13) that

sup_{λ > 0} sup_{(x_{1}, x_{2}) \in R_{+}^{2}} | λ^{α} A {(A + λ)}^{- 1} f (x_{1}, x_{2}) | \leq M_{12} (a) {∥ f ∥}_{C^{2 α + β}} .

(14)

Let

λ > 0

and

(x_{1}, x_{2}) \in R_{+}^{2}

be fixed. Using equation (10), we can write

\begin{aligned} λ^{α} A {(A + λ)}^{- 1} [\frac{f (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) - f (x_{1}, x_{2})}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}}] \\ = \frac{λ^{α}}{λ + 1} [\frac{f (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) - f (x_{1}, x_{2})}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}}] \\ + λ^{α + 1} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} G (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h, p, s; λ) [\frac{f (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) - f (p, s)}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}}] d s d p \\ - λ^{α + 1} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} G (x_{1}, x_{2}, p, s; λ) [\frac{f (x_{1}, x_{2}) - f (p, s)}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}}] d s d p . \end{aligned}

(15)

Now, we will estimate the right-hand side of equation (15). We consider two cases

τ^{2} + h^{2} < 1

and

τ^{2} + h^{2} \geq 1

, respectively. Let us first assume that

τ^{2} + h^{2} < 1

. Furthermore, this situation will be considered in two cases:

(1 + λ) (τ^{2} + h^{2}) \geq 1

and

(1 + λ) (τ^{2} + h^{2}) \leq 1

. Let

(1 + λ) (τ^{2} + h^{2}) \geq 1

. From equation (15), the triangle inequality, the definition of

C^{2 α + β}

-norm, the assumptions

τ^{2} + h^{2} < 1

and

(1 + λ) (τ^{2} + h^{2}) \geq 1

, it follows that

\begin{aligned} | λ^{α} A {(A + λ)}^{- 1} [\frac{f (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) - f (x_{1}, x_{2})}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}}] | \\ \leq M_{13} {∥ f ∥}_{C^{2 α + β}} [\frac{λ^{α}}{(1 + λ) {(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}} \\ + \frac{λ^{α + 1}}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} | G (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h, p, s; λ) | \\ \times {(| x_{1} + τ - p |^{2} + | x_{2} + h - s |^{2})}^{α + β / 2} d s d p \\ + \frac{λ^{α + 1}}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} | G (x_{1}, x_{2}, p, s; λ) | {(| x_{1} - p |^{2} + | x_{2} - s |^{2})}^{α + β / 2} d s d p] \\ = M_{13} {∥ f ∥}_{C^{2 α + β}} [J_{1} + J_{2} + J_{3}] . \end{aligned}

(16)

We will estimate $J_{i}$ , $i = 1, 2, 3$ , separately.

First, let us estimate

J_{1}

. Clearly, by the assumption

(1 + λ) (τ^{2} + h^{2}) \geq 1

, we have

J_{1} \leq 1 .

(17)

From estimates (3), (11), (12), and the assumption

(1 + λ) (τ^{2} + h^{2}) \geq 1

, it follows that

\begin{aligned} J_{2} \leq & M_{14} \frac{λ^{α + 1}}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} e^{- a {(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} + τ - p | + | x_{2} + h - s |)} \\ \times (1 + ln {1 + {({(λ + 1)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} + τ - p | + | x_{2} + h - s |))}^{- 1}}) \\ \times {(| x_{1} + τ - p |^{2} + | x_{2} + h - s |^{2})}^{α + β / 2} d s d p \\ \leq & M_{15} (a) \frac{λ^{α + 1}}{{(1 + λ)}^{1 + α + β / 2} {(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}} \leq M_{15} (a) . \end{aligned}

(18)

Estimates (3), (11), (12), and the assumption

(1 + λ) (τ^{2} + h^{2}) \geq 1

yield that

\begin{aligned} J_{3} \leq & M_{16} \frac{λ^{α + 1}}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} e^{- a {(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} - p | + | x_{2} - s |)} \\ \times (1 + ln {1 + {({(λ + 1)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} - p | + | x_{2} - s |))}^{- 1}}) {(| x_{1} - p |^{2} + | x_{2} - s |^{2})}^{α + β / 2} d s d p \\ \leq & \frac{M_{17} (a) λ^{α + 1}}{{(1 + λ)}^{1 + α + β / 2} {(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}} \leq M_{17} (a) . \end{aligned}

(19)

Combining estimates (17)-(19), we get

| λ^{α} A {(A + λ)}^{- 1} [\frac{f (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) - f (x_{1}, x_{2})}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}}] | \leq M_{18} (a) {∥ f ∥}_{C^{2 α + β}} .

(20)

Now, let us consider the case

(1 + λ) (τ^{2} + h^{2}) \leq 1

. Then, using equation (10), we can write

\begin{aligned} λ^{α} A {(A + λ)}^{- 1} [\frac{f (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) - f (x_{1}, x_{2})}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}}] \\ = \frac{λ^{α}}{λ + 1} [\frac{f (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) - f (x_{1}, x_{2})}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}}] \\ + λ^{α + 1} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} G (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h, p, s; λ) [\frac{f (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) - f (x_{1}, x_{2})}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}}] d s d p \\ + λ^{α + 1} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} [G (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h, p, s; λ) - G (x_{1}, x_{2}, p, s; λ)] \\ \times [\frac{f (x_{1}, x_{2}) - f (p, s)}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}}] d s d p . \end{aligned}

(21)

From equation (21), the triangle inequality, the Lagrange theorem, the definition of

C^{2 α + β}

-norm, and the assumption

τ^{2} + h^{2} < 1

, it follows that for some

x_{1}^{*}

between

x_{1}

,

x_{2} + τ

, and

x_{2}^{*}

between

x_{2}

,

x_{2} + h

,

\begin{aligned} | λ^{α} A {(A + λ)}^{- 1} [\frac{f (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) - f (x_{1}, x_{2})}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}}] | \\ \leq M_{19} {∥ f ∥}_{C^{2 α + β}} [\frac{λ^{α}}{λ + 1} {(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{α} + λ^{α + 1} {(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{α} \\ \times \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} | G (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h, p, s; λ) | d s d p \\ + \frac{λ^{α + 1} τ}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} | G_{x_{1}} (x_{1}^{*}, x_{2}^{*}, p, s; λ) | {(| x_{1} - p |^{2} + | x_{2} - s |^{2})}^{α + β / 2} d s d p \\ + \frac{λ^{α + 1} h}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} | G_{x_{2}} (x_{1}^{*}, x_{2}^{*}, p, s; λ) | {(| x_{1} - p |^{2} + | x_{2} - s |^{2})}^{α + β / 2} d s d p] \\ = M_{19} {∥ f ∥}_{C^{2 α + β}} [L_{1} + L_{2} + L_{3} + L_{4}] . \end{aligned}

We will estimate

L_{i}

,

i = 1, \dots, 4

, separately. Let us start with

L_{1}

. Clearly, we have

L_{1} \leq 1 .

(22)

Using estimates (3), (4), (11), (12), we obtain

\begin{aligned} L_{2} \leq & M_{20} λ \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} e^{- a {(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} + τ - p | + | x_{2} + h - s |)} \\ \times (1 + ln {1 + {({(λ + 1)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} + τ - p | + | x_{2} + h - s |))}^{- 1}}) d s d p \leq M . \end{aligned}

(23)

Note that by the triangle inequality and the fact that

x_{1}^{*}

between

x_{1}

,

x_{1} + τ

, we get

| x_{1}^{*} - p | \geq | x_{1} - p | - | x_{1}^{*} - x_{1} | \geq | x_{1} - p | - τ,

(24)

| x_{2}^{*} - s | \geq | x_{2} - s | - | x_{2}^{*} - x_{2} | \geq | x_{2} - s | - h .

(25)

By inequalities (11), (12), estimates (4), (24), (25), and Hilbert’s inequality, we have

\begin{aligned} L_{3} \leq & M_{21} \frac{λ^{α + 1} τ}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} \frac{e^{- a {(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1}^{*} - p | + | x_{2}^{*} - s |)}}{| x_{1}^{*} - p | + | x_{2}^{*} - s |} {(| x_{1} - p | + | x_{2} - s |)}^{2 α + β} d s d p \\ \leq & M_{22} \frac{λ^{α + 1} τ}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} e^{- a {(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1}^{*} - p | + | x_{2}^{*} - s |)} {(| x_{1}^{*} - p | + | x_{2}^{*} - s |)}^{2 α + β - 1} d s d p \\ + M_{22} \frac{λ^{α + 1} τ}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} e^{- a {(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1}^{*} - p | + | x_{2}^{*} - s |)} \\ \times {(| x_{1}^{*} - p | + | x_{2}^{*} - s |)}^{- 1} {(τ + h)}^{2 α + β} d s d p \\ \leq & M_{23} (a) [\frac{λ^{α + 1} τ}{{(1 + λ)}^{1 + α + β / 2} {(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}} + \frac{λ^{α + 1} τ {(τ + h)}^{2 α + β}}{(1 + λ) {(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}}] \leq M_{24} (a) . \end{aligned}

(26)

Similarly, we get

L_{4} \leq M_{24} (a) .

(27)

Combining estimates (22), (23), (26), (27), we obtain that for

τ^{2} + h^{2} < 1

,

{(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (τ^{2} + h^{2}) \leq 1

,

| λ^{α} A {(A + λ)}^{- 1} [\frac{f (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) - f (x_{1}, x_{2})}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}}] | \leq M_{25} (a) {∥ f ∥}_{C^{2 α + β}} .

(28)

It follows from estimates (20) and (28) that for

τ^{2} + h^{2} < 1

,

λ > 0

,

| λ^{α} A {(A + λ)}^{- 1} [\frac{f (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) - f (x_{1}, x_{2})}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}}] | \leq M_{26} (a) {∥ f ∥}_{C^{2 α + β}} .

(29)

Next, let us assume that

τ^{2} + h^{2} \geq 1

. By equation (10), we have

\begin{aligned} λ^{α} A {(A + λ)}^{- 1} [\frac{f (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) - f (x_{1}, x_{2})}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}}] \\ = \frac{λ^{α}}{λ + 1} [\frac{f (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) - f (x_{1}, x_{2})}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}}] \\ + λ^{α + 1} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} G (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h, p, s; λ) [\frac{f (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) - f (p, s)}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}}] d s d p \\ - λ^{α + 1} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} G (x_{1}, x_{2}, p, s; λ) [\frac{f (x_{1}, x_{2}) - f (p, s)}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}}] d s d p . \end{aligned}

(30)

Equation (30), estimates (3), (11), Hilbert’s inequality, the triangle inequality, the definition of

C^{2 α + β}

-norm, and the assumption

τ^{2} + h^{2} \geq 1

yield that for

λ > 0

,

\begin{aligned} | λ^{α} A {(A + λ)}^{- 1} [\frac{f (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) - f (x_{1}, x_{2})}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}}] | \\ \leq M_{27} {∥ f ∥}_{C^{2 α + β}} [1 + λ^{α + 1} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} | G (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h, p, s; λ) | \\ \times {(| x_{1} + τ - p |^{2} + | x_{2} + h - s |^{2})}^{α + β / 2} d s d p \\ + λ^{α + 1} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} | G (x_{1}, x_{2}, p, s; λ) | {(| x_{1} - p |^{2} + | x_{2} - s |^{2})}^{α + β / 2} d s d p \\ \leq M_{28} (a) {∥ f ∥}_{C^{2 α + β}} [1 + \frac{λ^{α + 1}}{{(1 + λ)}^{1 + α + β / 2}} + \frac{λ^{α + 1}}{{(1 + λ)}^{1 + α + β / 2}}] \\ \leq M_{29} (a) {∥ f ∥}_{C^{2 α + β}} . \end{aligned}

(31)

From estimates (29) and (31) it follows that

\begin{aligned} sup_{λ > 0} \underset{(τ, h) \neq (0, 0)}{sup_{(x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h), (x_{1}, x_{2}) \in R_{+}^{2}}} | λ^{α} A {(A + λ)}^{- 1} [\frac{f (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) - f (x_{1}, x_{2})}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{β / 2}}] | \\ \leq M_{30} (a) {∥ f ∥}_{C^{2 α + β}} . \end{aligned}

(32)

Combining estimates (14) and (32), we obtain

C^{2 α + β} (R_{+}^{2}) \subset E_{α} (A, C^{β} (R_{+}^{2})) .

Now, we will prove that

E_{α} = E_{α} (A, C^{β} (R_{+}^{2})) \subset C^{2 α + β} (R_{+}^{2})

. By Theorem 4, A is a positive operator in the Banach space

E_{α}

. Hence, for

V \in E_{α}

, we have

V = \int_{0}^{\infty} A {(λ + A)}^{- 2} V d λ .

(33)

Let

f \in E_{α}

. It follows from formula (2) and equation (33) that

\begin{aligned} f (x_{1}, x_{2}) & = \int_{0}^{\infty} A {(λ + A)}^{- 2} f (x_{1}, x_{2}) d λ \\ = \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} G (x_{1}, x_{2}, p, s; λ) A {(λ + A)}^{- 1} f (p, s) d s d p d λ . \end{aligned}

(34)

Using the triangle inequality, equation (34), estimate (3), and the definition of

E_{α}

-norm, we obtain

\begin{aligned} | f (x_{1}, x_{2}) | \leq & M_{31} {∥ f ∥}_{E_{α}} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} \frac{1}{λ^{α}} e^{- a {(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} - p | + | x_{2} - s |)} \\ \times (1 + ln {1 + {({(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} - p | + | x_{2} - s |))}^{- 1}}) d s d p d λ \\ \leq & M_{32} (a) {∥ f ∥}_{E_{α}} \int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{1}{λ^{α} (1 + λ)} d λ \leq \frac{M_{33} (a)}{α (1 - α)} {∥ f ∥}_{E_{α}} . \end{aligned}

Thus,

sup_{(x_{1}, x_{2}) \in R_{+}^{2}} | f (x_{1}, x_{2}) | \leq \frac{M_{33} (a)}{α (1 - α)} {∥ f ∥}_{E_{α}} .

(35)

Let

(x_{1}, x_{2}) \in R_{+}^{2}

be fixed. From equation (34) it follows that

\begin{aligned} \frac{f (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) - f (x_{1}, x_{2})}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{α + β / 2}} \\ = \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} \frac{G (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h, p, s; λ)}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{α + β / 2} λ^{α}} λ^{α} A {(A + λ)}^{- 1} \\ \times (f (p, s) - f (x_{1}, x_{2})) d s d p d λ \\ - \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} \frac{G (x_{1}, x_{2}, p, s; λ)}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{α + β / 2} λ^{α}} λ^{α} A {(A + λ)}^{- 1} (f (p, s) - f (x_{1}, x_{2})) d s d p d λ . \end{aligned}

(36)

Now, we will estimate the right-hand side of equation (36). We consider two cases

τ^{2} + h^{2} < 1

and

τ^{2} + h^{2} \geq 1

. Let us first assume that

τ^{2} + h^{2} < 1

. By equation (36), the triangle inequality, the Lagrange theorem, the definition of

E_{α}

-norm, and the assumption

τ^{2} + h^{2} < 1

, we have, for some

x_{1}^{*}

between

x_{1}

,

x_{1} + τ

, and

x_{2}^{*}

between

x_{2}

,

x_{2} + h

, that

\begin{aligned} | \frac{f (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) - f (x_{1}, x_{2})}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{α + β / 2}} | \\ \leq M_{34} {∥ f ∥}_{E_{α}} [\int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} [\frac{| G (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h, p, s; λ) - G (x_{1}, x_{2}, p, s; λ) |}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{α + β / 2} λ^{α}}] \\ \times {(| x_{1} - p |^{2} + | x_{2} - s |^{2})}^{β / 2} d s d p d λ \\ + \int_{1}^{1 / (τ^{2} + h^{2})} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} [\frac{| G (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h, p, s; λ) - G (x_{1}, x_{2}, p, s; λ) |}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{α + β / 2} λ^{α}}] \\ \times {(| x_{1} - p |^{2} + | x_{2} - s |^{2})}^{β / 2} d s d p d λ \\ + \int_{1 / (τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} [\frac{| G (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h, p, s; λ) - G (x_{1}, x_{2}, p, s; λ) |}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{α + β / 2} λ^{α}}] \\ \times {(| x_{1} - p |^{2} + | x_{2} - s |^{2})}^{β / 2} d s d p d λ] \\ = M_{34} {∥ f ∥}_{E_{α}} [I_{1} + I_{2} + I_{3}] . \end{aligned}

We will estimate

I_{i}

,

i = 1, 2, 3

, separately. Using the triangle inequality, estimates (4), (11), (25), (24), (12), the Lagrange theorem, and the assumption

τ^{2} + h^{2} < 1

, we obtain

\begin{aligned} I_{1} \leq & M_{35} [\int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} [\frac{τ | G_{x_{1}} (x_{1}^{*}, x_{2}^{*}, p, s; λ) | + h | G_{x_{2}} (x_{1}^{*}, x_{2}^{*}, p, s; λ) |}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{α + β / 2} λ^{α}}] \\ \times {(| x_{1} - p |^{2} + | x_{2} - s |^{2})}^{β / 2} d s d p d λ] \\ \leq & \int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} [\frac{e^{- a {(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1}^{*} - p | + | x_{2}^{*} - s |)}}{(| x_{1}^{*} - p | + | x_{2}^{*} - s |) λ^{α}}] {(| x_{1} - p |^{2} + | x_{2} - s |^{2})}^{β / 2} d s d p d λ \\ \leq & M_{36} [\int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} \frac{e^{- a {(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1}^{*} - p | + | x_{2}^{*} - s |)} {(| x_{1}^{*} - p | + | x_{2}^{*} - s |)}^{β}}{λ^{α} (| x_{1}^{*} - p | + | x_{2}^{*} - s |)} d s d p d λ \\ + \int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} \frac{e^{- a {(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1}^{*} - p | + | x_{2}^{*} - s |)} {(τ + h)}^{β}}{λ^{α} (| x_{1}^{*} - p | + | x_{2}^{*} - s |)} d s d p d λ] \\ \leq & M_{37} (a) [\int_{0}^{1} \frac{1}{λ^{α + β / 2 + 1 / 2}} d λ + \int_{0}^{1} \frac{1}{λ^{α + 1 / 2}} d λ] \\ \leq & M_{38} (a) . \end{aligned}

From the triangle inequality, estimates (4), (11), (12), (24), (25), the Lagrange theorem, and the assumption

τ^{2} + h^{2} < 1

, it follows that

\begin{aligned} I_{2} \leq & M_{39} [\int_{1}^{1 / (τ^{2} + h^{2})} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} [\frac{τ | G_{x_{1}} (x_{1}^{*}, x_{2}^{*}, p, s; λ) | + h | G_{x_{2}} (x_{1}^{*}, x_{2}^{*}, p, s; λ) |}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{α + β / 2} λ^{α}}] \\ \times {(| x_{1} - p |^{2} + | x_{2} - s |^{2})}^{β / 2} d s d p d λ] \\ \leq & M_{40} [\int_{1}^{1 / (τ^{2} + h^{2})} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} \frac{(τ + h) e^{- a {(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1}^{*} - p | + | x_{2}^{*} - s |)} {(| x_{1} - p | + | x_{2} - s |)}^{β}}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{α + β / 2} λ^{α} (| x_{1}^{*} - p | + | x_{2}^{*} - s |)} d s d p d λ] \\ \leq & M_{41} [\int_{1}^{1 / (τ^{2} + h^{2})} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} \frac{(τ + h) e^{- a {(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1}^{*} - p | + | x_{2}^{*} - s |)} {(| x_{1}^{*} - p | + | x_{2}^{*} - s |)}^{β}}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{α + β / 2} λ^{α} (| x_{1}^{*} - p | + | x_{2}^{*} - s |)} d s d p d λ \\ + \int_{1}^{1 / (τ^{2} + h^{2})} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} \frac{(τ + h) e^{- a {(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1}^{*} - p | + | x_{2}^{*} - s |)} {(τ + h)}^{β}}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{α + β / 2} λ^{α} (| x_{1}^{*} - p | + | x_{2}^{*} - s |)} d s d p d λ] \\ \leq & M_{42} (a) [\int_{1}^{1 / (τ^{2} + h^{2})} \frac{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{1 / 2}}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{α + β / 2} λ^{α + β / 2 + 1 / 2}} d λ + \int_{1}^{1 / (τ^{2} + h^{2})} \frac{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{1 / 2 + β / 2}}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{α + β / 2} λ^{α + 1 / 2}} d λ] \\ \leq & M_{43} (a) . \end{aligned}

Using the triangle inequality, estimates (3), (24), (25), (12), (11), the assumption

τ^{2} + h^{2} < 1

, and the following estimate

\begin{matrix} | x_{1} - p | = | x_{1} - p + τ - τ | \leq | x_{1} - p + τ | + τ, \\ | x_{2} - s | = | x_{2} - s + h - h | \leq | x_{2} - s + h | + h, \end{matrix}

we obtain

\begin{aligned} I_{3} \leq & M_{44} [\int_{1 / (τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} \frac{e^{- a {(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} + τ - p | + | x_{2} + h - s |)}}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{α + β / 2} λ^{α}} \\ \times (1 + ln {1 + {({(λ + 1)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} + τ - p | + | x_{2} + h - s |))}^{- 1}}) \\ \times {(| x_{1} - p + τ | + | x_{2} - s + h | + τ + h)}^{β} d s d p d λ \\ + \int_{1 / (τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} (e^{- a {(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} - p | + | x_{2} - s |)} \\ \times (1 + ln {1 + {({(λ + 1)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} - p | + | x_{2} - s |))}^{- 1}})) / ({(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{α + β / 2} λ^{α}) \\ \times {(| x_{1} - p |^{2} + | x_{2} - s |^{2})}^{β / 2} d s d p d λ] \\ \leq & M_{45} (a) [\int_{1 / (τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{\infty} \frac{1}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{α + β / 2} λ^{α + β / 2 + 1}} d λ + \int_{1 / (τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{\infty} \frac{τ + h}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{α + β / 2} λ^{α + 1}} d λ] \\ \leq & M_{46} (a) . \end{aligned}

Thus, for

τ^{2} + h^{2} < 1

, we have

| \frac{f (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) - f (x_{1}, x_{2})}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{α + β / 2}} | \leq M_{47} (a) {∥ f ∥}_{E_{α}} .

(37)

Next, let us assume that

τ^{2} + h^{2} \geq 1

. Using formula (36), estimate (3), the triangle inequality, Hilbert’s inequality, and the assumption

τ^{2} + h^{2} \geq 1

, we get

\begin{aligned} | \frac{f (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) - f (x_{1}, x_{2})}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{α + β / 2}} | \\ \leq \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} \frac{| G (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h, p, s; λ) |}{λ^{α}} | λ^{α} A {(A + λ)}^{- 1} f (p, s) | d s d p d λ \\ + \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} \frac{| G (x_{1}, x_{2}, p, s; λ) |}{λ^{α}} | λ^{α} A {(A + λ)}^{- 1} f (p, s) | d s d p d λ \\ \leq M_{48} {∥ f ∥}_{E_{α}} [\int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} \frac{1}{λ^{α}} e^{- a {(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} + τ - p | + | x_{2} + h - s |)} \\ \times (1 + ln {1 + {({(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} + τ - p | + | x_{2} + h - s |))}^{- 1}}) d s d p d λ \\ + \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} \frac{1}{λ^{α}} e^{- a {(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} - p | + | x_{2} - s |)} \\ \times (1 + ln {1 + {({(1 + λ)}^{1 / 2} (| x_{1} - p | + | x_{2} - s |))}^{- 1}}) d s d p d λ] \\ \leq M_{49} (a) {∥ f ∥}_{E_{α}} \int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{1}{λ^{α} (1 + λ)} d λ \leq \frac{M_{50} (a)}{α (1 - α)} {∥ f ∥}_{E_{α}} . \end{aligned}

Hence, for

τ^{2} + h^{2} \geq 1

, we obtain

| \frac{f (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) - f (t, x)}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{α + β / 2}} | \leq \frac{M_{50} (a)}{α (1 - α)} {∥ f ∥}_{E_{α}} .

(38)

Combining estimates (37) and (38), we get

sup_{λ > 0} \underset{(τ, h) \neq (0, 0)}{sup_{(x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h), (x_{1}, x_{2}) \in R_{+}^{2}}} | \frac{f (x_{1} + τ, x_{2} + h) - f (x_{1}, x_{2})}{{(τ^{2} + h^{2})}^{α + β / 2}} | \leq \frac{M_{51} (a)}{α (1 - α)} {∥ f ∥}_{E_{α}} .

(39)

Estimates (35) and (39) yield that

E_{α} = E_{α} (A, C^{β} (R_{+}^{2})) \subset C^{2 α + β} (R_{+}^{2}) .

This is the end of the proof of Theorem 5. □

4 Applications

In this section, we consider some applications of Theorem 5. First, we consider the boundary value problem for the elliptic equation

{\begin{matrix} - \frac{\partial^{2} u (y, x_{1}, x_{2})}{\partial y^{2}} - a_{11} (x_{1}, x_{2}) \frac{\partial^{2} u (y, x_{1}, x_{2})}{\partial x_{1}^{2}} - a_{22} (x_{1}, x_{2}) \frac{\partial^{2} u (y, x_{1}, x_{2})}{\partial x_{2}^{2}} + σ u (y, x_{1}, x_{2}) \\ = f (y, x_{1}, x_{2}), 0 < y < T, x_{1} \in R^{+}, x_{2} \in R, \\ u (0, x_{1}, x_{2}) = φ (x_{1}, x_{2}), u (T, x_{1}, x_{2}) = ψ (x_{1}, x_{2}), x_{1} \in R^{+}, x_{2} \in R, \\ u (y, 0, x_{2}) = 0, 0 \leq y \leq T, x_{2} \in R . \end{matrix}

(40)

Here,

a_{11} (x_{1}, x_{2})

,

a_{22} (x_{1}, x_{2})

,

φ (x_{1}, x_{2})

,

ψ (x_{1}, x_{2})

, and

f (y, x_{1}, x_{2})

are given smooth functions and they satisfy every compatibility condition and

a_{11}^{2} (x_{1}, x_{2}) + a_{22}^{2} (x_{1}, x_{2}) \geq δ > 0,

(41)

and $σ > 0$ , which guarantees that problem (40) has a smooth solution $u (y, x_{1}, x_{2})$ .

Theorem 6 For the solution of boundary value problem (40), we have the following estimate:

\begin{aligned} {∥ u_{y y} ∥}_{C (C^{2 α + β} (R_{+}^{2}))} + {∥ u_{x_{1} x_{1}} ∥}_{C (C^{2 α + β} (R_{+}^{2}))} + {∥ u_{x_{2} x_{2}} ∥}_{C (C^{2 α + β} (R_{+}^{2}))} \\ \leq M (α, β) [{∥ φ_{x_{1} x_{1}} ∥}_{C^{2 α + β} (R_{+}^{2})} + {∥ φ_{x_{2} x_{2}} ∥}_{C^{2 α + β} (R_{+}^{2})} + {∥ ψ_{x_{1} x_{1}} ∥}_{C^{2 α + β} (R_{+}^{2})} \\ + {∥ ψ_{x_{2} x_{2}} ∥}_{C^{2 α + β} (R_{+}^{2})} + {∥ f ∥}_{C (C^{2 α + β} (R_{+}^{2}))}], \end{aligned}

where $M (α, β)$ is independent of φ, ψ, and f.

Proof We introduce the Banach space

C ([0, T], E)

of all continuous abstract functions

u (y)

defined on

[0, T]

with values in E, equipped with the norm

{∥ u ∥}_{C ([0, T], E)} = max_{0 \leq y \leq T} {∥ u (y) ∥}_{E} .

Note that problem (40) can be written in the form of the abstract boundary value problem

- \frac{d^{2} u (y)}{d y^{2}} + A u (y) = f (y), 0 < y < T, u (0) = φ, u (T) = ψ

(42)

in a Banach space $E = C (R_{+}^{2})$ with a positive operator A defined by (1). Here $f (y) = f (y, x_{1}, x_{2})$ is the given abstract function defined on $[0, T]$ with values in E, $φ = φ (x_{1}, x_{2})$ , $ψ = ψ (x_{1}, x_{2})$ are elements of $D (A)$ . Therefore, the proof of Theorem 6 is based on Theorem 5 on the structure of the fractional spaces $E_{α} (A, C^{β} (R_{+}^{2}))$ , Theorem 4 on the positivity of the operator A, on the following theorems on coercive stability of elliptic problems, nonlocal boundary value for the abstract elliptic equation and on the structure of the fractional space $E_{α}^{'} = E_{α} (A^{1 / 2}, E)$ . This is the end of the proof of Theorem 6. □

Theorem 7 Under assumption (41) for the solution of elliptic problem

{\begin{matrix} - a_{11} (x_{1}, x_{2}) \frac{\partial^{2} u (x_{1}, x_{2})}{\partial x_{1}^{2}} - a_{22} (x_{1}, x_{2}) \frac{\partial^{2} u (x_{1}, x_{2})}{\partial x_{2}^{2}} + σ u (x_{1}, x_{2}) = g (x_{1}, x_{2}), \\ x_{1} \in R^{+}, x_{2} \in R, \\ u (0, x_{2}) = 0, x_{2} \in R, \end{matrix}

the following coercive inequality holds:

{∥ \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x_{1}^{2}} ∥}_{C^{μ} (R_{+}^{2})} + {∥ \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x_{2}^{2}} ∥}_{C^{μ} (R_{+}^{2})} \leq M (μ) {∥ g ∥}_{C^{μ} (R_{+}^{2})},

where $M (μ)$ ( $0 < μ < 1$ ) does not depend on g.

The proof of Theorem 7 uses the techniques introduced in [[5], Chapter 5] and it is based on estimates (3) and (4).

Theorem 8 ([[5], Theorem 5.2.48])

The spaces $E_{α} (A, E)$ and $E_{2 α}^{'} (A^{1 / 2}, E)$ coincide for any $0 < α < \frac{1}{2}$ , and their norms are equivalent.

Theorem 9 ([[28], Theorem 3.1])

Let A be a positive operator in a Banach space E and

f \in C ([0, T], E_{α}^{'})

(

0 < α < 1

). Then, for the solution of nonlocal boundary value problem (42), the coercive inequality

\begin{aligned} {∥ u^{″} ∥}_{C ([0, T], E_{α}^{'})} + {∥ A u ∥}_{C ([0, T], E_{α}^{'})} \\ \leq M [{∥ A φ ∥}_{E_{α}^{'}} + {∥ A ψ ∥}_{E_{α}^{'}} + \frac{M}{α (1 - α)} {∥ f ∥}_{C ([0, T], E_{α}^{'})}] \end{aligned}

holds, where M does not depend on α, φ, ψ, and f.

Second, we consider the nonlocal boundary value problem for the elliptic equation under assumption (41)

{\begin{matrix} - \frac{\partial^{2} u (y, x_{1}, x_{2})}{\partial y^{2}} - a_{11} (x_{1}, x_{2}) \frac{\partial^{2} u (y, x_{1}, x_{2})}{\partial x_{1}^{2}} - a_{22} (x_{1}, x_{2}) \frac{\partial^{2} u (y, x_{1}, x_{2})}{\partial x_{2}^{2}} + σ u (y, x_{1}, x_{2}) \\ = f (y, x_{1}, x_{2}), 0 < y < T, x_{1} \in R^{+}, x_{2} \in R, \\ u (0, x_{1}, x_{2}) = u (T, x_{1}, x_{2}), u_{y} (0, x_{1}, x_{2}) = u_{y} (T, x_{1}, x_{2}), x_{1} \in R^{+}, x_{2} \in R, \\ u (y, 0, x_{2}) = 0, 0 \leq y \leq T, x_{2} \in R . \end{matrix}

(43)

Here, $a_{11} (x_{1}, x_{2})$ , $a_{22} (x_{1}, x_{2})$ , and $f (y, x_{1}, x_{2})$ are given smooth functions and they satisfy every compatibility condition and (41), which guarantees that problem (43) has a smooth solution $u (y, x_{1}, x_{2})$ .

Theorem 10 For the solution of initial boundary value problem (43), we have the following estimate:

\begin{aligned} {∥ u_{y y} ∥}_{C (C^{2 α + β} (R_{+}^{2}))} + {∥ u_{x_{1} x_{1}} ∥}_{C (C^{2 α + β} (R_{+}^{2}))} + {∥ u_{x_{2} x_{2}} ∥}_{C (C^{2 α + β} (R_{+}^{2}))} \\ \leq M (α, β) {∥ f ∥}_{C (C^{2 α + β} (R_{+}^{2}))}, \end{aligned}

where $M (α, β)$ is independent of f.

The proof of Theorem 10 is based on Theorem 5 on the structure of the fractional spaces $E_{α} (A, C^{β} (R_{+}^{2}))$ , Theorem 4 on the positivity of the operator A, Theorem 7 on coercive stability of the elliptic problem, Theorem 8 on the structure of the fractional space $E_{α}^{'} = E_{α} (A^{1 / 2}, E)$ , and the following theorem on coercive stability of the nonlocal boundary value for the abstract elliptic equation.

Theorem 11 ([[28], Theorem 3.1])

Let A be a positive operator in a Banach space E and

f \in C ([0, T], E_{α}^{'})

(

0 < α < 1

). Then, for the solution of nonlocal boundary value problem (40)

{\begin{matrix} - u^{″} (y) + A u (y) = f (y), 0 < y < T, \\ u (0) = u (T), u^{'} (0) = u^{'} (T) \end{matrix}

in a Banach space E with a positive operator A, the coercive inequality

{∥ u^{″} ∥}_{C ([0, T], E_{α}^{'})} + {∥ A u ∥}_{C ([0, T], E_{α}^{'})} \leq \frac{M}{α (1 - α)} {∥ f ∥}_{C ([0, T], E_{α}^{'})}

holds, where M does not depend on α and f.

5 Conclusion

In the present article, the structure of the fractional spaces

E_{α} (A, C^{β} (R_{+}^{2}))

generated by the two-dimensional elliptic differential operator A is investigated. The positivity of this operator A in a Hölder space is established. Of course, the Banach fixed point theorem and the method of the present paper enable us to establish the existence and uniqueness results which hold under some sufficient conditions on the nonlinear term for the solution of the mixed problem

{\begin{matrix} - \frac{\partial^{2} u (y, x_{1}, x_{2})}{\partial y^{2}} - a_{11} (x_{1}, x_{2}) \frac{\partial^{2} u (y, x_{1}, x_{2})}{\partial x_{1}^{2}} - a_{22} (x_{1}, x_{2}) \frac{\partial^{2} u (y, x_{1}, x_{2})}{\partial x_{2}^{2}} + σ u (y, x_{1}, x_{2}) \\ = f (y, x_{1}, x_{2}, u, u_{x_{1}}, u_{x_{2}}, u_{y}), 0 < y < T, x_{1} \in R^{+}, x_{2} \in R, \\ u (0, x_{1}, x_{2}) = φ (x_{1}, x_{2}), u (T, x_{1}, x_{2}) = ψ (x_{1}, x_{2}), x_{1} \in R^{+}, x_{2} \in R, \\ u (y, 0, x_{2}) = 0, 0 < y < T, x_{2} \in R . \end{matrix}

Notes

Declarations

Acknowledgements

Some of the results of the present article were announced in the conference proceeding [11] as an extended abstract without proofs. The authors would like to thank Prof. Pavel Sobolevskii (Universidade Federal do Ceará, Brasil). The second author would also like to thank The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBİTAK) for the financial support.

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)

Department of Mathematics, Fatih University

(2)

Department of Mathematics, ITTU

(3)

Fen Fakultesi, Matematik Bolumu, Hacettepe Universitesi

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Copyright

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The structure of fractional spaces generated by a two-dimensional elliptic differential operator and its applications

Abstract

Keywords

1 Introduction

2 Positivity of A in Hölder spaces C β ( R + 2 )

3 The structure of fractional spaces E α ( A , C β ( R + 2 ) )

4 Applications

5 Conclusion

Notes

Declarations

Acknowledgements

Authors’ Affiliations

References

Copyright

2 Positivity of A in Hölder spaces $C^{β} (R_{+}^{2})$

3 The structure of fractional spaces $E_{α} (A, C^{β} (R_{+}^{2}))$