On the free boundary value problem for one-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes equations with constant exterior pressure

Ruxu Lian; Jian Liu

doi:10.1186/1687-2770-2014-93

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Published: 06 May 2014

On the free boundary value problem for one-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes equations with constant exterior pressure

Ruxu Lian^1,2 &
Jian Liu³

Boundary Value Problems volume 2014, Article number: 93 (2014) Cite this article

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Abstract

In this paper, we consider the free boundary value problem (FBVP) for one-dimensional isentropic compressible Navier-Stokes equations (CNS) with density-dependent viscosity coefficient and constant exterior pressure. Under certain assumptions imposed on the initial data, the global existence and uniqueness of a strong solution to FBVP for CNS are established, in particular, the strong solution tends pointwise to a non-vacuum equilibrium state at an exponential time-rate as the time tends to infinity.

1 Introduction

In the present paper, we consider the free boundary value problem to one-dimensional isentropic compressible Navier-Stokes equations with density-dependent viscosity coefficient for regular initial data in the case that across the free surface the stress tensor is balanced by constant exterior pressure. In general, one-dimensional isentropic compressible Navier-Stokes equations with density-dependent viscosity coefficient can be written as

{ρ t + (ρ u) x = 0, (ρ u) t + (ρ u 2 + P (ρ)) x = (μ (ρ) u x) x, (x, t) ∈ R × [0, T],

(1.1)

where $ρ > 0$ , u and $P (ρ) = ρ γ$ ( $γ > 1$ ) stand for the flow density, velocity and pressure, respectively, and the viscosity coefficient is $μ (ρ) = ρ α$ with $α > 0$ . Note here that the case $γ = 2$ and $α = 1$ in (1.1) corresponds to the viscous Saint-Venant system for shallow water.

Recently, there have been much significant progress achieved on the compressible Navier-Stokes equations with density-dependent viscosity coefficients. For instance, the mathematical derivations are obtained in the simulation of flow surface in shallow region [1, 2]. The existence of solutions for the 2D shallow water equations is investigated by Bresch and Desjardins [3, 4]. The well-posedness of solutions to the free boundary value problem with initial finite mass and the flow density being connected with the infinite vacuum either continuously or via jump discontinuity is considered by many authors; refer to [5–15] and the references therein. The global existence of classical solutions is shown by Mellet and Vasseur [16]. The qualitative behaviors of global solutions and dynamical asymptotics of vacuum states are also made, such as the finite time vanishing of finite vacuum or the asymptotical formation of vacuum in large time, the dynamical behaviors of vacuum boundary, the large time convergence to rarefaction wave with vacuum, and the stability of shock profile with large shock strength; refer to [17–22] and the references therein.

In addition, some important progress has been made about free boundary value problems for multi-dimensional compressible viscous Navier-Stokes equations with constant viscosity coefficients for either barotropic or heat-conducive fluids by many authors; for example, in the case that across the free surface stress tensor is balanced by a constant exterior pressure and/or the surface tension, classical solutions with strictly positive densities in the fluid regions to FBVP for CNS (1.1) with constant viscosity coefficients are proved locally in time for either barotropic flows [23–25] or heat-conductive flows [26–28]. In the case that across the free surface the stress tensor is balanced by exterior pressure [25], surface tension [29], or both exterior pressure and surface tension [30], respectively, as the initial data is assumed to be near to a non-vacuum equilibrium state, the global existence of classical solutions with small amplitude and positive densities in fluid region to the FBVP for CNS (1.1) with constant viscosity coefficients is obtained. The global existence of classical solutions to FBVP for compressible viscous and heat-conductive fluids is also established with the stress tensor balanced by the exterior pressure and/or surface tension across the free surface; refer to [31, 32] and the references therein.

In this paper, we consider the free boundary value problem (FBVP) for one-dimensional isentropic compressible Navier-Stokes equations with density-dependent viscosity coefficient and constant exterior pressure, and we focus on the existence, regularities and dynamical behaviors of a global strong solution, etc. As $γ > 1$ we show that the free boundary value problem with regular initial data admits a unique global strong solution which tends pointwise to a non-vacuum equilibrium state at an exponential time-rate as the time tends to infinity (refer to Theorem 2.1 for details).

The rest of the paper is arranged as follows. In Section 2, the main results about the existence and dynamical behaviors of a global strong solution to FBVP with two different initial data for compressible Navier-Stokes equations are stated. Then, some important a priori estimates are given in Section 3 and the theorem is proven in Section 4.

2 Main results

We are interested in the global existence and dynamics of the free boundary value problem for (1.1) with the following initial data and boundary conditions:

{(ρ, u) (x, 0) = (ρ 0, u 0), x ∈ [a 0, b 0], (ρ γ − ρ α u x) (a (t), t) = p e, (ρ γ − ρ α u x) (b (t), t) = p e, t > 0,

(2.1)

where $x = a (t)$ and $x = b (t)$ are the free boundaries defined by

{d d t a (t) = u (a (t), t), a (0) = a 0, d d t b (t) = u (b (t), t), b (0) = b 0, t > 0,

(2.2)

and the positive constant $p e$ is the exterior pressure.

Without loss of generality, the total initial mass is renormalized to be one, i.e.,

∫ a (t) b (t) ρ (x, t) d x = ∫ a 0 b 0 ρ 0 (x) d x : = 1 .

(2.3)

Define

E 0 : = 12 ∫ a 0 b 0 ρ 0 u 02 d x + ∫ a 0 b 0 ρ 0 (1 γ − 1 (ρ 0 γ − 1 − ρ ¯ γ − 1) + ρ ¯ γ (ρ 0 − 1 − ρ ¯ − 1)) d x

(2.4)

and

E 1 : = 12 ∫ a 0 b 0 ρ 0 (u 0 + 1 α (ρ 0 α) x) 2 d x + ∫ a 0 b 0 ρ 0 (1 γ − 1 (ρ 0 γ − 1 − ρ ¯ γ − 1) + ρ ¯ γ (ρ 0 − 1 − ρ ¯ − 1)) d x,

(2.5)

where $ρ ¯ : = p e 1 γ > 0$ .

Firstly, we consider the initial data satisfying

{inf [a 0, b 0] ρ 0 ≥ ρ ̲ > 0, (ρ 0, u 0) ∈ W 1, ∞ ([a 0, b 0]), (ρ 0 γ − ρ 0 α u 0 x) (a 0) = ρ ¯ γ, (ρ 0 γ − ρ 0 α u 0 x) (b 0) = ρ ¯ γ, | ρ 0 α (a 0) − ρ ¯ α | ≤ δ, | ρ 0 α (b 0) − ρ ¯ α | ≤ δ,

(2.6)

where $ρ ̲$ and $δ > 0$ are positive constants, δ is bounded, and we also consider the other initial data satisfying

{inf [a 0, b 0] ρ 0 ≥ ρ ̲ > 0, (ρ 0, u 0) ∈ W 1, ∞ ([a 0, b 0]), (ρ 0 γ − ρ 0 α u 0 x) (a 0) = ρ ¯ γ, (ρ 0 γ − ρ 0 α u 0 x) (b 0) = ρ ¯ γ, ρ 0 (b 0) ≥ ρ 0 (a 0) ≥ ρ ¯,

(2.7)

note that the compatibility conditions between the initial data and boundary conditions hold. Then we have the global existence and time-asymptotical behavior of a strong solution as follows.

Theorem 2.1 (FBVP)

Let $γ > 1$ . Assume that the initial data satisfies (2.6) for $0 < α ≤ 12$ , and satisfies (2.6) together with

E 012 (E 0 + 2 E 1) 12 ≤ ν 2 (2 α − 1) ρ ¯ γ + 2 α − 1 2

(2.8)

for $α > 12$ or the initial data satisfies (2.7) for $0 < α ≤ 12$ , and satisfies (2.7) together with

E 012 (E 0 + E 1 + (ρ 0 γ (b 0) − ρ ¯ γ) b 0 − (ρ 0 γ (a 0) − ρ ¯ γ) a 0) 12 ≤ ν 2 (2 α − 1) ρ ¯ γ + 2 α − 1 2

(2.9)

for $12 < α ≤ γ$ , where ν is a positive constant. Then there exists a unique global strong solution $(ρ, u, a, b)$ to FBVP (1.1) and (2.1) satisfying, for $T > 0$ ,

{c ≤ ρ ∈ L ∞ (0, T; H 1 ([a (t), b (t)])) ∩ C 0 ([a (t), b (t)] × [0, T]), u ∈ L ∞ (0, T; H 1 ([a (t), b (t)])) ∩ L 2 (0, T; H 2 ([a (t), b (t)])), a (t), b (t) ∈ H 1 ([0, T]), (ρ γ − ρ α u x) ∈ L ∞ (0, T; L 2 ([a (t), b (t)])),

(2.10)

with $c > 0$ being a constant independent of time.

If it further holds that $u 0 ∈ H 2 ([a 0, b 0])$ , then $(ρ, u, a, b)$ satisfies

{(ρ, u) ∈ C 0 ([a (t), b (t)] × [0, T]), ρ ∈ L ∞ (0, T; H 1 ([0, a (t)])), ρ t ∈ L ∞ (0, T; L 2 ([a (t), b (t)])), u ∈ L ∞ (0, T; H 2 ([a (t), b (t)])) ∩ L 2 (0, T; H 3 ([a (t), b (t)])), u t ∈ L ∞ (0, T; L 2 ([a (t), b (t)])) ∩ L 2 (0, T; H 1 ([a (t), b (t)])), a (t), b (t) ∈ H 2 ([0, T]), (ρ γ − ρ α u x) ∈ C 0 ([0, T] × ([a (t), b (t)])) .

(2.11)

The solution $(ρ, u)$ tends to the non-vacuum equilibrium state exponentially

∥ (ρ − ρ ¯, u) (⋅, t) ∥ L ∞ ([a (t), b (t)]) ≤ C 1 e − C 2 t, t > 0,

(2.12)

where $C 1$ and $C 2$ are positive constants independent of time.

Remark 2.1 Theorem 2.1 holds for the one-dimensional Saint-Venant model for shallow water, i.e., $γ = 2$ , $α = 1$ .

Remark 2.2 The initial constraints (2.8) and (2.9) do not always require that the perturbation of the initial data around the equilibrium state $(ρ ¯, 0)$ is small. Indeed, it can be large provided that the state $ρ ¯ > 0$ is large enough.

3 The a priori estimates

It is convenient to make use of the Lagrange coordinates in order to establish the a priori estimates. Take the Lagrange coordinates transform

ξ = ∫ a (t) x ρ (y, t) d y, τ = t .

(3.1)

Since the conservation of total mass holds, the boundaries $x = a (t)$ and $x = b (t)$ are transformed into $ξ = 0$ and $ξ = 1$ , respectively, and the domain $[a (t), b (t)]$ is transformed into $[0, 1]$ . FBVP (1.1) and (2.1) is reformulated into

{ρ τ + ρ 2 u ξ = 0, u τ + (ρ γ) ξ = (ρ 1 + α u ξ) ξ, (ρ 0, u 0) = (ρ 0, u 0) (ξ), ξ ∈ [0, 1], (ρ γ − ρ 1 + α u ξ) (0, τ) = ρ ¯ γ, (ρ γ − ρ 1 + α u ξ) (1, τ) = ρ ¯ γ, τ ∈ [0, T],

(3.2)

where the initial data satisfies

{inf [0, 1] ρ 0 ≥ ρ ̲ > 0, (ρ 0, u 0) ∈ W 1, ∞ ([0, 1]), (ρ 0 γ − ρ 0 1 + α u 0 x) (0) = ρ ¯ γ, (ρ 0 γ − ρ 0 1 + α u 0 x) (1) = ρ ¯ γ, | ρ 0 α (0) − ρ ¯ α | ≤ δ, | ρ 0 α (1) − ρ ¯ α | ≤ δ

(3.3)

or

{inf [0, 1] ρ 0 ≥ ρ ̲ > 0, (ρ 0, u 0) ∈ W 1, ∞ ([0, 1]), (ρ 0 γ − ρ 0 1 + α u 0 x) (0) = ρ ¯ γ, (ρ 0 γ − ρ 0 1 + α u 0 x) (1) = ρ ¯ γ, ρ 0 (1) ≥ ρ 0 (0) ≥ ρ ¯,

(3.4)

and the consistencies between the initial data and boundary conditions hold.

Next, we deduce the a priori estimates for the solution $(ρ, u)$ to FBVP (3.2).

Lemma 3.1 Let $T > 0$ . Under the assumptions of Theorem 2.1, it holds for any strong solution $(ρ, u)$ to FBVP (3.2) that

∫ 01 (12 u 2 + 1 γ − 1 (ρ γ − 1 − ρ ¯ γ − 1) + ρ ¯ γ (ρ − 1 − ρ ¯ − 1)) d ξ + ∫ 0 τ ∫ 01 ρ 1 + α u ξ 2 d ξ d s = E 0, τ ∈ [0, T] .

(3.5)

Proof Taking the product of (3.2)₂ with u, integrating on $[0, 1]$ and using boundary conditions, we have

12 d d τ ∫ 01 u 2 d ξ + ∫ 01 ρ 1 + α u ξ 2 d ξ = ∫ 01 u ξ (ρ γ − ρ ¯ γ) d ξ = ∫ 01 (ρ γ − 2 − ρ ¯ γ ρ − 2) (− ρ τ) d ξ = − d d τ ∫ 01 (1 γ − 1 (ρ γ − 1 − ρ ¯ γ − 1) + ρ ¯ γ (ρ − 1 − ρ ¯ − 1)) d ξ,

(3.6)

which leads to (3.5) after the integration with respect to $τ ∈ [0, T]$ . □

Lemma 3.2 Let $T > 0$ . Under the assumptions of Theorem 2.1, it holds for any strong solution $(ρ, u)$ to FBVP (3.2) with the initial data satisfying (3.3) that

∫ 01 (12 (u + 1 α (ρ α) ξ) 2 + 1 γ − 1 (ρ γ − 1 − ρ ¯ γ − 1) + ρ ¯ γ (ρ − 1 − ρ ¯ − 1)) d ξ + γ ∫ 0 τ ∫ 01 ρ γ + 2 α − 1 ρ ξ 2 d ξ d s ≤ 2 E 1, τ ∈ [0, T] .

(3.7)

As the initial data satisfies (3.4), it holds

∫ 01 (12 (u + 1 α (ρ α) ξ) 2 + 1 γ − 1 (ρ γ − 1 − ρ ¯ γ − 1) + ρ ¯ γ (ρ − 1 − ρ ¯ − 1)) d ξ + γ ∫ 0 τ ∫ 01 ρ γ + 2 α − 1 ρ ξ 2 d ξ d s + (ρ γ (1, τ) − ρ ¯ γ) b (τ) − (ρ γ (0, τ) − ρ ¯ γ) a (τ) + γ α ∫ 0 τ (ρ γ − α (1, s) (ρ γ (1, s) − ρ ¯ γ) b (s) − ρ γ − α (0, s) (ρ γ (0, s) − ρ ¯ γ) a (s)) d s = E 1 + (ρ 0 γ (1) − ρ ¯ γ) b 0 − (ρ 0 γ (0) − ρ ¯ γ) a 0, τ ∈ [0, T],

(3.8)

where $a (τ)$ satisfies $a ′ (τ) = u (0, τ)$ and $a (0) = a 0$ , $b (τ)$ satisfies $b ′ (τ) = u (1, τ)$ and $b (0) = b 0$ .

Proof Multiplying (3.2)₁ by $ρ α − 1$ leads to

(ρ α) τ / α + ρ 1 + α u ξ = 0,

(3.9)

which gives

(ρ α) τ ξ / α + (ρ 1 + α u ξ) ξ = 0 .

(3.10)

Summing (3.2)₁ and (3.10), we deduce

(u + (ρ α) ξ / α) τ + (ρ γ) ξ = 0 .

(3.11)

Multiplying (3.11) by $(u + (ρ α) ξ / α)$ and integrating the result over $[0, 1] × [0, τ]$ , we have

d d τ ∫ 01 (12 (u + 1 α (ρ α) ξ) 2 + 1 γ − 1 (ρ γ − 1 − ρ ¯ γ − 1) + ρ ¯ γ (ρ − 1 − ρ ¯ − 1)) d ξ + γ ∫ 01 ρ γ + 2 α − 1 ρ ξ 2 d ξ + ((ρ γ (1, τ) − ρ ¯ γ) u (1, τ) − (ρ γ (0, τ) − ρ ¯ γ) u (0, τ)) = 0 .

(3.12)

Next, we prove (3.7) in the case that the initial data satisfies (3.3) firstly, to obtain (3.7). We assume a priori that there are constants $ρ ± > 0$ so that

0 < ρ − ≤ ρ (ξ, τ), ρ ¯ ≤ ρ +, (ξ, τ) ∈ [0, 1] × [0, T], T > 0 .

(3.13)

By means of (3.2)₁ and the boundary condition, we have

(ρ α (1, τ) − ρ ¯ α) τ + (ρ γ (1, τ) − ρ ¯ γ) = 0,

(3.14)

which yields

ρ α (1, τ) − ρ ¯ α = (ρ 0 α (1) − ρ ¯ α) e − ∫ 0 τ ρ γ (1, s) − ρ ¯ γ ρ α (1, s) − ρ ¯ α d s .

(3.15)

From (3.13), we can obtain

γ α ρ − γ − α ≤ ρ γ (1, τ) − ρ ¯ γ ρ α (1, τ) − ρ ¯ α ≤ γ α ρ + γ − α .

(3.16)

It holds from (3.5), (3.13), (3.15) and (3.16) that

| ∫ 0 τ (ρ γ (1, s) − ρ ¯ γ) u (1, s) d s | ≤ C ˆ ∫ 0 τ ρ + γ − α | ρ α (1, s) − ρ ¯ α | (∫ 01 u 2 d x + ∫ 01 u x 2 d x) 12 d s ≤ C ˆ ∫ 0 τ | ρ 0 α (1) − ρ ¯ α | e − γ α ρ − γ − α s (ρ + 2 (γ − α) + ∫ 01 u 2 d ξ + ρ − − (1 + α) ∫ 01 ρ 1 + α u x 2 d ξ) d s ≤ C ˆ | ρ 0 α (1) − ρ ¯ α | (ρ − α − γ ρ + 2 (γ − α) + ρ − α − γ + ρ − − (1 + α)) ≤ 12 E 1,

(3.17)

where $C ˆ$ is a positive constant independent of time, and we assume that

| ρ 0 α (1) − ρ ¯ α | ≤ min {ρ − γ − α ρ + 2 (α − γ) 2 C ˆ E 1, ρ − γ − α 2 C ˆ E 1, ρ − 1 + α 2 C ˆ E 1} : = δ 1 .

(3.18)

Using the same method we can obtain

| ∫ 0 τ (ρ γ (0, s) − ρ ¯ γ) u (0, s) d s | ≤ 12 E 1 .

(3.19)

From (3.12), (3.17) and (3.19), we have (3.7).

Then, we prove (3.8) as the initial data satisfies (3.4), where we have the fact

∫ 0 τ ((ρ γ (1, s) − ρ ¯ γ) u (1, s) − (ρ γ (0, s) − ρ ¯ γ) u (0, s)) d s = ∫ 0 τ (ρ γ (1, s) − ρ ¯ γ) b ′ (s) d s − ∫ 0 τ (ρ γ (0, s) − ρ ¯ γ) a ′ (s) d s = (ρ γ (1, τ) − ρ ¯ γ) b (τ) − (ρ 0 γ (1) − ρ ¯ γ) b 0 − (ρ γ (0, τ) − ρ ¯ γ) a (τ) + (ρ 0 γ (0) − ρ ¯ γ) a 0 − γ α ∫ 0 τ b (s) ρ γ − α (1, s) (ρ α (1, s)) τ d s + γ α ∫ 0 τ a (s) ρ γ − α (0, s) (ρ α (0, s)) τ d s = (ρ γ (1, τ) − ρ ¯ γ) b (τ) − (ρ γ (0, τ) − ρ ¯ γ) a (τ) − (ρ 0 γ (1) − ρ ¯ γ) b 0 + (ρ 0 γ (0) − ρ ¯ γ) a 0 + γ α ∫ 0 τ ρ γ − α (1, s) (ρ γ (1, s) − ρ ¯ γ) b (s) d s − γ α ∫ 0 τ ρ γ − α (0, s) (ρ γ (0, s) − ρ ¯ γ) a (s) d s .

(3.20)

Applying equation (3.2)₁ and the boundary condition, we have that

(ρ α (1, τ) − ρ α (0, τ)) τ + (ρ γ (1, τ) − ρ γ (0, τ)) = 0

(3.21)

and

ρ α (1, τ) − ρ α (0, τ) = (ρ 0 α (1) − ρ 0 α (0)) e − ∫ 0 τ ρ γ (1, s) − ρ γ (0, s) ρ α (1, s) − ρ α (0, s) d s ≥ 0,

(3.22)

which together with

ρ α (1, τ) − ρ ¯ α = (ρ 0 α (1) − ρ ¯ α) e − ∫ 0 τ ρ γ (1, s) − ρ ¯ γ ρ α (1, s) − ρ ¯ α d s ≥ 0,

(3.23)

ρ α (0, τ) − ρ ¯ α = (ρ 0 α (0) − ρ ¯ α) e − ∫ 0 τ ρ γ (0, s) − ρ ¯ γ ρ α (0, s) − ρ ¯ α d s ≥ 0

(3.24)

and

b (τ) − a (τ) = ∫ 01 1 ρ (ζ, τ) d ζ > 0

(3.25)

gives rise to (3.8). □

Lemma 3.3 Let $T > 0$ . Under the assumptions of Theorem 2.1, it holds

0 < ρ ∗ ≤ ρ (ξ, τ) ≤ ρ ∗, (ξ, τ) ∈ [0, 1] × [0, T], T > 0,

(3.26)

where $ρ ∗$ and $ρ ∗$ are positive constants independent of time.

Proof Define

φ (ρ) : = 1 γ − 1 (ρ γ − 1 − ρ ¯ γ − 1) + ρ ¯ γ (ρ − 1 − ρ ¯ − 1)

(3.27)

and

ψ (ρ) : = ∫ ρ ¯ ρ φ (η) 12 η α − 1 d η .

(3.28)

It is easy to verify that $φ (ρ) ≥ 0$ and $ψ ′ (ρ) ≥ 0$ . In addition, it holds as $ρ → + ∞$ that

lim ρ → + ∞ ψ (ρ) → (γ − 1) − 12 lim ρ → + ∞ ∫ ρ ¯ ρ η γ + 2 α − 3 2 d η = lim ρ → + ∞ 2 (γ + 2 α − 1) γ − 1 (ρ γ + 2 α − 1 2 − ρ ¯ γ + 2 α − 1 2) → + ∞,

(3.29)

and as $ρ → 0$ that

lim ρ → 0 ψ (ρ) → lim ρ → 0 ∫ ρ ¯ ρ ρ ¯ γ 2 η α − 32 d η = {lim ρ → 0 2 2 α − 1 ρ ¯ γ 2 (ρ α − 12 − ρ ¯ α − 12), α ≠ 12, lim ρ → 0 ρ ¯ γ 2 (ln ρ − ln ρ ¯), α = 12 → {− ∞, 0 < α ≤ 12, − 2 2 α − 1 ρ ¯ γ + 2 α − 1 2, α > 12 .

(3.30)

As the initial data satisfies (3.3), it follows from (3.5) and (3.7) that

| ψ (ρ (ξ, τ)) | ≤ | ψ (ρ (1, τ)) | + | ∫ 01 ∂ ξ ψ (ρ) d ξ | ≤ C ˜ | ρ α (1, τ) − ρ ¯ α | + | ∫ 01 φ (ρ) 12 ρ α − 1 ρ ξ d ξ | ≤ C ˜ | ρ 0 α (1) − ρ ¯ α | + 1 ν (∫ 01 φ (ρ) d ξ) 12 (∫ 01 1 α 2 (ρ α) ξ 2 d ξ) 12 ≤ 4 ν E 012 (E 0 + 2 E 1) 12,

(3.31)

where $C ˜$ and ν are positive constants independent of time, and we assume that

| ρ 0 α (1) − ρ ¯ α | ≤ min {2 C ˜ ν E 012 (E 0 + 2 E 1) 12, δ 1} : = δ .

(3.32)

As $0 < α ≤ 12$ and as $α > 12$ , from the condition

E 012 (E 0 + 2 E 1) 12 ≤ ν 2 (2 α − 1) ρ ¯ γ + 2 α − 1 2,

(3.33)

we can find that there are two positive constants $ρ ∗$ and $ρ ∗$ independent of time and choose

ρ − = ρ ∗ 2, ρ + = 2 ρ ∗,

(3.34)

such that

0 < ρ − < ρ ∗ ≤ ρ (ξ, τ) ≤ ρ ∗ < ρ +, (ξ, τ) ∈ [0, 1] × [0, T], T > 0 .

(3.35)

As the initial data satisfies (3.4), it follows from (3.5) and (3.8) that

| ψ (ρ (ξ, τ)) | ≤ | ∫ 01 ψ (ρ) d ξ | + | ∫ 01 ∂ ξ ψ (ρ) d ξ | ≤ | ∫ 01 φ (ρ) 12 ρ α d ξ | + | ∫ 01 φ (ρ) 12 ρ α − 1 ρ ξ d ξ | ≤ 1 ν (∫ 01 φ (ρ) d ξ) 12 (∫ 01 ρ 2 α d ξ) 12 + 1 ν (∫ 01 φ (ρ) d ξ) 12 (∫ 01 1 α 2 (ρ α) ξ 2 d ξ) 12 ≤ 2 ν (∫ 01 φ (ρ) d ξ) 12 (∫ 01 1 α 2 (ρ α) ξ 2 d ξ) 12 ≤ 4 ν E 012 (E 0 + E 1 + (ρ 0 γ (b 0) − ρ ¯ γ) b 0 − (ρ 0 γ (a 0) − ρ ¯ γ) a 0) 12,

(3.36)

where ν is a positive constant independent of time, and we use the fact that

∥ ρ α (ξ, τ) ∥ L 2 2 ≤ ∥ ρ α (ξ, τ) ∥ L ∞ 2 ≤ C ∥ ρ α (ξ, τ) ∥ L 2 ∥ (ρ α) ξ (ξ, τ) ∥ L 2,

(3.37)

which together with Young’s inequality gives

∥ ρ α (ξ, τ) ∥ L 2 2 ≤ C ∥ (ρ α) ξ (ξ, τ) ∥ L 2 2,

(3.38)

where C is a positive constant independent of time. As $0 < α ≤ 12$ and as $12 < α ≤ γ$ , by means of the condition

E 012 (E 0 + E 1 + (ρ 0 γ (b 0) − ρ ¯ γ) b 0 − (ρ 0 γ (a 0) − ρ ¯ γ) a 0) 12 ≤ ν 2 (2 α − 1) ρ ¯ γ + 2 α − 1 2,

(3.39)

we can obtain two positive constants $ρ ∗$ and $ρ ∗$ independent of time such that

0 < ρ ∗ ≤ ρ (ξ, τ) ≤ ρ ∗, (ξ, τ) ∈ [0, 1] × [0, T], T > 0 .

(3.40)

The proof of this lemma is completed. □

We also have the regularity estimates for the solution $(ρ, u)$ to FBVP (3.2) as follows.

Lemma 3.4 Let $T > 0$ . Under the assumptions of Theorem 2.1, it holds for any strong solution $(ρ, u)$ to FBVP (3.2) that

{ρ ∈ L ∞ (0, T; H 1 ([0, 1])) ∩ C 0 ([0, 1] × [0, T]), u ∈ L ∞ (0, T; H 1 ([0, 1])) ∩ L 2 (0, T; H 2 ([0, 1])), a (τ), b (τ) ∈ H 1 ([0, T]), (ρ γ − ρ 1 + α u ξ) ∈ L ∞ (0, T; L 2 ([0, 1])) .

(3.41)

If it is also satisfied that

u 0 ∈ H 2 ([0, 1]),

(3.42)

then the strong solution $(ρ, u)$ has the regularities

{(ρ, u) ∈ C 0 ([0, 1] × [0, T]), ρ ∈ L ∞ (0, T; H 1 ([0, 1])), ρ τ ∈ L ∞ (0, T; L 2 ([0, 1])), u ∈ L ∞ (0, T; H 2 ([0, 1])) ∩ L 2 (0, T; H 3 ([0, 1])), u τ ∈ L ∞ (0, T; L 2 ([0, 1])) ∩ L 2 (0, T; H 1 ([0, 1])), a (τ), b (τ) ∈ H 2 ([0, T]), (ρ γ − ρ 1 + α u ξ) ∈ C 0 ([0, T] × ([0, 1])) .

(3.43)

Proof Multiplying (3.2)₂ by $ρ − (1 + α) u τ$ , integrating the result over $[0, 1]$ and making use of the boundary conditions, after a direct computation and recombination, we have

d d τ ∫ 01 (12 u ξ 2 − (ρ γ − ρ ¯ γ) ρ − (1 + α) u ξ) d ξ + ∫ 01 ρ − (1 + α) u τ 2 d ξ = [γ − (1 + α)] ∫ 01 ρ γ − α u ξ 2 d ξ + (1 + α) ρ ¯ γ ∫ 01 ρ − α u ξ 2 d ξ − (1 + α) ∫ 01 (ρ γ − ρ ¯ γ) ρ − (2 + α) ρ ξ u τ d ξ + (1 + α) ∫ 01 ρ − 1 ρ ξ u ξ u τ d ξ .

(3.44)

Integrating equation (3.44) over $[0, τ]$ , from (3.5), (3.7), (3.8) and (3.26), it is easily verified that

∫ 01 u ξ 2 d ξ + ∫ 0 τ ∫ 01 u s 2 d ξ d s ≤ C + C ∫ 0 τ ∫ 01 u ξ 2 d ξ d s + C ∫ 0 τ ∫ 01 ρ ξ 2 d ξ d s + C ∫ 0 τ ∫ 01 ρ ξ 2 u ξ 2 d ξ d s,

(3.45)

where C denotes a constant independent of time. From (3.2)₂, (3.5), (3.7), (3.8) and (3.26), we deduce

C ∫ 0 τ ∫ 01 ρ ξ 2 u ξ 2 d ξ d s ≤ C 3 ∫ 0 τ ∫ 01 ρ ξ 2 u ξ 2 d ξ d s + 16 ∫ 0 τ ∫ 01 u s 2 d ξ d s + C ∫ 0 τ ∫ 01 ρ ξ 2 d ξ d s + C ∫ 0 τ ∫ 01 u ξ 2 d ξ d s .

(3.46)

Using (3.46), we can obtain that

∫ 01 u ξ 2 d ξ + ∫ 0 τ ∫ 01 u s 2 d ξ d s ≤ C,

(3.47)

which together with (3.2)₂ implies

∫ 01 u ξ 2 d ξ + ∫ 0 τ ∫ 01 u s 2 d ξ + ∫ 0 τ ∫ 01 u ξ ξ 2 d ξ d τ ≤ C .

(3.48)

Differentiating (3.2)₂ with respect to τ, we get

u τ τ + (ρ γ) ξ τ = (ρ 1 + α u ξ) ξ τ .

(3.49)

Taking product between (3.49) and $u τ$ , integrating the results over $[0, 1]$ and using the boundary conditions (3.2)₄, we have

12 d d τ ∫ 01 u τ 2 d ξ = ∫ 01 (ρ γ − ρ ¯ γ) τ u ξ τ d ξ − ∫ 01 (ρ 1 + α u ξ) τ u ξ τ d ξ .

(3.50)

The terms on the right-hand side of (3.50) can be bounded respectively as follows:

∫ 01 (ρ γ − ρ ¯ γ) τ u ξ τ d ξ = − ∫ 01 γ ρ γ + 1 u ξ u ξ τ d ξ ≤ − γ 2 d d τ ∫ 01 ρ γ + 1 u ξ 2 d ξ + C ∫ 01 (ρ 1 + α u ξ 2 + ρ 2 γ − α + 3 u ξ 4) d ξ

(3.51)

and

− ∫ 01 (ρ 1 + α u ξ) τ u ξ τ d ξ = − ∫ 01 ((1 + α) ρ α ρ τ u ξ + ρ 1 + α u ξ τ) u ξ τ d ξ ≤ − 12 ∫ 01 ρ 1 + α u ξ τ 2 d ξ + C ∫ 01 ρ 3 + α u ξ 4 d ξ .

(3.52)

Summing (3.50)-(3.52) together and making use of (3.26) and (3.48), we obtain

12 d d τ ∫ 01 u τ 2 d ξ + γ 2 d d τ ∫ 01 ρ γ + 1 u ξ 2 d ξ + 12 ∫ 01 ρ 1 + α u ξ τ 2 d ξ ≤ C ∫ 01 u ξ 2 d ξ + C ∥ u ξ ∥ L ∞ ([0, 1]) 2 ∫ 01 u ξ 2 d ξ ≤ C + C ∥ u ξ ∥ L ∞ ([0, 1]) 2 ∫ 01 u ξ 2 d ξ .

(3.53)

Integrating equation (3.53) over $[0, τ]$ , we get from (3.2)₂, (3.5) and (3.26) that

∫ 01 u τ 2 d ξ + ∫ 01 u ξ 2 d ξ + ∫ 0 τ ∫ 01 u ξ s 2 d ξ d s ≤ C + C sup τ ∈ [0, T] ∥ u ξ ∥ L ∞ 2 ≤ C + C sup τ ∈ [0, T] (∫ 01 u ξ 2 d ξ) 12 (∫ 01 u ξ ξ 2 d ξ) 12 ≤ C + 12 ∫ 01 u τ 2 d ξ,

(3.54)

which gives

∫ 01 u τ 2 d ξ + ∫ 01 u ξ 2 d ξ + ∫ 0 T ∫ 01 u ξ τ 2 d ξ d τ ≤ C,

(3.55)

which implies $(ρ γ − ρ 1 + α u ξ) ∈ L ∞ (0, T; H 1 ([0, 1]))$ , and it follows from the definition of $a ′ (τ) = u (0, τ)$ and $b ′ (τ) = u (1, τ)$ that $a (τ), b (τ) ∈ H 2 ([0, T])$ . The proof of this lemma is completed. □

Finally, we give the large time behaviors of the strong solution as follows.

Lemma 3.5 Let $T > 0$ . Under the assumptions of Theorem 2.1, it holds for any strong solution $(ρ, u)$ to FBVP (3.2) that

∥ (ρ − ρ ¯, u) (⋅, τ) ∥ L ∞ ([0, 1]) ≤ C 1 e − C 2 τ, τ > 0,

(3.56)

where $C 1$ and $C 2$ denote two positive constants independent of time.

Proof Applying (3.6) and (3.12) with modification, we can obtain

d d τ ∫ 01 (12 u 2 + 1 γ − 1 (ρ γ − 1 − ρ ¯ γ − 1) + ρ ¯ γ (ρ − 1 − ρ ¯ − 1)) d ξ + ∫ 01 u ξ 2 d ξ ≤ 0

(3.57)

and

d d τ ∫ 01 (12 (u + 1 α (ρ α) ξ) 2 + 1 γ − 1 (ρ γ − 1 − ρ ¯ γ − 1) + ρ ¯ γ (ρ − 1 − ρ ¯ − 1)) d ξ + ∫ 01 ρ ξ 2 d ξ ≤ − ((ρ γ (1, τ) − ρ ¯ γ) u (1, τ) − (ρ γ (0, τ) − ρ ¯ γ) u (0, τ)) .

(3.58)

We have from (3.5), (3.7), (3.26), the Gagliardo-Nirenberg-Sobolev inequality and Young’s inequality that

∫ 01 (1 γ − 1 (ρ γ − 1 − ρ ¯ γ − 1) + ρ ¯ γ (ρ − 1 − ρ ¯ − 1)) d ξ ≤ C ∫ 01 (ρ − ρ ¯) 2 d ξ ≤ C ∫ 01 ρ ξ 2 d ξ,

(3.59)

∫ 01 u 2 d ξ ≤ C ∫ 01 u ξ 2 d ξ,

(3.60)

and define

E (τ) : = ∫ 01 (14 u 2 + 14 (u + r (ρ α) ξ) 2 + 1 γ − 1 (ρ γ − 1 − ρ ¯ γ − 1) + ρ ¯ γ (ρ − 1 − ρ ¯ − 1)) d ξ .

(3.61)

As the initial data satisfies (3.3), we have

| (ρ γ (1, τ) − ρ ¯ γ) u (1, τ) | + | (ρ γ (0, τ) − ρ ¯ γ) u (0, τ) | ≤ C e − C ¯ τ,

(3.62)

where C and $C ¯$ are positive constants independent of time. By (3.57)-(3.62), a complicated computation gives rise to

d d τ E (τ) + C 0 E (τ) ≤ C e − C ¯ τ,

(3.63)

where $C 0 < C ¯$ is a positive constant independent of time. From (3.63), we have

E (τ) ≤ E (0) e − C 0 τ + C e − C 0 τ ∫ 0 τ e − (C ¯ − C 0) s d s ≤ C e − C 0 τ .

(3.64)

As the initial data satisfies (3.4), from (3.22)-(3.24), we obtain

ρ (1, τ) ≥ ρ (0, τ) ≥ ρ ¯ > 0,

(3.65)

which implies that the domain $(b (τ) − a (τ))$ expands as t grows up, so that we have

b ′ (τ) − a ′ (τ) = u (1, τ) − u (0, τ) ≥ 0 .

(3.66)

Then it holds from (3.65) and (3.66) that

(ρ γ (1, τ) − ρ ¯ γ) u (1, τ) − (ρ γ (0, τ) − ρ ¯ γ) u (0, τ) ≥ 0 .

(3.67)

Using (3.58), after a complicated computation, we have

d d τ E (τ) + C 0 E (τ) ≤ 0,

(3.68)

where $C 0$ is a positive constant independent of time, and we have

E (τ) ≤ E (0) e − C 0 τ ≤ C e − C 0 τ,

(3.69)

where C is a positive constant independent of time.

By the fact

E (τ) ≥ c (∥ (ρ − ρ ¯, u) ∥ L 2 ([0, 1]) 2 + ∥ (ρ α) ξ ∥ L 2 ([0, 1]) 2),

(3.70)

where $c > 0$ is a constant independent of time, and the Gagliardo-Nirenberg-Sobolev inequality

∥ (ρ − ρ ¯, u) ∥ L ∞ ([0, 1]) ≤ ∥ (ρ − ρ ¯, u) ∥ L 2 ([0, 1]) 12 ∥ (ρ − ρ ¯, u) ξ ∥ L 2 ([0, 1]) 12,

(3.71)

we can deduce (3.56). □

4 Proof of the main results

Proof The global existence of a unique strong solution to FBVP (1.1) and (2.1) can be established in terms of the short time existence carried out as in [7], the uniform a priori estimates and the analysis of regularities, which indeed follow from Lemmas 3.1-3.4. We omit the details. The large time behaviors follow from Lemma 3.5 directly. The proof of Theorem 2.1 is completed. □

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the referee for the helpful comments and suggestions on the paper. The research of Ruxu Lian is supported by NNSFC No. 11101145, China Postdoctoral Science Foundation No. 2012M520360, Doctoral Foundation of North China University of Water Sources and Electric Power No. 201032, Innovation Scientists and Technicians Troop Construction Projects of Henan Province. The research of Jian Liu is supported by NNSFC No. 11326140, the Doctoral Starting up Foundation of QuZhou University No. BSYJ201314.

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College of Mathematics and Information Science, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450011, P.R. China
Ruxu Lian
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
Ruxu Lian
College of Teacher Education, Quzhou University, Quzhou, 324000, P.R. China
Jian Liu

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Lian, R., Liu, J. On the free boundary value problem for one-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes equations with constant exterior pressure. Bound Value Probl 2014, 93 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2014-93

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Received: 08 January 2014
Accepted: 02 April 2014
Published: 06 May 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2014-93

Keywords

Navier-Stokes equations
free boundary value problem
density-dependent viscosity coefficient
exterior pressure
strong solution