- Research
- Open Access
- Published:
Positive solutions for elastic beam equations with nonlinear boundary conditions and a parameter
Boundary Value Problems volume 2014, Article number: 80 (2014)
Abstract
This paper is concerned with the existence, nonexistence, and uniqueness of convex monotone positive solutions of elastic beam equations with a parameter λ. The boundary conditions mean that the beam is fixed at one end and attached to a bearing device or freed at the other end. By using fixed point theorem of cone expansion, we show that there exists such that the beam equation has at least two, one, and no positive solutions for , and , respectively; furthermore, by using cone theory we establish some uniqueness criteria for positive solutions for the beam and show that such solution depends continuously on the parameter λ. In particular, we give an estimate for critical value of parameter λ.
MSC:34B18, 34B15.
1 Introduction and preliminaries
In this paper, we consider the following nonlinear fourth-order two-point boundary value problem (BVP) for elastic beam equation:
where is a parameter. Throughout this paper, we assume that , , . is called a positive solution of BVP (1) if x is a solution of BVP (1) and , . A convex monotone positive solution means convex nondecreasing positive solution.
Because of characterization of the deformation of the equilibrium state, fourth-order boundary value problems for elastic beam equations are extensively applied to mechanics and engineering; see [1–3]. Some nonlinear elastic beam equations have been studied extensively. For a small sample of such work, we refer the reader to the work of Bai and Wang [4], Bai [5], Bonanno and Bellaa [6], Li [7], Liu and Li [8], Liu [9], Ma and Xu [10], and Ma and Thompson [11] on an elastic beam whose two ends are simply supported, the works of Yang [12] and Zhang [13] on an elastic beam of which one end is embedded and another end is fastened with a sliding clamp, and the work of Graef et al. [14] on multipoint boundary value problems.
BVP (1) with is called a cantilever beam equation, it describes the deflection of the elastic beam fixed at the left end and free at the right end. Existence and multiplicity of positive solutions of cantilever beam problems without parameter have been studied by some authors; see Yao [15, 16] and references therein. BVP (1) with describes the deflection of the elastic beam fixed at the left end and attached to a bearing device given by the function −q at the right end. When the elastic beam equation does not contain parameter λ, the existence of multiple positive solutions and unique positive solution was presented in [17] by variational methods and in [18] by a fixed point theorem, respectively; monotone positive solutions were obtained by using the monotone iteration method in [19]. However, there are few papers concerned with positive solutions for BVP (1) with parameter, especially with the solution’s dependence on parameter λ in the existing literature. The aim of this paper is to show that the existence and number of convex monotone positive solutions of BVP (1) are affected by the parameter λ.
The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present that a nontrivial and nonnegative solution of BVP (1) is convex monotone positive solution. In Section 3, we obtain some results on the existence, multiplicity and nonexistence of positive solutions for BVP (1). These results show that the number of positive solutions for BVP (1) depends on the parameter λ. In Section 4, we establish some uniqueness criteria for positive solutions for BVP (1) and show that such a positive solution depends continuously on the parameter λ. In particular, we give an estimate for the critical value of the parameter λ.
In the rest of this section, we introduce some notations and known results. For the reader’s convenience, we suggest that one refer to [20–22], and [23] for details.
Let E be a real Banach space and θ denote the zero element of E. A nonempty closed convex set is called a cone of E if it satisfies (i) , ; (ii) , . E is partially ordered by the cone P, i.e., iff . A cone P is said to be normal if there exists a positive number N, called the normal constant of P, such that implies . For , , denote .
For all , the notation means that there exist and such that . Clearly, ∼ is an equivalence relation. Given (i.e., and ), we denote by the set . It is easy to see that .
Let . An operator is said to be increasing if for , . An element is called a fixed point of T if .
Lemma 1.1 (Fixed point theorem of cone expansion) [21, 22]
Assume that and are bounded open subsets of E with . Let be a completely continuous operator such that if and if . Then T has a fixed point in .
Lemma 1.2 [23]
Let P be a normal cone in E, be increasing and for all and , there exists such that . Then T has a unique fixed point in . Moreover, constructing successively the sequence () for any , we have .
2 Solutions
In what follows, set , the Banach space of all continuous functions on with the norm . . It is clear that P is a normal cone and its normality constant is 1.
From [18] and [19], it is evident that BVP (1) has an integral formulation given by
where
It is easy to see that and
Define operators by
Then , , and .
It is clear from (2) that solving BVP (1) is equivalent to finding fixed points of the operator . In particular, x is a fixed point of B iff x is a solution of the following BVP:
and x is a fixed point of λA iff x is a solution of the following cantilever beam problem:
Lemma 2.1 If satisfies
then
-
(i)
is nondecreasing in , moreover, , ;
-
(ii)
, , that is, is a convex function on .
Proof From (6), we have . Moreover, . So, . Thus, we complete the proof of the lemma. □
Now, let
then, it is easy to show that is also a cone in E, and if , then .
Lemma 2.2 , , .
Proof implies , so and . Moreover, for ,
By Lemma 2.1, is convex and nondecreasing in . From (3) and (4) we have
that is, for . Thus, we obtain . From the above proof, we can show that and . This ends the proof. □
Lemma 2.3
-
(i)
is a completely continuous operator;
-
(ii)
if is nondecreasing, then is a completely continuous operator.
Proof Similarly to the proof of Theorem 1 in [19], applying the Arzela-Ascoli Theorem, the proof can be completed. □
From the proof of Lemma 2.2 we can show the following result.
Theorem 2.4 If is a solution for BVP (1), then x is a convex monotone positive solution for BVP (1).
So, in the following sections, we only need to study solutions for BVP (1) in .
3 Existence and nonexistence results
It is obvious from Lemma 2.2 that if is a solution for BVP (1) then . So in this section, we will apply Lemma 1.1 to study the existence, multiplicity and nonexistence of solutions for BVP (1) in . It is reasonable that the domain of is restricted on K. The following conditions will be assumed:
(H1) is nondecreasing in for fixed ;
(H2) is nondecreasing in ;
(H3) ;
(H4) ;
(H5) ;
(H6) .
Set
and .
Lemma 3.1 Suppose that (H1)-(H3) hold. If , then .
Proof means that there exists such that . Therefore, for any , we have . Set , , . From (H1) and (H2) we obtain . By Lemma 2.3 and (H3), converges to a fixed point of in . Thus . This completes the proof. □
Let , , , and
Theorem 3.2 Suppose that (H1)-(H3) hold.
-
(i)
If (H4) holds, then has minimal and maximal fixed points in for . Moreover, there exists such that has at least one and has no fixed points in for and , respectively.
-
(ii)
If , , then when , there exists such that has at least one and no fixed points in for and , respectively; when , has at least one fixed point in for .
Proof (i) From (H1), (H3), and (H4) we have . For any , we obtain
Set , , , then from (H1) and (H2) we have
Lemma 2.3 implies that and converge to fixed points and of , respectively. From (8) it is evident that are the minimal fixed point and maximal fixed point of in , respectively. From the definition of we can complete the rest of the proof.
-
(ii)
For any , there exists such that and for , . Let and , then and
Similarly to the proof of Lemma 3.1, we can show . The conclusion (ii) follows from Lemma 3.1 and the definition of . This completes the proof of Theorem 3.2. □
Lemma 3.3 Suppose that (H1)-(H3) hold and that one of (H5) and (H6) holds. If Λ is nonempty, then
-
(i)
Λ is bounded from above, that is, ;
-
(ii)
.
Proof (i) Suppose to the contrary that there exists an increasing sequence such that . Set is a fixed point of , that is, . There are two cases to be considered.
Case 1. is bounded, that is, there exists a constant such that for . Hence, from (H1), (H3), and (4) we have
which is a contradiction.
Case 2. is unbounded, that is, there exists a subsequence of , still denoted by , such that .
When (H5) holds, take , there exists such that for , . Choose such that . Thus, , . Moreover, from (H1) and the definition of K, we have
which is a contradiction.
When (H6) holds, choose such that . There exists such that for . Choose such that , so
Moreover,
which is a contradiction.
Consequently, we find that Λ is bounded from above.
-
(ii)
By the definition of , there exists a nondecreasing sequence such that . Let be a fixed point of . Arguing similarly as above in case 2, we can show that is a bounded subset in K, that is, there exists a constant such that , ; on the other hand, note that
we see that is an equicontinuous subset in K. Consequently, by an application of the Arzela-Ascoli Theorem we conclude that is a relatively compact set in K. So, there exists a subsequence converging to . Note that
By taking the limit we have , that is, . The proof is complete. □
Theorem 3.4 Suppose that (H1)-(H4) hold and that one of (H5) and (H6) holds. Then, there exists a such that BVP (1) has at least two, one, and no positive solutions for , and , respectively.
Proof Theorem 3.2 implies , so . From Lemmas 3.1 and 3.3, we have . Therefore, from the definition of we only to prove that has at least two fixed points in for .
Now, given . Theorem 3.2 means that has at least one fixed point which satisfies .
Let . Note that for , so for with , i.e., , we have
When (H5) holds, take , there exists such that for , . Set . Then . If , we have
When (H6) holds, from the proof of Lemma 3.3 we can set . Then . If , we have .
Consequently, in virtue of Lemma 1.1 we find that has another fixed point with
Equation (9) implies that has no fixed points in . In conclusion, for , has at least two fixed points and in K with . The proof is complete. □
Remark 3.1 In the above results, we can replace (H5) with the following condition: there exists such that .
In the following, we give some sufficient conditions that BVP (1) has no positive solutions.
Theorem 3.5 Suppose that there exists a nonnegative integrable function such that , , and . Then BVP (1) has no positive solutions for .
Proof Assume to the contrary that is a solution of BVP (1), then , which is a contradiction. The proof is complete. □
Similarly to the proof of Theorem 3.5, we can easily obtain the following results.
Theorem 3.6 Suppose that there exist an integrable function and a number such that , , , and . Then BVP (1) has no positive solutions for .
Theorem 3.7 Suppose that , . Then BVP (1) has no positive solutions for .
Remark 3.2 When , BVP (1) becomes a cantilever beam problem (5). In this case, we can delete the conditions on q in Theorems 3.2, 3.4-3.6 and obtain the following corresponding results for BVP (5).
Suppose that (H1) and (H3) hold. Then BVP (5) has minimal and maximal solutions in for . Further, if , then there exists such that BVP (5) has at least one and has no positive solutions for and , respectively; if then BVP (5) has at least one positive solution for .
Suppose that (H1), (H3), and (H5) hold. Then and BVP (5) has at least two, one and has no positive solutions for , and , respectively.
Under the conditions in Theorem 3.5, BVP (5) has no positive solutions for .
Suppose that and satisfy the conditions in Theorem 3.6, then BVP (5) has no positive solutions for .
Remark 3.3 (i) We give an example to illustrate Theorem 3.2. Let , and
By straightforward calculations we see that , , , , , and . So the conditions in Theorem 3.2 are satisfied. Therefore, by Theorem 3.2 we find that there exists such that BVP (1) has minimal and maximal solutions in for , has at least one positive solution for and has no positive solutions for , where and .
We give another example to illustrate Theorem 3.4. Let , and
A straightforward calculation can show that , , , , and Therefore, the conditions (H1)-(H5) hold. Thus, by Theorem 3.4 we see that there exists such that BVP (1) has at least two, one, and no positive solutions for , , and , respectively.
-
(ii)
In Theorems 3.5-3.7, we do not require f and q to be monotone in x. For example, let and
Take , , then the conditions in Theorem 3.6 are satisfied and . So by Theorem 3.6 we find that BVP (1) has no positive solutions for .
4 Uniqueness and dependence on parameter
In this section, we will apply cone theory to further study the uniqueness of solution for BVP (1) in and the dependence of such a positive solution on the parameter λ. The following hypotheses are needed:
(H7) and for all and , there exists such that ;
(H8) and for , , ;
(H9) for all , and , there exists such that .
Remark 4.1 The inequalities in (H7), (H8), and (H9) are equivalent to the following inequalities, respectively:
Let and define as in Section 1. It is obvious that and if then and , .
Remark 4.2 (H2) and (H7) imply for . Moreover, for .
Remark 4.3 Let be a solution for BVP (1) in . If (H2) and (H7) hold, then . Indeed, from Theorem 2.4 we have . So Remark 4.2 implies . Note that
we conclude .
So, in this section, we only need to consider the unique solution for BVP (1) in .
Lemma 4.1 Assume that (H2) and (H7) hold. Then B has a unique fixed point in , moreover, constructing successively the sequence () for any initial value , we have .
Proof For any , we have , which means . For all , , from (H7) we have . Consequently, the conclusion follows from Lemma 1.2. This completes the proof. □
Lemma 4.2 Assume that (H1), (H2), (H7), and (H8) hold. Then
-
(i)
is an increasing operator;
-
(ii)
for any and , there exists such that ;
-
(iii)
for and , there exists such that
Proof The conclusion (i) follows from (H1), (H2), (H7), and (4).
The proof of (ii). For given , , from (H1) and (4) we have
Let
then and
The proof of (iii). For any , , from (10) and (11) we have
Moreover, from (H7) and (H8) we have
where . This completes the proof. □
Lemma 4.3 Assume that (H1), (H2), (H7), and (H8) hold. Then has a unique fixed point in iff there exists such that . Moreover, constructing successively the sequence () for any initial value , we have
Proof ‘⇒’ Let be a fixed point of in , i.e., . Taking , we obtain .
‘⇐’ By virtue of Lemma 4.1, B has a unique fixed point in . Moreover,
Now, we are going to prove
Let , then . Otherwise, , from Lemma 4.2 we have
By the definition of , we get a contradiction . Thus, (14) holds.
Set , , , . From (13) and (14) we have
Lemma 2.3 implies that and converge to fixed points and of , respectively. From (15), we have
To prove that has only one fixed point in , let
then
From (16)-(18) we infer that , which means that . We assert that . Otherwise, for , then by Lemma 4.2 we deduce that
By (17), we have , moreover, , which is a contradiction. So . Thus, by (16) and (18) we have
which means that is the unique fixed point of in .
Now, we prove that is the unique fixed point of in . By the above proof, we only need to show that does not have any fixed point in . If is a fixed point of in . Let
It is evident that . If , then . By Lemma 4.2 we have
Thus, from (19) we have , which is a contradiction. So . Moreover, , which implies the contradiction: and .
Finally, the iterative scheme and (12) can be proved in a similar way to the proof of Theorem 3.4 of [21], here it is omitted. The proof is complete. □
Theorem 4.4 Assume that (H1), (H2), (H7), and (H8) hold. Then there exists a such that BVP (1) has a unique solution in for and does not have any solution in for . Moreover, set () for any , then (12) holds.
Proof By Lemma 4.1, B has the unique fixed point in . So , moreover, . Let , we have
Set . Lemma 4.3 implies that
Similarly to the proof of Lemma 3.1, we can show that implies .
Now, take and let and , then and . By (H7), (H8), and (20), we have , that is, . Moreover, .
Let , then . We assert that . Indeed, if , from the definition of it is obvious that . Suppose that and . Then by (14) and (21) there exists such that . Similarly to the proof of (20), we have
Denote , then
Set for given , then . Since , we can choose such that . Therefore, from (22) we have
This means that , which is a contradiction to the definition of . So, . Consequently, an application of Lemma 4.3 completes the proof. □
In what follows, we assume that is the unique fixed point of B in , is the unique fixed point of in and .
Theorem 4.5 Assume that (H1), (H2), (H7), and (H8) hold. Then depends upon the parameter λ as follows:
-
(i)
is nondecreasing with respect to λ for ;
-
(ii)
is continuous with respect to λ for ;
-
(iii)
and .
Proof (i) Let with . Since , from the proof of Lemma 4.3, we find that the unique fixed of belongs to , which means that .
(ii)Let . In order to prove , let sequence satisfy
By virtue of the above conclusion (i) we have
which implies that is a bounded subset in P. Further, similarly to the proof of the conclusion (ii) in Lemma 3.3 we see that converges to . From (23) we have , which leads to . Note that
By taking the limit we have . Since has only one fixed point in , then . This means that as .
A similar argument can show that for any , as . Thus, the proof of (ii) is complete.
-
(iii)
It is obvious from the above conclusion (ii) that .
In order to finish the proof of , we consider two cases.
Case 1. .
Since , then , which means .
Case 2. .
By the above conclusion (i) we have . Suppose to the contrary that . Similarly to the case 2 in the proof of Lemma 3.3, we conclude that has a fixed point . From Remark 4.3 we have . So , which is a contradiction. This ends the proof. □
Now, we give an estimate for critical value in Theorem 4.4. If (H1) and (H8) hold, then
Moreover, .
Theorem 4.6 Assume that (H1), (H2), (H7), and (H8) hold. Then
Proof For any , there exists such that
Note that , we can choose a sufficiently large positive integer number k such that , that is,
Let , then, from (4), (25), and (26) we have
Moreover, taking , we have
Consequently, from (21) we obtain , that is, , which implies that (24) holds. This completes the proof. □
Remark 4.4 Different from Theorems 3.2 and 3.4, the estimate of in Theorem 4.6 does not take into account effect of . This is valuable, because the conditions (H2) and (H7) cannot ensure as . Certainly, if , then . In particular, if , then .
Corollary 4.7 Assume that (H1), (H2), (H7), and (H9) hold. Then
-
(i)
BVP (1) has a unique positive solution in for . Moreover, for any , set (), then ;
-
(ii)
is nondecreasing with respect to λ for ;
-
(iii)
is continuous with respect to λ for ;
-
(iv)
and .
Proof From (H1), (H2), (H7), and (4), we see that is increasing for any given . Further, for any given we have
where . Thus, the conclusion (i) follows from Lemma 1.2.
From (H9), we have for , and . Therefore, in the same way as in the proof of Theorem 4.5, we can complete the rest of the proof. □
When is a constant function, and . It is evident that B satisfies (H2) and (H7). So we can obtain the following two results.
Corollary 4.8 Assume that (H1) and (H8) hold. If , then
-
(i)
there exists such that BVP (1) with has a unique positive solution in for and does not have any solution in for . Moreover, for any , set (), then ;
-
(ii)
is nondecreasing with respect to λ for ;
-
(iii)
is continuous with respect to λ for ;
-
(iv)
and .
Corollary 4.9 Assume that (H1) and (H8) hold. If , then
-
(i)
for any , BVP (1) with has a unique positive solution in , moreover, for any , set (), then ;
-
(ii)
is nondecreasing in λ for ;
-
(iii)
is continuous with respect to λ for ;
-
(iv)
and .
Corollary 4.10 Assume that (H1) and (H9) hold. Then the conclusions (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) in Corollary 4.9 hold.
Finally, we give two concrete examples to illustrate those results in the section.
Example 1 In BVP (1), let
it is obvious that the conditions (H1) and (H2) are satisfied. For any ,
as , we have ;
as and , we have ;
as and , we have ,
that is, for and . Similarly, we can obtain for . Therefore, the conditions (H7) and (H8) are satisfied. Note that
By Theorems 4.4, 4.5 and Remarks 4.3, 4.4 we see that there exists such that BVP (1) has a unique positive solution for and does not have any positive solution for . Moreover, for any , set (), then , and such solution satisfies the properties (i), (ii), and (iii) in Theorem 4.5.
Example 2 In BVP (1), let , , , , it is easy to see that (H1) holds. For any , we have
So, (H8) holds. Note that
by Corollary 4.9 we find that BVP (1) has a unique positive solution for . Moreover, for any , set (), then , and such a solution satisfies the properties (ii), (iii), and (iv) in Corollary 4.9 with .
In this example, by using Wolfram Mathematica 9.0, we can plot the graphs of solutions for BVP (1) with , as the Figure 1 shows.
References
Aftabizadeh AR: Existence and uniqueness theorems for fourth-order boundary value problems. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 1986, 116: 415-426. 10.1016/S0022-247X(86)80006-3
Agarwal RP, Chow YM: Iterative methods for a fourth order boundary value problem. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 1984, 10: 203-217. 10.1016/0377-0427(84)90058-X
Gupta CP: Existence and uniqueness results for a bending of an elastic beam equation at resonance. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 1988, 135: 208-225. 10.1016/0022-247X(88)90149-7
Bai Z, Wang H: On positive solutions of some nonlinear fourth-order beam equations. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 2002, 270: 357-368. 10.1016/S0022-247X(02)00071-9
Bai Z: The upper and lower solution method for some fourth-order boundary value problems. Nonlinear Anal. 2007, 67(6):1704-1709. 10.1016/j.na.2006.08.009
Bonanno G, Bellaa BD: A boundary value problem for fourth-order elastic beam equations. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 2008, 343: 1166-1176. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2008.01.049
Li Y: Positive solutions of fourth-order boundary value problems with two parameters. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 2003, 281: 477-484. 10.1016/S0022-247X(03)00131-8
Liu XL, Li WT: Positive solutions of the nonlinear fourth-order beam equation with three parameters. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 2005, 303: 150-163. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2004.08.026
Liu B: Positive solutions of fourth-order two point boundary value problems. Appl. Math. Comput. 2004, 148: 407-420. 10.1016/S0096-3003(02)00857-3
Ma RY, Xu L: Existence of positive solutions of a nonlinear fourth-order boundary value problem. Appl. Math. Lett. 2010, 23: 537-543. 10.1016/j.aml.2010.01.007
Ma RY, Thompson B: Nodal solutions for a nonlinear fourth-order eigenvalue problem. Acta Math. Sin. Engl. Ser. 2008, 24(1):27-34. 10.1007/s10114-007-1009-6
Yang B: Positive solutions for a fourth order boundary value problem. Electron. J. Qual. Theory Differ. Equ. 2005, 2005(3):1-17.
Zhang X: Existence and iteration of monotone positive solutions for an elastic beam with a corner. Nonlinear Anal., Real World Appl. 2009, 10: 2097-2103. 10.1016/j.nonrwa.2008.03.017
Graef JR, Qian C, Yang B: A three point boundary value problem for nonlinear fourth order differential equations. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 2003, 287: 217-233. 10.1016/S0022-247X(03)00545-6
Yao QL: Existence and multiplicity of positive solutions to a singular elastic beam equation rigidly fixed at both ends. Nonlinear Anal. 2008, 69: 2683-2694. 10.1016/j.na.2007.08.043
Yao QL: Local existence of multiple positive solutions to a singular cantilever beam equation. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 2010, 363: 138-154. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2009.07.043
Ma TF: Positive solutions for a beam equation on a nonlinear elastic foundation. Math. Comput. Model. 2004, 39: 1195-1201. 10.1016/j.mcm.2004.06.001
Li SY, Zhang XQ: Existence and uniqueness of monotone positive solutions for an elastic beam equation with nonlinear boundary conditions. Comput. Math. Appl. 2012, 63: 1355-1360. 10.1016/j.camwa.2011.12.065
Alves E, Ma TF, Pelicer ML: Monotone positive solutions for a fourth order equation with nonlinear boundary conditions. Nonlinear Anal. 2009, 71: 3834-3841. 10.1016/j.na.2009.02.051
Amann H: Fixed point equations and nonlinear eigenvalue problems in ordered Banach spaces. SIAM Rev. 1976, 18: 602-709.
Guo DJ, Lakshmikantham V: Nonlinear Problems in Abstracts Cone. Academic Press, New York; 1988.
Deimling K: Nonlinear Functional Analysis. Springer, Berlin; 1985.
Zhai CB, Yang C, Guo CM: Positive solutions of operator equations on ordered Banach spaces and applications. Comput. Math. Appl. 2008, 56: 3150-3156. 10.1016/j.camwa.2008.09.005
Acknowledgements
The authors sincerely thank the reviewers for their valuable suggestions and useful comments. This research was supported by the NNSF of China (11361047), the University Natural Science Research Develop Foundation of Shanxi Province of China (20111021, 2013156), Research Project Supported by Shanxi Scholarship Council of China (2013-102) and the Science Foundation of Qinghai Province of China (2012-Z-910).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
All authors participated in drafting, revising and commenting on the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Authors’ original submitted files for images
Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, W., Zheng, Y., Yang, H. et al. Positive solutions for elastic beam equations with nonlinear boundary conditions and a parameter. Bound Value Probl 2014, 80 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2014-80
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2014-80
Keywords
- elastic beam equation
- positive solution
- fixed point
- cone