Stokes operators with variable coefficients and applications

Veli B Shakhmurov

doi:10.1186/1687-2770-2014-86

Research
Open Access

Stokes operators with variable coefficients and applications

Veli B Shakhmurov^{1, 2}Email author

Boundary Value Problems20142014:86

https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2014-86

Received: 30 September 2013
Accepted: 21 April 2014
Published: 2 May 2014

Abstract

The stationary and instationary Stokes problems with variable coefficients in abstract $L^{p}$ spaces are considered. The problems contain abstract operators and nonlocal boundary conditions. The well-posedness of these problems is derived.

MSC:35Q30, 76D05, 34G10, 35J25.

Keywords

Stokes systems
Navier-Stokes equations
abstract differential equations with variable coefficients
semigroups of operators
boundary value problems
maximal $L^{p}$ regularity

1 Introduction

We consider the initial and boundary value problem (BVP) for the following Stokes type equation with variable coefficients:

\frac{\partial u}{\partial t} + \sum_{k = 1}^{n} a_{k} (x) \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x_{k}^{2}} + A (x) u + \sum_{k = 1}^{n} A_{k} (x) \frac{\partial u}{\partial x_{k}} + \nabla φ = f (x, t), div u = 0,

(1.1)

\sum_{i = 0}^{m_{k j}} [α_{k j i} \frac{\partial^{i} u}{\partial x_{k}^{i}} (G_{k 0}) + β_{k j i} \frac{\partial^{i} u}{\partial x_{k}^{i}} (G_{k b})] = 0, k = 1, 2, \dots, n, j = 1, 2,

(1.2)

u (x, 0) = a (x), x \in G, t \in (0, T),

(1.3)

where

\begin{matrix} x = (x_{1}, x_{2}, \dots, x_{n}) \in G = \prod_{k = 1}^{n} (0, b_{k}), m_{k j} \in {0, 1}, \\ G_{k 0} = (x_{1}, x_{2}, \dots, x_{k - 1}, 0, x_{k + 1}, \dots, x_{n}), \\ G_{k b} = (x_{1}, x_{2}, \dots, x_{k - 1}, b_{k}, x_{k + 1}, \dots, x_{n}), \end{matrix}

A = A (x)

and

A_{k} = A_{k} (x)

are linear operators in a Banach space E,

α_{k j i}

,

β_{k j i}

are complex numbers, and

a_{k}

are complex-valued functions. Here

f = (f_{1} (x, t), f_{2} (x, t), \dots, f_{n} (x, t))

represents a given, a denotes the initial data and

u = (u_{1} (x, t), u_{2} (x, t), \dots, u_{n} (x, t)), φ = φ (x, t)

represent the unknown functions. Moreover,

u_{j} (x, t)

,

f_{j} (x, t)

, and

φ (x, t)

are E-valued functions. This problem is characterized by the presence of abstract operator functions and complex-valued variable coefficients in the principal part. Moreover, boundary conditions are nonlocal, generally. The existence, uniqueness, and coercive estimates of maximal regular solution of problem (1.1)-(1.2) are obtained. Since the Banach space E is arbitrary and A is a possible linear operator, by choosing E and operators A,

A_{k}

we can obtain maximal regularity properties for numerous class of Stokes type problems with variable coefficients. For

E = C

,

a_{k} (x) \equiv - 1

,

A = ϰ > 0

problem (1.1)-(1.2) is reduced to nonlocal Stokes problem

\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} - Δ u + ϰ u + \nabla φ = f (x, t), div u = 0, \\ \sum_{i = 0}^{m_{k j}} [α_{k j i} \frac{\partial^{i} u}{\partial x_{k}^{i}} (G_{k 0}, t) + β_{k j i} \frac{\partial^{i} u}{\partial x_{k}^{i}} (G_{k b}, t)] = 0, \\ u (x, 0) = a (x), x \in G, t \in (0, T), k = 1, 2, \dots, n, j = 1, 2, \end{aligned}

(1.4)

where ℂ is the set of complex numbers. Note that the existence of weak or strong solutions and regularity properties for the classical Stokes problems were extensively studied, e.g., in [1–10]. There is an extensive literature on the solvability of the initial value problems (IVPs) for the Stokes equation (see, e.g., [1, 2, 10] and further papers cited there). Solonnikov [8] proved that for every

f \in L^{p} (Ω \times (0, T); R^{3}) = B (p)

,

p \in (1, \infty)

the instationary Stokes problem

\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} - Δ u + \nabla φ = f (x, t), div u = 0, u |_{\partial Ω} = 0, \\ u (x, 0) = 0, x \in Ω, t \in (0, T) \end{aligned}

(1.5)

has a unique solution

(u, \nabla φ)

so that

{∥ \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} ∥}_{B (p)} + {∥ \nabla^{2} u ∥}_{B (p)} + {∥ \nabla φ ∥}_{B (p, q)} \leq C {∥ f ∥}_{B (p, q)} .

Then Giga and Sohr [2] improved the result of Sollonikov for spaces with different exponents in space and time, i.e., they proved that for every

f \in L^{p} (0, T; {(L^{q} (Ω))}^{n})

there is a unique solution

(u, \nabla φ)

of problem (1.5) so that

{∥ \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} ∥}_{B (p, q)} + {∥ \nabla^{2} u ∥}_{B (p, q)} + {∥ \nabla φ ∥}_{B (p, q)} \leq C {∥ f ∥}_{B (p, q)},

(1.6)

where

B (p, q) = L^{p} (0, T; {(L^{q} (Ω))}^{n}), p, q \in (1, \infty) .

Moreover, the estimate obtained was global in time, i.e., the constant

C = C (Ω, p, q)

is independent of T and f. To derive the global

L^{p}

-

L^{q}

estimates (1.6), Giga and Sohr used abstract parabolic semigroup theory in UMD spaces. The estimate (1.6) allows one to study the existence of solution and regularity properties of the corresponding Navier-Stokes problem (see, e.g., [4]). Consider first at all, the stationary version of problem (1.1)-(1.3), i.e., consider the abstract Stokes problem

\sum_{k = 1}^{n} a_{k} (x) \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x_{k}^{2}} + (A (x) + λ) u + \sum_{k = 1}^{n} A_{k} (x) \frac{\partial u}{\partial x_{k}} + \nabla φ = f (x), div u = 0, x \in G,

(1.7)

\sum_{i = 0}^{m_{k j}} [α_{k j i} \frac{\partial^{i} u}{\partial x_{k}^{i}} (G_{k 0}) + β_{k j i} \frac{\partial^{i} u}{\partial x_{k}^{i}} (G_{k b})] = 0, k = 1, 2, \dots, n, j = 1, 2,

(1.8)

λ is a complex number. By applying the corresponding projection transformation P, (1.7)-(1.8) can be reduced to the following problem:

P \sum_{k = 1}^{n} a_{k} (x) \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x_{k}^{2}} + P (A (x) + λ) u + P \sum_{k = 1}^{n} A_{k} (x) \frac{\partial u}{\partial x_{k}} = f (x), x \in G,

(1.9)

L_{k j} u = \sum_{i = 0}^{m_{k j}} [α_{k j i} \frac{\partial^{i} u}{\partial x_{k}^{i}} (G_{k 0}) + β_{k j i} \frac{\partial^{i} u}{\partial x_{k}^{i}} (G_{k b})] = 0, k = 1, 2, \dots, n, j = 1, 2 .

(1.10)

Let

O_{q}

denote the operator generated by problem (1.9)-(1.10), i.e., let

O_{q}

be a Stokes operator in the E-valued solenoidal space

L_{σ}^{q} (G; E)

defined by

\begin{matrix} D (O_{q}) = {(W_{σ}^{2, q} (G; E (A), E))}^{n} = {u \in {(W^{2, q} (G; E (A), E))}^{n}, L_{k j} u = 0, div u = 0}, \\ O_{q} u = P \sum_{k = 1}^{n} a_{k} (x) \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}} u + P A u + P \sum_{k = 1}^{n} A_{k} (x) \frac{\partial u}{\partial x_{k}} . \end{matrix}

We prove that

O_{q}

is a positive operator and

- O_{q}

is a generator of an analytic semigroup in

L_{σ}^{q} (G; E)

. In other words, we consider the instationary Stokes problem (1.1)-(1.3) and prove the well-posedness of this problem. We prove that there is a unique solution

(u, \nabla φ)

of problem (1.1)-(1.3) for

f \in {(L^{p} (0, T; X_{q}))}^{n}

,

a \in Y_{p, q}

, and the following estimate holds:

{∥ \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} ∥}_{L^{p, q}} + \sum_{k = 1}^{n} {∥ \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x_{k}^{2}} ∥}_{L^{p, q}} + {∥ A u ∥}_{L^{p, q}} + {∥ \nabla φ ∥}_{L^{p, q}} \leq C ({∥ f ∥}_{L^{p, q}} + {∥ a ∥}_{Y_{p, q}}),

(1.11)

where $X_{q}$ is the class of E-valued $L^{q}$ -spaces and $Y_{p, q}$ is a corresponding interpolation space. The estimate (1.11) allows one to study the existence of solution and regularity properties of the corresponding Navier-Stokes problem. Finally, we give some application of this abstract Stokes problem to anisotropic Stokes equations and systems of equations. Note that the abstract Stokes problem with constant coefficients was studied in [11].

2 Definitions and background

Let E be a Banach space.

L^{p} (Ω; E)

denotes the space of strongly measurable E-valued functions that are defined on the measurable subset

Ω \subset R^{n}

with the norm

{∥ f ∥}_{L^{p}} = {∥ f ∥}_{L^{p} (Ω; E)} = {(\int_{Ω} {∥ f (x) ∥}_{E}^{p} d x)}^{\frac{1}{p}}, 1 \leq p < \infty .

The Banach space E is called an UMD space if the Hilbert operator

(H f) (x) = lim_{ε \to 0} \int_{| x - y | > ε} \frac{f (y)}{x - y} d y

is bounded in $L^{p} (R, E)$ , $p \in (1, \infty)$ (see, e.g., [12]). UMD spaces include e.g. $L^{p}$ , $l_{p}$ spaces, and Lorentz spaces $L_{p q}$ , $p, q \in (1, \infty)$ .

Let

\begin{matrix} S_{ψ} = {λ \in C, | arg λ | \leq ψ, 0 \leq ψ < π}, \\ S_{ψ, ϰ} = {λ \in S_{ψ}, | λ | > ϰ > 0} . \end{matrix}

A linear operator A is said to be ψ-positive in a Banach space E with bound

M > 0

if

D (A)

is dense on E and

{∥ {(A + λ I)}^{- 1} ∥}_{B (E)} \leq M {(1 + | λ |)}^{- 1}

for any

λ \in S_{ψ}

,

0 \leq ψ < π

, where I is the identity operator in E, and

B (E)

is the space of bounded linear operators in E. It is known [[13], §1.15.1] that there exist fractional powers

A^{θ}

of a positive operator A. Let

E (A^{θ})

denote the space

D (A^{θ})

with norm

{∥ u ∥}_{E (A^{θ})} = {({∥ u ∥}^{p} + {∥ A^{θ} u ∥}^{p})}^{\frac{1}{p}}, 1 \leq p < \infty, 0 < θ < \infty .

Let $E_{1}$ and $E_{2}$ be two Banach spaces. By ${(E_{1}, E_{2})}_{θ, p}$ , $0 < θ < 1$ , $1 \leq p \leq \infty$ , will be denoted the interpolation spaces obtained from ${E_{1}, E_{2}}$ by the K-method [[13], §1.3.2].

Let ℕ denote the set of natural numbers. A set

Φ \subset B (E_{1}, E_{2})

is called R-bounded (see, e.g., [14]) if there is a positive constant C such that for all

T_{1}, T_{2}, \dots, T_{m} \in Φ

and

u_{1}, u_{2}, \dots, u_{m} \in E_{1}

,

m \in N

,

\int_{Ω} {∥ \sum_{j = 1}^{m} r_{j} (y) T_{j} u_{j} ∥}_{E_{2}} d y \leq C \int_{Ω} {∥ \sum_{j = 1}^{m} r_{j} (y) u_{j} ∥}_{E_{1}} d y,

where ${r_{j}}$ is a sequence of independent symmetric ${- 1, 1}$ -valued random variables on Ω. The smallest C for which the above estimate holds is called a R-bound of the collection Φ and denoted by $R (Φ)$ .

A set

Φ_{h} \subset B (E_{1}, E_{2})

is called uniform R-bounded in h, if there is a constant C independent on

h \in σ \subset R

such that

\int_{Ω} {∥ \sum_{j = 1}^{m} r_{j} (y) T_{j} (h) u_{j} ∥}_{E_{2}} d y \leq C \int_{Ω} {∥ \sum_{j = 1}^{m} r_{j} (y) u_{j} ∥}_{E_{1}} d y

for all $T_{1} (h), T_{2} (h), \dots, T_{m} (h) \in Φ_{h}$ and $u_{1}, u_{2}, \dots, u_{m} \in E_{1}$ , $m \in N$ . It is implied that ${sup}_{h \in Q} R (Φ_{h}) \leq C$ .

The ψ-positive operator A is said to be R-positive in a Banach space E if the set $L_{A} = {ξ {(A + ξ)}^{- 1} : ξ \in S_{ψ}}$ , $0 \leq ψ < π$ is R-bounded.

The operator $A (t)$ is said to be ψ-positive in E uniformly with respect to t with bound $M > 0$ if $D (A (t))$ is independent on t, $D (A (t))$ is dense in E and $∥ {(A (t) + λ)}^{- 1} ∥ \leq \frac{M}{1 + | λ |}$ for all $λ \in S_{ψ}$ , $0 \leq ψ < π$ , where M does not depend on t and λ.

Let

E_{0}

and E be two Banach spaces and

E_{0}

continuously and densely embedded into E. Let Ω be a domain in

R^{n}

and m is a positive integer.

W^{m, p} (Ω; E_{0}, E)

denotes the space of all functions

u \in L^{p} (Ω; E_{0})

that have generalized derivatives

\frac{\partial^{m} u}{\partial x_{k}^{m}} \in L^{p} (Ω; E)

with the norm

{∥ u ∥}_{W^{m, p} (Ω; E_{0}, E)} = {∥ u ∥}_{L^{p} (Ω; E_{0})} + \sum_{k = 1}^{n} {∥ \frac{\partial^{m} u}{\partial x_{k}^{m}} ∥}_{L^{p} (Ω; E)} < \infty .

For $n = 1$ , $Ω = (a, b)$ , $a, b \in R$ the space $W^{m, p} (Ω; E_{0}, E)$ will be denoted by $W^{m, p} (a, b; E_{0}, E)$ . For $E_{0} = E$ the space $W^{m, p} (Ω; E_{0}, E)$ is denoted by $W^{m, p} (Ω; E)$ .

Let $L^{s, p} (Ω; E)$ , $- \infty < s < \infty$ , denote the E-valued Liouville space of order s such that $L^{0, p} (Ω; E) = L^{p} (Ω; E)$ . It is known that if E is a UMD space, then $L^{m, p} (Ω; E) = W^{m, p} (Ω; E)$ for positive integer m (see, e.g., [[15], §15].

Let

L^{s, p} (Ω; E_{0}, E)

denote a Liouville-Lions type space, i.e.,

\begin{aligned} L^{s, p} (Ω; E_{0}, E) = & {u \in L^{s, p} (Ω; E) \cap L^{q} (Ω; E_{0}), \\ {∥ u ∥}_{L^{s, p} (Ω; E_{0}, E)} = {∥ u ∥}_{L^{p} (Ω; E_{0})} + {∥ u ∥}_{L^{s, p} (Ω; E)} < \infty} . \end{aligned}

L_{σ}^{q} (Ω; E)

denote the E-valued solenoidal space, i.e., the closure of

{(C_{0 σ}^{\infty} (Ω; E))}^{n}

in

{(L^{q} (Ω; E))}^{n}

, where

C_{0 σ}^{\infty} (Ω; E) = {u \in C_{0}^{\infty} (Ω; E), div u = 0} .

Sometimes we use one and the same symbol C without distinction in order to denote positive constants which may differ from each other even in a single context. When we want to specify the dependence of such a constant on a parameter, say α, we write $C_{α}$ .

The embedding theorems in vector-valued spaces play a key role in the theory of DOEs. For estimating lower order derivatives we use the following embedding theorems from [16].

Theorem A₁ Suppose the following conditions are satisfied:

(1)

E is a UMD space and A is an R-positive operator in E;
(2)

$α = (α_{1}, α_{2}, \dots, α_{n})$ and m is a positive integer such that $ϰ = \sum_{k = 1}^{n} \frac{| α |}{m} \leq 1$ , $0 \leq μ \leq 1 - ϰ$ , $1 < p < \infty$ , $0 < h \leq h_{0}$ , $h_{0}$ is a fixed positive number;
(3)

$Ω \subset R^{n}$ is a region such that there exists a bounded linear extension operator from $W^{m, p} (Ω; E (A), E)$ to $W^{m, p} (R^{n}; E (A), E)$ .

Then the embedding

D^{α} W^{m, p} (Ω; E (A), E) \subset L^{p} (Ω; E (A^{1 - ϰ - μ}))

is continuous and for all

u \in W^{m, p} (Ω; E (A), E)

the following uniform estimate holds:

{∥ D^{α} u ∥}_{L^{p} (Ω; E (A^{1 - ϰ - μ}))} \leq h^{μ} {∥ u ∥}_{W^{m, p} (Ω; E (A), E)} + h^{- (1 - μ)} {∥ u ∥}_{L^{p} (Ω; E)} .

Remark 2.1 If $Ω \subset R^{n}$ is a region satisfying the strong l-horn condition (see [[4], §7]), $E = R$ , $A = I$ , then for $p \in (1, \infty)$ there exists a bounded linear extension operator from $W^{m, p} (Ω) = W^{m, p} (Ω; R, R)$ to $W^{m, p} (R^{n}) = W^{m, p} (R^{n}; R, R)$ .

Theorem A₂ Suppose all conditions of Theorem A₁ are satisfied and

0 < μ \leq 1 - ϰ

. Moreover, let Ω be a bounded region and

A^{- 1} \in σ_{\infty} (E)

. Then the embedding

D^{α} W^{m, p} (Ω; E (A), E) \subset L^{p} (Ω; E (A^{1 - ϰ - μ}))

is compact.

Theorem A₃ Suppose all conditions of Theorem A₁ satisfied and

0 < μ \leq 1 - ϰ

. Then the embedding

D^{α} W^{m, p} (Ω; E (A), E) \subset L^{p} (Ω; {(E (A), E)}_{ϰ, p})

is continuous and there exists a positive constant

C_{μ}

such that for all

u \in W_{p}^{l} (Ω; E (A), E)

the uniform estimate holds

{∥ D^{α} u ∥}_{L^{p} (Ω; {(E (A), E)}_{ϰ, p})} \leq C_{μ} [h^{μ} {∥ u ∥}_{W^{m, p} (Ω; E (A), E)} + h^{- (1 - μ)} {∥ u ∥}_{L^{p} (Ω; E)}] .

From [[17], Theorem 2.1] we obtain the following.

Theorem A₄ Let E be a Banach space, A be a φ-positive operator in E with bound M,

0 \leq φ < π

. Let m be a positive integer,

1 < p < \infty

and

α \in (\frac{1}{2 p}, \frac{1}{2 p} + m)

. Then, for

λ \in S_{φ}

, an operator

- A_{λ}^{\frac{1}{2}}

generates a semigroup

e^{- x A_{λ}^{\frac{1}{2}}}

which is holomorphic for

x > 0

. Moreover, there exists a positive constant C (depending only on M, φ, m, α and p) such that for every

u \in {(E, E (A^{m}))}_{\frac{α}{m} - \frac{1}{2 m p}, p}

and

λ \in S_{φ}

,

\int_{0}^{\infty} {∥ A_{λ}^{α} e^{- x A_{λ}^{\frac{1}{2}}} u ∥}^{p} d x \leq C [{∥ u ∥}_{{(E, E (A^{m}))}_{\frac{α}{m} - \frac{1}{2 m p}, p}}^{p} + | λ |^{α p - \frac{1}{2}} {∥ u ∥}_{E}^{p}] .

3 The stationary Stokes system with variable coefficients

In this section, we derive the maximal regularity properties of the stationary abstract Stokes problem (1.7)-(1.8).

First at all, we consider the BVP for the variable coefficient differential operator equation (DOE)

\begin{aligned} \sum_{k = 1}^{n} a_{k} (x) \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x_{k}^{2}} + (A (x) + λ) u + \sum_{k = 1}^{n} A_{k} (x) \frac{\partial u}{\partial x_{k}} = f (x), x \in G, \\ \sum_{i = 0}^{m_{k j}} [α_{k j i} \frac{\partial^{i} u}{\partial x_{k}^{i}} (G_{k 0}) + β_{k j i} \frac{\partial^{i} u}{\partial x_{k}^{i}} (G_{k b})] = 0, k = 1, 2, \dots, n, j = 1, 2, \end{aligned}

(3.1)

where $A (x)$ and $A_{k} (x)$ are linear operators in a Banach space E, $a_{k}$ are complex-valued functions, and λ is a complex parameter.

Maximal regularity properties for DOEs studied, e.g., in [1, 11, 12, 14, 16–24]. Nonlocal BVPs for PDE were studied in [25].

Let

ω_{k i} = ω_{k i} (x)

,

i = 1, 2

, be roots of the equations

a_{k} (x) ω^{2} = 1, k = 1, 2, \dots, n .

Let

α_{k j} = α_{k j m_{k}}

and

β_{k j} = β_{k j m_{k}}

and

η_{k} (x) = | \begin{array}{c} α_{k 1} {(- ω_{k 1})}^{m_{k 1}} & β_{k 1} ω_{k 1}^{m_{k 1}} \\ α_{k 2} {(- ω_{k 1})}^{m_{k 2}} & β_{k 2} ω_{k 2}^{m_{k 2}} \end{array} | .

Condition 3.1 Assume:

(1)

E is a UMD space and $A (x)$ is a uniformly R-positive operator in E for $φ \in [0, π)$ ;
(2)

$a_{k} (x) \in C (\bar{G})$ , $a_{k} (G_{i 0}) = a_{k} (G_{i b})$ , $a_{k} \neq 0$ , $a_{k} \in S (φ_{0}) \cap C / R_{-}$ for all $x \in G$ , $φ + φ_{0} < π$ ;
(3)

$A (x) A^{- 1} (\bar{x}) \in C (\bar{G}; B (E))$ , $A (G_{i 0}) = A (G_{i b})$ , $A_{i} (x) A^{- (\frac{1}{2} - ν)} (x) \in C^{(m)} (\bar{G}; B (E))$ , $0 < ν < \frac{1}{2}$ ;
(4)

$| α_{k j m_{j}} | + | β_{k j m_{j}} | > 0$ , $η_{k} (x) \neq 0$ , $k, i = 1, 2, \dots, n$ , $j = 1, 2$ , $p \in (1, \infty)$ .

Remark 3.1 Let $a_{k} = - b_{k} (x)$ , where $b_{k}$ are real-valued positive functions and. Then Condition 3.1 is satisfied.

Remark 3.2 The conditions $a_{k} (G_{i 0}) = a_{k} (G_{i b})$ , $A (G_{i 0}) = A (G_{i b})$ are given due to the nonlocality of the boundary conditions. For local boundary conditions these assumptions are not required.

From [[19], Theorem 4.1] we have the following.

Theorem 3.1 Suppose Condition 3.1 is satisfied. Then problem (3.1) has a unique solution

u \in W^{2, p} (G; E (A), E)

for

f \in L^{p} (G; E)

and for sufficiently large

λ \in S_{φ}

. Moreover, the following coercive uniform estimate holds:

\sum_{k = 1}^{n} \sum_{i = 0}^{2} | λ |^{1 - \frac{i}{2}} {∥ \frac{\partial^{i} u}{\partial x_{k}^{i}} ∥}_{L^{q} (G; E)} + {∥ A u ∥}_{L^{q} (G; E)} \leq C {∥ f ∥}_{L^{q} (G; E)} .

Consider the differential operator

Q = Q_{q}

in

L^{q} (G; E)

generated by problem (1.7)-(1.8), i.e.,

D (Q) = W^{2, q} (G; E (A), E, L_{k j}), Q u = \sum_{k = 1}^{n} a_{k} (x) \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}} + A (x) + \sum_{k = 1}^{n} A_{k} (x) \frac{\partial u}{\partial x_{k}} .

Let $B_{q} = B (L^{q} (G; E))$ . From Theorem 3.1 we obtain the following.

Result 3.1 For

λ \in S_{ψ, ϰ}

there is a resolvent

{(Q + λ)}^{- 1}

and the following uniform coercive estimate holds:

\sum_{k = 1}^{n} \sum_{i = 0}^{2} | λ |^{1 - \frac{i}{2}} {∥ \frac{\partial^{i}}{\partial x_{k}^{i}} {(Q + λ)}^{- 1} ∥}_{B_{q}} + {∥ A {(Q + λ)}^{- 1} ∥}_{B_{q}} \leq C .

Let E be a Banach space and

X_{q} = X_{q} (G) = {(L^{q} (G; E))}^{n}

denote the class of E-valued system of function

f = (f_{1} (x), f_{2} (x), \dots, f_{n} (x))

with norm

{∥ f ∥}_{X_{q}} = {(\sum_{i = 1}^{n} {∥ f_{i} ∥}_{L^{q} (G; E)}^{q})}^{\frac{1}{q}}, q \in (1, \infty),

$X_{q σ} = L_{σ}^{q} (G; E)$ denote the E-valued solenoidal space and A be a positive operator in E. The spaces ${(L^{s, q} (G; E))}^{n}$ , ${(L^{s, q} (G; E (A), E))}^{n}$ will be denoted by $X_{q}^{s} (G)$ and $X_{q}^{s} (G, A)$ .

Consider the problem

\begin{aligned} \sum_{k = 1}^{n} a_{k} (x) \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x_{k}^{2}} + (A (x) + λ) u + \sum_{k = 1}^{n} A_{k} (x) \frac{\partial u}{\partial x_{k}} = f (x), x \in G, \\ \sum_{i = 0}^{m_{k j}} [α_{k j i} \frac{\partial^{i} u}{\partial x_{k}^{i}} (G_{k 0}) + β_{k j i} \frac{\partial^{i} u}{\partial x_{k}^{i}} (G_{k b})] = 0, k = 1, 2, \dots, n, j = 1, 2, \end{aligned}

(3.2)

where $f = (f_{1} (x), f_{2} (x), \dots, f_{n} (x))$ , $A (x)$ and $A_{k} (x)$ are linear operators in a Banach space E, $a_{k}$ are complex-valued functions, and λ is a complex parameter. From Theorem 3.1 we obtain the following result.

Result 3.2 Suppose Condition 3.1 is satisfied. Then problem (3.2) has a unique solution

u \in X_{q}^{2} (G, A)

for

f \in X_{q}

and for sufficiently large

λ \in S_{φ}

. Moreover, the following coercive uniform estimate holds:

\sum_{k = 1}^{n} \sum_{i = 0}^{2} | λ |^{1 - \frac{i}{2}} {∥ \frac{\partial^{i} u}{\partial x_{k}^{i}} ∥}_{X_{q}} + {∥ A u ∥}_{X_{q}} \leq C {∥ f ∥}_{X_{q}} .

Consider the differential operator

B = B_{q}

in

X_{q}

generated by problem (3.2), for

λ = 0

, i.e.,

D (B) = X_{q}^{2} (G, A), B u = \sum_{k = 1}^{n} a_{k} (x) \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}} + A (x) + \sum_{k = 1}^{n} A_{k} (x) \frac{\partial u}{\partial x_{k}} .

From Result 3.2 we obtain the following uniform coercive estimate:

\sum_{k = 1}^{n} \sum_{i = 0}^{2} | λ |^{1 - \frac{i}{2}} {∥ \frac{\partial^{i}}{\partial x_{k}^{i}} {(B + λ)}^{- 1} ∥}_{B (X_{q})} + {∥ A {(B + λ)}^{- 1} ∥}_{B (X_{q})} \leq C .

(3.3)

Consider the space

\begin{matrix} Y_{q} (A) = {u \in X_{q} (E (A)), div u \in L^{q} (G; E)}, \\ {∥ u ∥}_{Y_{q} (A)} = {({∥ u ∥}_{X_{q} (E (A))}^{q} + {∥ div u ∥}_{L^{q} (G; E)}^{q})}^{\frac{1}{q}} . \end{matrix}

$Y_{q}$ becomes a Banach space with this norm.

It is known that (see, e.g., [3, 5]) the vector field $u \in {(L^{q} (G))}^{n}$ has a Helmholtz decomposition. In the following theorem we generalize this result for the E-valued function space $X_{q}$ .

Theorem 3.2 Let E be an UMD space and

q \in (1, \infty)

. Then

u \in X_{q}

has a Helmholtz decomposition, i.e., there exists a linear bounded projection operator

P_{q}

from

X_{q}

onto

X_{q σ}

with null space

N (P_{q}) = {\nabla φ \in X_{q} : φ \in L_{l o c}^{q} (G; E)}

. In particular, all

u \in X_{q}

have a unique decomposition

u = u_{0} + \nabla φ

with

u_{0} \in X_{q σ}

,

u_{0} = P_{q} u

so that

{∥ \nabla φ ∥}_{X_{q}} + {∥ u_{0} ∥}_{X_{q}} \leq C {∥ u ∥}_{X_{q}} .

(3.4)

Moreover, ${(X_{q σ})}^{*} = X_{q^{'} σ}$ , where $\frac{1}{q} + \frac{1}{q^{'}} = 1$ .

For proving Theorem 3.2 we need some lemmas.

Consider the equation

- Δ u + A (x) u = f (x), x \in G .

(3.5)

Lemma 3.1 Let E be an UMD space, A a R-positive operator in E and

q \in (1, \infty)

. Then, for

f \in X_{q}^{- 1}

, problem (3.2) has a unique solution

u \in X_{q}^{1} (A)

and the following coercive estimate holds:

{∥ u ∥}_{X_{q}^{1} (G)} + {∥ A u ∥}_{X_{q} (G)} \leq C {∥ f ∥}_{X_{q}^{- 1} (G)} .

(3.6)

Proof Consider the problem

- Δ u + A u = \tilde{f} (x), x \in R^{n},

(3.7)

where

\tilde{f} (x)

is an extension of the function

f (x)

on

R^{n}

. Then, by using the Fourier inversion formula, operator-valued multiplier theorems in

L^{q}

spaces, and by reasoning as in [[17], Theorem 3.2] we see that problem (3.7) has a unique solution

\tilde{u} \in X_{q}^{1} (R^{n}, A)

for

f \in X_{q}^{- 1} (R^{n}; E)

and the following coercive estimate holds:

{∥ \tilde{u} ∥}_{X_{q}^{1} (R^{n})} + {∥ A \tilde{u} ∥}_{X_{q} (R^{n})} \leq C {∥ \tilde{f} ∥}_{X_{q}^{- 1} (R^{n})} .

This fact implies that the function u which is a restriction of $\tilde{u}$ on G is a solution of problem (3.5). The estimate (3.6) is obtained from the above estimate.

Let

ν = (ν_{1}, ν_{2}, \dots, ν_{n})

be a unit normal to the boundary Γ of the domain G and

f_{ν}

is a normal component of

f = (f_{1}, f_{2}, \dots, f_{n}) \in X_{q} (G)

on Γ, i.e.,

f_{ν} = (\sum_{k = 1}^{n} ν_{k} f_{k}) |_{Γ} .

Here and hereafter $E^{*}$ will denoted the conjugate of E, and $(, \cdot)$ (resp. $〈, \cdot 〉$ ) denotes the duality pairing of functions on G (resp. Γ). □

By reasoning as in [[3], Lemma 2] we get the following.

Lemma 3.2 $C_{0}^{\infty} (G; E)$ is dense in $Y_{q} (A)$ .

Proposition 3.1 There exists a unique bounded linear operator

u \to u_{ν}

from

Y_{q} (A)

,

q \in (1, \infty)

onto

W_{q} (Γ) = W^{- 1 / q, q} (Γ, {(E (A^{*}), E^{*})}_{q, 1 / q^{'}}, E^{*})

such that

(u_{ν}, υ |_{Γ}) = (div u, υ) + (u, \nabla υ), υ \in W^{1, q^{'}} (G, E (A), E)

and the following estimate holds:

{∥ u_{ν} ∥}_{W_{q} (Γ)} \leq C ({∥ u ∥}_{X_{q}} + {∥ div u ∥}_{L^{q} (G; E)}),

(3.8)

where

\frac{1}{q} + \frac{1}{q^{'}} = 1 .

Proof For

u \in Y_{q} (A)

consider the linear form

T_{u} (υ) = (div u, Φ) + (u, \nabla Φ), Φ \in W^{q^{'}, 1} (G, E (A), E), Φ_{ν} = υ .

(3.9)

By virtue of the trace theorem in

W^{1, q} (0, a; E (A), E)

, the interpolation of intersection and dual spaces (see, e.g., [[13], §1.8.2, 1.12.1, 1.11.2]) and by a localization argument we obtain the result that the operator

Φ \to Φ_{ν}

is a bounded linear and surjective from

W^{1, q^{'}} (G; E (A), E)

onto

Z (Γ) = W^{1 - 1 / q^{'}, q^{'}} (Γ, {(E (A), E)}_{q^{'}, 1 / q^{'}}, E) .

Hence, we can find for each

υ \in Z (Γ)

an element

Φ \in W^{1, q^{'}} (G; E (A), E)

so that

Φ_{ν} = υ, {∥ Φ ∥}_{W^{1, q^{'}} (G; E (A), E)} \leq C {∥ υ ∥}_{Z (Γ)} .

Therefore, from (3.9) we get

\begin{aligned} | T_{u} (υ) | & \leq ({∥ u ∥}_{X_{q}} + {∥ div u ∥}_{L^{q} (G; E)}) {∥ Φ ∥}_{W^{1, q^{'}} (G; E (A), E)} \\ \leq C ({∥ u ∥}_{X_{q}} + {∥ div u ∥}_{L^{q} (G; E)}) {∥ υ ∥}_{Z (Γ)} . \end{aligned}

This implies the existence of an element

u_{ν} \in {(Z (Γ))}^{*} = W^{- 1 / q, q} (Γ, {(E (A^{*}), E^{*})}_{q, 1 / q^{'}}, E^{*})

such that

〈 u_{ν}, υ 〉 = T_{u} (υ) for υ \in Z (Γ)

and

{∥ u_{ν} ∥}_{{(Z (Γ))}^{*}} \leq C ({∥ u ∥}_{X_{q}} + {∥ div u ∥}_{L^{q} (G; E)}) .

Thus, we have proved the existence of the operator $u \to u_{ν}$ . The uniqueness follows from Lemma 3.2. □

Proposition 3.1 implies the following.

Result 3.3 Assume the conditions of Proposition 3.1 are satisfied. Then

X_{q σ} \subset X_{q ν} = {u \in X_{q}, div u = 0, u_{ν} = 0}

and $X_{q ν}$ is a closed subspace of $X_{q}$ .

Let

f \in X_{q}

and

f = (f_{1} (x), f_{2} (x), \dots, f_{n} (x))

. Consider the following problem:

\begin{aligned} - Δ u + A u = div f (x), x \in G, \\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial x_{k}} (G_{k 0}) = f_{k} (G_{k 0}), \frac{\partial u}{\partial x_{k}} (G_{k b}) = f_{k} (G_{k b}), k = 1, 2, \dots, n . \end{aligned}

(3.10)

Lemma 3.3 Let E be an UMD space, A a R-positive operator in E and

q \in (1, \infty)

. Then, for

f \in X_{q}

, problem (3.10) has a unique solution

u \in W^{1, q} (G; E (A), E)

and the coercive estimate holds

{∥ u ∥}_{W^{1, q} (G; E)} + {∥ A u ∥}_{L^{q} (G; E)} \leq C {∥ div f ∥}_{W^{- 1, q} (G; E)} + {∥ f_{ν} ∥}_{W_{q} (Γ)} .

(3.11)

Proof Consider the equation

- Δ υ + A υ = div f (x), x \in G .

(3.12)

By Lemma 3.1, problem (3.12) has a unique solution

υ \in L^{1, q} (G; E (A), E)

for

f \in X_{q}

and the following estimate holds:

{∥ υ ∥}_{L^{1, q} (G; E)} + {∥ A υ ∥}_{L^{q} (G; E)} \leq C {∥ div f ∥}_{L^{- 1, q} (G; E)} .

(3.13)

Consider now the BVP

\begin{aligned} - Δ w + A w = 0, x \in G, \\ \frac{\partial w}{\partial x_{k}} (G_{k 0}) = f_{k} (G_{k 0}) - \frac{\partial υ}{\partial x_{k}} (G_{k 0}), \\ \frac{\partial w}{\partial x_{k}} (G_{k b}) = f_{k} (G_{k b}) - \frac{\partial υ}{\partial x_{k}} (G_{k b}), k = 1, 2, \dots, n . \end{aligned}

(3.14)

By using Theorem 3.1, Result 3.3, and Proposition 3.1 we conclude that problem (3.14) for

f \in X_{q}

has a unique solution

w \in W^{1, q} (G; E (A), E)

and the following coercive estimate holds:

{∥ w ∥}_{W^{1, q} (G; E)} + {∥ A^{\frac{1}{2}} w ∥}_{L^{q} (G; E)} \leq C {∥ f_{ν} ∥}_{W_{q} (Γ)} .

(3.15)

Then we conclude that problem (3.10) has a unique solution $φ (x) = υ (x) + w (x)$ and (3.13), (3.15) imply the estimate (3.11). □

Result 3.4 For the case of

A = ϰ > 0

we obtain from (3.9), (3.11), and (3.12) that the problem

\begin{aligned} (- Δ + ϰ) w = 0, x \in G, \\ \frac{\partial w}{\partial x_{k}} (G_{k 0}) = f_{k} (G_{k 0}) - \frac{\partial υ}{\partial x_{k}} (G_{k 0}), \\ \frac{\partial w}{\partial x_{k}} (G_{k b}) = f_{k} (G_{k b}) - \frac{\partial υ}{\partial x_{k}} (G_{k b}), k = 1, 2, \dots, n \end{aligned}

(3.16)

has a unique solution

w \in W^{1, q} (G; E)

for

f \in X_{q}

and the following estimate holds:

{∥ w ∥}_{W^{1, q} (G; E)} \leq C {∥ f_{ν} - \frac{\partial υ}{\partial ν} ∥}_{W^{- 1 / q, q} (Γ, E^{*})} .

(3.17)

Result 3.5 For the case of

A = ϰ > 0

we obtain from Lemma 3.1 and from (3.9), (3.10) that the problem

(- Δ + ϰ) υ = div f (x), x \in G

(3.18)

has a unique solution

υ \in W^{1, q} (G; E)

for

f \in X_{q}

and the following estimate holds:

{∥ υ ∥}_{W^{1, q} (G; E)} \leq C {∥ div f ∥}_{X_{q}^{- 1}} .

(3.19)

By (3.9),

div (f - \nabla υ) = 0

. So, by (3.14) and Proposition 3.1 we get

{∥ w ∥}_{W^{1, q} (G; E)} \leq C {∥ f ∥}_{X_{q}} .

(3.20)

From Results 3.4, 3.5, and estimate (3.17) we obtain

Result 3.6 The problem

\begin{aligned} (- Δ + ϰ) w = div f (x), x \in G, \\ \frac{\partial w}{\partial x_{k}} (G_{k 0}) = f_{k} (G_{k 0}) - \frac{\partial υ}{\partial x_{k}} (G_{k 0}), \\ \frac{\partial w}{\partial x_{k}} (G_{k b}) = f_{k} (G_{k b}) - \frac{\partial υ}{\partial x_{k}} (G_{k b}), k = 1, 2, \dots, n \end{aligned}

(3.21)

has a unique solution

u = w + υ \in W^{1, q} (G; E)

for

f \in X_{q}

and the estimate holds

{∥ u ∥}_{W^{1, q} (G; E)} \leq C {∥ f ∥}_{X_{q}} .

(3.22)

Consider the operator

P = P_{q}

defined by

D (P) = X_{q}, P f = f - grad (υ + w),

where w and υ are solutions of problems (3.18), (3.13), respectively. It is clear that we have the following.

Lemma 3.4 Let E be an UMD space and $q \in (1, \infty)$ . Then $P_{q} X_{q}$ is a closed subspace of $X_{q}$ .

Lemma 3.5 Let E be an UMD space and $q \in (1, \infty)$ . Then the operator $P_{q}$ is a bounded linear operator in $X_{q}$ and $P f = f$ if $div f (x) = 0$ .

Proof The linearity of the operator P is clear by construction. Moreover, by Result 3.6 we have

{∥ P f ∥}_{X_{q}} \leq {∥ f ∥}_{X_{q}} + {∥ grad u ∥}_{X_{q}} \leq C {∥ f ∥}_{X_{q}} .

(3.23)

If $div f (x) = 0$ then by Result 3.3 we get $υ = 0$ . Moreover, by the estimate (3.20) we obtain $w = 0$ , i.e., $P f = f$ . □

Lemma 3.6 Assume E is an UMD space and $q \in (1, \infty)$ . Then the conjugate of $P_{q}$ is defined as $P_{q}^{*} = P_{q^{'}}$ , $\frac{1}{q} + \frac{1}{q^{'}} = 1$ and is bounded linear in ${(L^{q^{'}} (G; E^{*}))}^{n}$ .

Proof It is known (see, e.g., [13, 18]) that the dual space of $L^{q} (G; E)$ is $L^{q^{'}} (G; E^{*})$ . Since $C_{0}^{\infty} (G; E^{*})$ is dense in $L^{q^{'}} (G; E^{*})$ we have only to show $P_{q}^{*} φ = P_{q^{'}} φ$ for any $φ \in {(C_{0}^{\infty} (G; E^{*}))}^{n}$ . But this is deriving by reasoning as in [[3], Lemma 5]. Moreover, by Lemma 3.5 the dual operator $P_{q}^{*}$ is a bounded linear in $L^{q^{'}} (G; E^{*})$ . □

Let

\begin{matrix} W_{q} = {\nabla φ : φ \in W^{q, 1} (G; E)}, \\ {(P_{q} X_{q})}^{⊥} = {f \in {(L^{q^{'}} (G; E^{*}))}^{n}, 〈 f, υ 〉 = 0 for any υ \in P_{q} X_{q}} . \end{matrix}

From Lemmas 3.5, 3.6 we obtain the following.

Result 3.7 Assume E is an UMD space and $q \in (1, \infty)$ . Then any element $f \in X_{q}$ uniquely can be expressed as a sum of elements of $P_{q} X_{q}$ and $W_{q}$ .

In a similar way as Lemmas 6, 7 of [3] we obtain, respectively, the following.

Lemma 3.7 Assume E is an UMD space and

q \in (1, \infty)

. Then

{(P_{q} X_{q})}^{⊥} = W_{q^{'}}, \frac{1}{q} + \frac{1}{q^{'}} = 1 .

Lemma 3.8 Assume E is an UMD space and

q \in (1, \infty)

. Then

X_{q σ}^{⊥} = W_{q^{'}}, \frac{1}{q} + \frac{1}{q^{'}} = 1 .

Now we are ready to prove Theorem 3.2.

Proof of Theorem 3.2 From Lemmas 3.7, 3.8 we get $X_{q σ} = {(P_{q} X_{q})}^{⊥}$ . Then, by construction of $P_{q}$ , we have $X_{q} = X_{q σ} \oplus W_{q}$ . By Lemmas 3.3, 3.5, we obtain the estimate (3.4). Moreover, by Lemma 3.4, $W_{q}$ is a close subspace of $X_{q}$ . Then it is known that the dual space of the quotient space $X_{q} / W_{q}$ is $W_{q}^{⊥}$ . In view of first assertion we have $X_{q} / W_{q} = X_{q σ}$ and by Lemma 3.8 we obtain the second assertion. □

Theorem 3.3 Let Condition 3.1 hold. Then problem (1.7)-(1.8) has a unique solution

u \in X_{q}^{2}

for

f \in X_{q}

,

φ \in W^{1, q} (G; E)

,

λ \in S_{ψ, ϰ}

, and the following coercive uniform estimate holds:

\sum_{k = 1}^{n} \sum_{i = 0}^{2} λ^{1 - \frac{i}{2}} {∥ \frac{\partial^{i} u}{\partial x_{k}^{i}} ∥}_{X_{q}} + {∥ A u ∥}_{X_{q}} + {∥ \nabla φ ∥}_{X_{q}} \leq C {∥ f ∥}_{X_{q}} .

(3.24)

Proof By virtue of Result 3.2, we find that problem (3.2) has a unique solution

u \in X_{q}^{2} (G, A)

for

f \in X_{q}

and for sufficiently large

λ \in S_{φ}

. Moreover, the following coercive uniform estimate holds:

\sum_{k = 1}^{n} \sum_{i = 0}^{2} | λ |^{1 - \frac{i}{2}} {∥ \frac{\partial^{i} u}{\partial x_{k}^{i}} ∥}_{X_{q}} + {∥ A u ∥}_{X_{q}} \leq C {∥ f ∥}_{X_{q}} .

By applying the operator

P_{q}

to problem (1.7)-(1.8) we get the Stokes problem (1.9)-(1.10). It is clear that

D (O_{q}) = D (B) \cap X_{q σ},

where $O_{q}$ is the Stokes operator and B is a operator generated by problem (3.2) for $λ = 0$ . Then by Theorem 3.2 we obtain the assertion. □

Result 3.8 From Result 3.2 we find that $O = O_{q}$ is a positive operator in $X_{q}$ and −O generate a bounded holomorphic semigroup $S (t) = exp (- O t)$ for $t > 0$ .

In a similar way as in [6] we show the following.

Proposition 3.2 The following estimate holds:

∥ O^{α} S (t) ∥ \leq C t^{- α}

for $α \geq 0$ and $t > 0$ .

Proof From the estimate (3.3) we see that the operator O is positive in

X_{q}

, i.e., for

λ \in S_{ψ, ϰ}

,

0 < ψ < π

the following estimate holds:

∥ {(O + λ)}^{- 1} ∥ \leq M | λ |^{- 1},

where the constant M is independent of λ. Then, by using the Danford integral and operator calculus (see, e.g., in [12]), we obtain the assertion. □

4 Well-posedness of instationary Stokes problems with variable coefficients

Let

B (p, q) = L^{p} (0, T; X_{q}), D (p, q) = {(X_{q}^{2} (A), X_{q})}_{\frac{1}{p}, p} .

In this section, we will show the well-posedness of problem (1.1)-(1.2).

Theorem 4.1 Then, for

f \in B (p, q)

,

φ \in L_{p} (0, T; W^{1, q} (G; E))

, and

a \in D (p, q)

,

p, q \in (1, \infty)

, there is a unique solution

(u, \nabla φ)

of problem (1.1)-(1.2) and the following estimate holds:

{∥ \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} ∥}_{B (p, q)} + \sum_{k = 1}^{n} {∥ \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x_{k}^{2}} ∥}_{B (p, q)} + {∥ A u ∥}_{B (p, q)} + {∥ \nabla φ ∥}_{B (p, q)} \leq C ({∥ f ∥}_{B (p, q)} + {∥ a ∥}_{D (p, q)}) .

(4.1)

Proof Problem (1.1)-(1.2) can be expressed as the following abstract parabolic problem:

\frac{d u}{d t} + O u = f (t), u (0) = a .

(4.2)

If we put

E = X_{q}

then by Proposition 3.2, operator O is positive and generates a bounded holomorphic semigroup in

X_{q}

. Moreover, by using [[17], Theorem 3.1] we see that the operator O is R-positive in E. Since E is a UMD space, in a similar way as in [[13], Theorem 4.2] we see that for all

f \in L^{p} (0, T; E)

and

a \in {(D (O), E)}_{\frac{1}{p}, p}

there is a unique solution

u \in W^{1, p} (0, T, D (O), E)

of problem (4.2) so that the following estimate holds:

{∥ \frac{d u}{d t} ∥}_{L^{p} (0, T; E)} + {∥ O u ∥}_{L^{p} (0, T; E)} \leq C ({∥ f ∥}_{L^{p} (0, T; E)} + {∥ a ∥}_{{(D (O), E)}_{\frac{1}{p}, p}}) .

(4.3)

□

From the estimates (3.3) and (4.3) we obtain the assertion.

Remark 4.1 There are a lot of positive operators in concrete Banach spaces. Therefore, putting in (1.7)-(1.8) and (1.1)-(1.3) concrete Banach spaces instead of E and concrete positive differential, pseudo differential operators, or finite, infinite matrices, etc. instead of A, by virtue of Theorem 3.3 and Theorem 4.1 we can obtain the maximal regularity properties of different class of stationary and instationary Stokes problems, respectively, which occur in numerous physics and engineering problems.

Let us now show some application of Theorem 3.3 and Theorem 4.1.

5 Application

Consider the stationary Stokes problem

\sum_{k = 1}^{n} a_{k} (x) \frac{\partial^{2} u (x, y)}{\partial x_{k}^{2}} + \sum_{| β | \leq 2 m} a_{β} (x, y) D_{y}^{β} u (x, y) + \nabla φ = f (x, y), div u = 0,

(5.1)

\sum_{i = 0}^{m_{k j}} [α_{k j i} \frac{\partial^{i} u}{\partial x_{k}^{i}} (G_{k 0}, y) + β_{k j i} \frac{\partial^{i} u}{\partial x_{k}^{i}} (G_{k b}, y)] = 0, y \in Ω, j = 1, 2,

(5.2)

B_{j} u = \sum_{| β | \leq m_{j}} b_{j β} (y) D_{y}^{β} u (x, y) |_{y \in \partial Ω} = 0, x \in G, j = 1, 2, \dots, m,

(5.3)

where

f = (f_{1} (x, y, t), f_{2} (x, y, t), \dots, f_{n} (x, y, t))

represents a given and

u = (u_{1} (x, y), u_{2} (x, y), \dots, u_{n} (x, y)), φ = φ (x, y)

are unknown functions;

\begin{matrix} x = (x_{1}, x_{2}, \dots, x_{n}) \in G = \prod_{k = 1}^{n} (0, b_{k}), y = (y_{1}, \dots, y_{μ}) \in Ω \subset R^{μ}, \\ G_{k 0} = (x_{1}, x_{2}, \dots, x_{k - 1}, 0, x_{k + 1}, \dots, x_{n}), p \in (1, \infty), \\ G_{k b} = (x_{1}, x_{2}, \dots, x_{k - 1}, b_{k}, x_{k + 1}, \dots, x_{n}), q \in (1, \infty), m_{k j} \in {0, 1}, \end{matrix}

$α_{k j i}$ , $β_{k j i}$ are complex numbers, $a_{α}$ , $b_{j β}$ are complex-valued functions, $D_{j} = - i \frac{\partial}{\partial y_{j}}$ .

Let

\tilde{Ω} = G \times Ω

,

p = (p_{1}, p)

. Now

L^{p} (\tilde{Ω})

will denote the space of all p-summable scalar-valued functions with mixed norm i.e., the space of all measurable functions f defined on

\tilde{Ω}

, for which

{∥ f ∥}_{L^{p} (\tilde{Ω})} = {(\int_{G} {(\int_{Ω} | f (x, y) |^{p_{1}} d x)}^{\frac{p}{p_{1}}} d y)}^{\frac{1}{p}} < \infty .

Analogously, $W^{m, p} (\tilde{Ω})$ denotes the Sobolev space with corresponding mixed norm.

X_{p} = {(L^{p} (\tilde{Ω}))}^{n}

denotes the class of vector function

f = (f_{1} (x), f_{2} (x), \dots, f_{n} (x))

with norm

{∥ f ∥}_{X_{p}} = \sum_{i = 1}^{n} {∥ f_{i} ∥}_{L^{p} (G; E)}

and $X_{p}^{2, 2 m} = {(W^{2, 2 m, p} (\tilde{Ω}))}^{n}$ , where $W^{2, 2 m, p} (\tilde{Ω})$ is the anisotropic Sobolev space with mixed norm.

From Theorem 3.3 we obtain the following.

Theorem 5.1 Let the following conditions be satisfied:

(1)

Ω is a domain in $R^{μ}$ with sufficiently smooth boundary ∂ Ω, $a_{α} (x, y) \in C (\bar{Ω})$ , $a_{α} (G_{i 0}, y) = a_{α} (G_{i b}, y)$ for each $| α | = 2 m$ , $y \in Ω$ , $a_{α} \in [L_{\infty} + L_{r_{k}}] (Ω)$ for each $| α | = k < 2 m$ with $r_{k} \geq p_{1}$ , $p_{1} \in (1, \infty)$ and $2 m - k > \frac{l}{r_{k}}$ , $ν_{α} \in L_{\infty}$ ;
(2)

$b_{j β} \in C^{2 m - m_{j}} (\partial Ω)$ for each $j, β, m_{j} < 2 m$ , $p \in (1, \infty)$ ;
(3)

for $y \in \bar{Ω}$ , $ξ \in R^{μ}$ , $η \in S (φ_{1})$ , $φ_{1} \in [0, \frac{π}{2})$ , $| ξ | + | η | \neq 0$ let
$η + \sum_{| α | = 2 m} a_{α} (y) ξ^{α} \neq 0;$
(4)

for each $x_{0} \in \partial Ω$ the local BVPs in local coordinates corresponding to $x_{0}$
$\begin{matrix} η + \sum_{| α | = 2 m} a_{α} (x_{0}, ξ^{'}, D_{μ}) ϑ (y) = 0, y > 0, \\ B_{j 0} ϑ = \sum_{| β | = m_{j}} b_{j β} (x_{0}, ξ^{'}, D_{μ}) ϑ (y) |_{y = 0} = h_{j}, j = 1, 2, \dots, m \end{matrix}$

has a unique solution

ϑ \in C_{0} (R_{+})

for all

h = (h_{1}, h_{2}, \dots, h_{m}) \in R^{m}

and for

ξ^{'} \in R^{μ - 1}

with

| ξ^{'} | + | η | \neq 0

;

(5)

$a_{k} \in C (\bar{G})$ , $a_{k} (G_{i 0}, y) = a_{k} (G_{i b}, y)$ , $a_{k} \neq 0$ , $a_{k} \in S (φ_{0}) \cap C / R_{-}$ for all $x \in G$ , $φ + φ_{0} < π$ , $y \in Ω$ , $k, i = 1, 2, \dots, n$ .

Then, problem (5.1)-(5.3) has a unique solution

u \in X_{p}^{2, 2 m}

for

f \in X_{p}

,

φ \in W^{1, p} (\tilde{Ω}; E)

,

λ \in S_{ψ, ϰ,}

and the following coercive uniform estimate holds:

\sum_{k = 1}^{n} \sum_{i = 0}^{2} | λ |^{1 - \frac{i}{2}} {∥ \frac{\partial^{i} u}{\partial x_{k}^{i}} ∥}_{X_{p}} + \sum_{| α | = 2 m} {∥ D_{y}^{α} u ∥}_{X_{p}} + {∥ \nabla φ ∥}_{X_{p}} \leq C {∥ f ∥}_{X_{p}} .

(5.4)

Proof Let

E = L^{p_{1}} (Ω)

. By virtue of [[18], Theorem 4.5.2]

L^{p_{1}} (Ω)

is an UMD space. Consider the operator A which is defined by

D (A) = W^{2 m, p_{1}} (Ω; B_{j} u = 0), A u = \sum_{| β | \leq 2 m} a_{β} (y) D^{β} u (y) .

Problem (5.1)-(5.3) can be rewritten in the form of (1.7)-(1.8) for

A_{k} = 0

,

k = 1, 2, \dots, n

, where

u (x) = u (x, \cdot)

and

f (x) = f (x, \cdot)

are functions with values in

E = L^{p_{1}} (Ω)

. In view of [[14], Theorem 8.2] the problem

\begin{aligned} η u (y) + \sum_{| β | \leq 2 m} a_{β} (x, y) D^{β} u (y) = f (y), \\ B_{j} u = \sum_{| β | \leq m_{j}} b_{j β} (y) D^{β} u (y) = 0, j = 1, 2, \dots, m \end{aligned}

(5.5)

has a unique solution for $f \in L^{p_{1}} (Ω)$ and arg $η \in S (φ_{1})$ , $| η | \to \infty$ , and the operator A is R-positive in $L^{p_{1}}$ . Hence, all conditions of Theorem 3.2 are satisfied, i.e., we obtain the assertion.

Consider now the instationary Stokes problem

\frac{\partial u}{\partial t} + \sum_{k = 1}^{n} a_{k} (x) \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x_{k}^{2}} + \sum_{| β | \leq 2 m} a_{β} (x, y) D_{y}^{β} u + \nabla φ = f (x, y, t), div u = 0,

(5.6)

\sum_{i = 0}^{m_{k j}} [α_{k j i} \frac{\partial^{i} u}{\partial x_{k}^{i}} (G_{k 0}, y, t) + β_{k j i} \frac{\partial^{i} u}{\partial x_{k}^{i}} (G_{k b}, y, t)] = 0, j = 1, 2,

(5.7)

u (x, y, 0) = a (x, y), t \in (0, T), x \in G, y \in Ω,

(5.8)

B_{j} u = \sum_{| β | \leq m_{j}} b_{j β} (y) D_{y}^{β} u (x, y, t) |_{y \in \partial Ω} = 0, x \in G, j = 1, 2, \dots, m,

(5.9)

where $f (x, y, t)$ , $u = (x, y, t)$ are data and solution vector-functions, respectively. □

From Theorem 4.1 and Theorem 5.1 we obtain the following.

Theorem 5.2 Assume all conditions of Theorem 5.1 are satisfied

p, p_{1}, q \in (1, \infty)

. Then, for

f \in L^{q} (0, T; X_{p}) = B (p, p_{1}, q)

,

φ \in L^{q} (0, T; W^{1, p} (\tilde{Ω}))

, and

a \in {(X_{p}^{2, 2 m}, X_{p})}_{\frac{1}{q}, q} = D (p, p_{1}, q)

, there is a unique solution

(u, \nabla φ)

of problem (5.6)-(5.9) and the following estimate holds:

\begin{matrix} {∥ \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} ∥}_{B (p, p_{1}, q)} + \sum_{k = 1}^{n} {∥ \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x_{k}^{2}} ∥}_{B (p, p_{1}, q)} + \sum_{| α | = 2 m} {∥ D_{y}^{α} u ∥}_{B (p, p_{1}, q)} \\ + {∥ \nabla φ ∥}_{B (p, p_{1}, q)} \leq C ({∥ f ∥}_{B (p, p_{1}, q)} + {∥ a ∥}_{D (p, p_{1}, q)}) . \end{matrix}

Declarations

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Okan University, Akfirat, Tuzla, Istanbul, 34959, Turkey

(2)

Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan

References

Amann H: On the strong solvability of the Navier-Stokes equations. J. Math. Fluid Mech. 2000, 2: 16-98. 10.1007/s000210050018MathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
Giga Y, Sohr H:Abstract $L_{p}$ estimates for the Cauchy problem with applications to the Navier-Stokes equations in exterior domains. J. Funct. Anal. 1991, 102: 72-94. 10.1016/0022-1236(91)90136-SMathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
Fujiwara D, Morimoto H:An $L_{r}$ -theorem of the Helmholtz decomposition of vector fields. J. Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 1A, Math. 1977, 24: 685-700.MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
Fujita H, Kato T: On the Navier-Stokes initial value problem I. Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 1964, 16: 269-315. 10.1007/BF00276188MathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
Farwing R, Sohr H: Generalized resolvent estimates for the Stokes system in bounded and unbounded domains. J. Math. Soc. Jpn. 1994, 46(4):607-643. 10.2969/jmsj/04640607View ArticleGoogle Scholar
Kato T:Strong $L_{p}$ -solutions of the Navier-Stokes equation in $R^{m}$ , with applications to weak solutions. Math. Z. 1984, 187: 471-480. 10.1007/BF01174182MathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
Ladyzhenskaya OA: The Mathematical Theory of Viscous Incompressible Flow. Gordon & Breach, New York; 1969.Google Scholar
Solonnikov V: Estimates for solutions of nonstationary Navier-Stokes equations. J. Sov. Math. 1977, 8: 467-529. 10.1007/BF01084616View ArticleGoogle Scholar
Sobolevskii PE: Study of Navier-Stokes equations by the methods of the theory of parabolic equations in Banach spaces. Sov. Math. Dokl. 1964, 5: 720-723.Google Scholar
Teman R: Navier-Stokes Equations. North-Holland, Amsterdam; 1984.Google Scholar
Shakhmurov V: Coercive boundary value problems for regular degenerate differential-operator equations. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 2004, 292(2):605-620. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2003.12.032MathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
Denk R, Hieber M, Pruss J: R -boundedness, Fourier multipliers and problems of elliptic and parabolic type. Mem. Am. Math. Soc. 2005., 166: Article ID 788Google Scholar
Triebel H: Interpolation Theory. Function Spaces. Differential Operators. North-Holland, Amsterdam; 1978.Google Scholar
Ashyralyev A: On well-posedeness of the nonlocal boundary value problem for elliptic equations. Numer. Funct. Anal. Optim. 2003, 24(1-2):1-15. 10.1081/NFA-120020240MathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
Triebel H: Fractals and Spectra: Related to Fourier Analysis and Function Spaces. Birkhäuser, Basel; 1997.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
Shakhmurov VB: Embedding theorems and maximal regular differential operator equations in Banach-valued function spaces. J. Inequal. Appl. 2005, 4: 605-620.MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
Shakhmurov VB: Linear and nonlinear abstract equations with parameters. Nonlinear Anal., Real World Appl. 2010, 73: 2383-2397.MathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
Amann H 1. In Linear and Quasi-Linear Equations. Birkhäuser, Basel; 1995.Google Scholar
Shakhmurov VB, Shahmurova A: Nonlinear abstract boundary value problems atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. Nonlinear Anal., Real World Appl. 2010, 11(2):932-951. 10.1016/j.nonrwa.2009.01.037MathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
Shakhmurov VB: Separable anisotropic differential operators and applications. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 2006, 327(2):1182-1201.MathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
Shakhmurov V: Parameter dependent Stokes problems in vector-valued spaces and applications. Bound. Value Probl. 2013., 2013: Article ID 172Google Scholar
Weis L:Operator-valued Fourier multiplier theorems and maximal $L_{p}$ regularity. Math. Ann. 2001, 319: 735-758. 10.1007/PL00004457MathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
Yakubov S, Yakubov Y: Differential-Operator Equations. Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations. Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton; 2000.Google Scholar
Lunardi A: Analytic Semigroups and Optimal Regularity in Parabolic Problems. Birkhäuser, Basel; 2003.Google Scholar
Skubachevskii AL: Nonlocal boundary value problems. J. Math. Sci. 2008, 155(2):199-334. 10.1007/s10958-008-9218-9MathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar

Copyright

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.