Research
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Eigenvalues of higher order Sturm-Liouville boundary value problems with derivatives in nonlinear terms
- Patricia JY Wong1Email author
Boundary Value Problems20152015:12
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-014-0227-y
© Wong; licensee Springer 2015
Received: 4 August 2014
Accepted: 30 September 2014
Published: 30 January 2015
Abstract
We shall consider the Sturm-Liouville boundary value problem \(y^{(m)}(t)+\lambda F (t,y(t),y'(t),\ldots, y^{(q)}(t) )=0\), \(t\in (0,1)\), \(y^{(k)}(0)=0\), \(0\leq k\leq m-3\), \(\zeta y^{(m-2)}(0)-\theta y^{(m-1)}(0)=0\), \(\rho y^{(m-2)}(1)+\delta y^{(m-1)}(1)=0 \) where \(m\geq3\), \(1\leq q\leq m-2\), and \(\lambda>0\). It is noted that the boundary value problem considered has a derivative-dependent nonlinear term, which makes the investigation much more challenging. In this paper we shall develop a new technique to characterize the eigenvalues λ so that the boundary value problem has a positive solution. Explicit eigenvalue intervals are also established. Some examples are included to dwell upon the usefulness of the results obtained.
Keywords
eigenvaluespositive solutionsSturm-Liouville boundary value problemsderivative-dependent
MSC
34B15
1 Introduction
In this paper we shall consider the higher order Sturm-Liouville boundary value problem
where \(m\geq3\), \(1\leq q\leq m-2\), \(\lambda>0\), and F is continuous at least in the domain of interest. The constants ζ, θ, ρ, and δ are such that
These assumptions allow ζ and ρ to be negative.
$$ \left \{ \begin{array}{@{}l} y^{(m)}(t)+\lambda F (t,y(t),y'(t),\ldots,y^{(q)}(t) )=0,\quad t\in (0,1),\\ y^{(k)}(0)=0, \quad 0\leq k\leq m-3, \\ \zeta y^{(m-2)}(0)-\theta y^{(m-1)}(0)=0,\qquad \rho y^{(m-2)}(1)+\delta y^{(m-1)}(1)=0, \end{array} \right . $$
(1.1)
$$ \theta\geq0, \qquad\delta\geq0, \qquad\theta+\zeta>0,\qquad \delta+\rho>0,\qquad \kappa\equiv \zeta\rho+ \zeta\delta+\theta\rho>0. $$
(1.2)
A vast amount of research has been done on the existence of positive solutions of Sturm-Liouville boundary value problems. The general interest in (1.1) may stem from the fact that the boundary value problem models a wide spectrum of nonlinear phenomena, such as gas diffusion through porous media, nonlinear diffusion generated by nonlinear sources, thermal self ignition of a chemically active mixture of gases in a vessel, catalysis theory, chemically reacting systems, adiabatic tubular reactor processes, as well as concentration in chemical or biological problems; see [1–7]. For the special case \(\lambda=1\), (1.1) and its particular and related cases have been the subject matter of many publications on singular boundary value problems, e.g., see [8–14]. For details of recent development in (1.1) as well as in other types of boundary value problems, the reader is referred to the monographs [15, 16] and the hundreds of references cited therein. It is noted that in most of this research the nonlinear terms considered do not involve derivatives of the dependent variable; only a comparatively small number of papers tackle nonlinear terms that involve derivatives, and we mention some below.
Fink [17] has discussed the radial symmetric form of the semilinear elliptic equation \(\Delta y + \lambda q(|x|)f(y) = 0\) in \(\mathbb {R}^{N}\), namely,
which is actually a second order Sturm-Liouville eigenvalue problem that has \(y'\) in the nonlinear term. Later, Wong [18] has considered (1.1) when \(\lambda=1\) and \(q=m-2\), the existence of a solution (not necessarily positive) is obtained by assuming that (1.1) has lower and upper solutions v and w such that \(v^{(m-2)}(t)\leq w^{(m-2)}(t)\) on \([0,1]\), and
for \(t\in[0,1]\) and \((v(t),\ldots,v^{(m-3)}(t))\leq(u_{1},\ldots,u_{m-2})\leq (w(t),\ldots,w^{(m-3)}(t))\). A few years later, Grossinho and Minhós [19] established the existence of a solution to a related problem of (1.1) when \(\lambda=1\) and \(q=m-1\); their method requires again the existence of lower and upper solutions and F must satisfy a Nagumo-type condition on some set \(A\subset [0,1]\times \mathbb {R}^{m}\), viz.,
The comparatively small number of papers on problems involving derivative-dependent nonlinear terms shows that problems of this type are more difficult to tackle analytically, we note, however, that numerical methods are more developed for this type of problems, see for example [20–25].
$$\left \{ \begin{array}{@{}l} y''+\frac{N-1}{t} y'+\lambda q(t)f(y)=0, \quad t\in(0,1),\\ y'(0)=y(1)=0, \end{array} \right . $$
$$F \bigl(t,v(t),\ldots,v^{(m-3)}(t),u_{m-1} \bigr)\leq F(t,u_{1},\ldots,u_{m-2},u_{m-1})\leq F \bigl(t,w(t), \ldots,w^{(m-3)}(t),u_{m-1} \bigr) $$
$$\left \{ \begin{array}{@{}l} \mbox{there exists a continuous function }h: [0,\infty)\to(0,\infty) \mbox{ such that}\\ |F(t,u_{1},\ldots,u_{m})|\leq h(|u_{m}|), \quad (t,u_{1},\ldots,u_{m})\in A;\\ \int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{s}{h(s)}\,ds = \infty. \end{array} \right . $$
We also mention some problems related to (1.1). Recently, Pei and Chang [26] have studied a fourth order problem with focal-Sturm-Liouville type boundary conditions
Here, once again F should satisfy a Nagumo-type condition and also F is monotone in certain arguments. For multi-point problems, Zhang et al. [27, 28] have discussed the following using the Avery-Peterson fixed point theorem:
For infinite interval problems, Lian et al. [29, 30] have investigated the following:
Here, once again the lower and upper solutions method is used and the Nagumo-type condition plays an important role in handling the derivatives in the nonlinear term.
$$\left \{ \begin{array}{@{}l} y^{(4)}(t)=F (t,y(t), y'(t),y''(t), y^{(3)}(t) ),\quad t\in[0,1],\\ y(0)=y'(1)=a_{0}y''(0)-b_{0}y^{(3)}(0)=a_{1}y''(1)-b_{1}y^{(3)}(1)=0. \end{array} \right . $$
$$\left \{ \begin{array}{@{}l} y''(t)+h(t)f(t,y(t),y'(t))=0,\quad t\in(0,1),\\ ay(0)-by'(0)=\sum_{i=1}^{n-2}a_{i}y(\xi_{i}),\qquad cy(1)+dy'(1)=\sum_{i=1}^{n-2}b_{i}y(\xi_{i}). \end{array} \right . $$
$$\left \{ \begin{array}{@{}l} -y^{(m)}(t)=h(t)f(t,y(t),y'(t),\ldots ,y^{(m-1)}(t)), \quad t\in(0,\infty),\\ y^{(k)}(0)=A_{k}, \quad 0\leq k\leq m-3,\\ y^{(m-2)}(0)-ay^{(m-1)}(0)=B,\qquad y^{(m-1)}(\infty)=C. \end{array} \right . $$
Motivated by the above research, in the present work we shall employ a different (and new) technique to tackle the eigenvalue problem (1.1). It is noted that our technique neither requires the existence of lower and upper solutions nor the assumption of a Nagumo-type condition, both of these conditions are not easy to check in practical applications.
To specify some terminology used: if, for a particular λ, the boundary value problem (1.1) has a positive solution y, then λ is called an eigenvalue and y a corresponding eigenfunction of (1.1). We let E be the set of eigenvalues of (1.1), i.e.,
Here, by a positive solution
y of (1.1), we mean a nontrivial \(y\in C^{(m)}(0,1)\cap C^{(m-1)}[0,1]\) satisfying (1.1), y is nonnegative on \([0,1]\) and is positive on some subinterval of \([0,1]\). The first focus of this paper is the characterization of the set of eigenvalues E, specifically we shall establish criteria for E to contain an interval, for E to be an interval, and for E to be an open finite or half-closed finite or infinite interval. Our second focus is to derive explicit subintervals of E. Due to the presence of derivatives in the nonlinear term, our current work naturally generalizes and extends the known theorems for Sturm-Liouville eigenvalue problems [17, 31–37] as well as complements the work of many authors [18, 19, 38–47]. We remark that our conditions/assumptions, which do not involve lower and upper solutions and a Nagumo-type condition, are comparatively easy to check - this practical usefulness will be illustrated by examples with known eigenvalues and eigenfunctions.
$$E= \bigl\{ \lambda>0 \mid (1.1)\mbox{ has a positive solution} \bigr\} . $$
The plan of the paper is as follows. In Section 2 we shall state a fixed point theorem and present some properties of a certain Green’s function which are needed later. The set E is characterized in Section 3, while the eigenvalue subintervals are derived in Section 4.
2 Preliminaries
We shall state the Krasnosel’skii fixed point theorem in a cone which is used later and also the properties of a certain Green’s function related to the boundary value problem (1.1).
Theorem 2.1
(Krasnosel’skii fixed point theorem in a cone) [48]
Let
B
be a Banach space, and let
\(C \subset B\)
be a cone in
B. Assume
\(\Omega_{1}\), \(\Omega_{2}\)
are open subsets of
B
with
\(0 \in\Omega_{1}\), \(\bar{\Omega}_{1} \subset\Omega_{2}\), and let
be a completely continuous operator such that either
$$S: C \cap(\bar{\Omega}_{2} \backslash\Omega_{1}) \to C $$
- (a)
\(\|Sy\| \leq\|y\|\), \(y \in C \cap\partial\Omega_{1}\), and \(\|Sy\| \geq\|y\|\), \(y \in C \cap\partial\Omega_{2}\), or
- (b)
\(\|Sy\| \geq\|y\|\), \(y \in C \cap\partial\Omega_{1}\), and \(\|Sy\| \leq\|y\|\), \(y \in C \cap\partial\Omega_{2}\).
Let \(G(t,s)\) be the Green’s function of the second order Sturm-Liouville boundary value problem
It is well known that [35–37]
$$ \left \{ \begin{array}{@{}l} -w''(t)=0,\quad t\in(0,1), \\ \zeta w(0)-\theta w'(0)=0, \qquad \rho w(1)+\delta w'(1)=0. \end{array} \right . $$
(2.1)
$$ G(t,s)= \frac{1}{\kappa} \left \{ \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad}l} (\theta+\zeta s)[\delta+\rho(1-t)], & 0\leq s\leq t\leq1, \\ (\theta+\zeta t)[\delta+\rho(1-s)], & 0\leq t\leq s\leq1. \end{array} \right . $$
(2.2)
Lemma 2.2
The Green’s function
\(G(t,s)\)
has the following properties:
- (a)
\(G(t,s)\geq0\) for \((t,s)\in[0,1]\times[0,1]\) and \(G(t,s)> 0\) for \((t,s)\in(0,1)\times(0,1)\).
- (b)\(G(t,s)\leq LG(s,s)\) for \((t,s)\in[0,1]\times[0,1] \) where$$L=\max \biggl\{ 1, \frac{\theta}{\theta+\zeta}, \frac{\delta}{\delta +\rho} \biggr\} . $$
- (c)\(G(t,s)\geq K_{\eta}G(s,s)\) for \((t,s)\in [\eta ,1-\eta ] \times[0,1]\), where \(\eta\in (0,\frac{1}{2} )\) is fixed and$$K_{\eta}=\min \biggl\{ \frac{\delta+\rho\eta}{\delta+\rho}, \frac {\delta+\rho(1-\eta)}{\delta+\rho\eta}, \frac{\theta+\zeta\eta}{\theta+\zeta}, \frac{\theta+\zeta (1-\eta)}{\theta+\zeta\eta} \biggr\} . $$
- (d)\(g_{n}(t,s)\), defined by the relation \(\frac{\partial ^{n-2}}{\partial t^{n-2}} g_{n}(t,s)=G(t,s)\), is the Green’s function of the nth order Sturm-Liouville boundary value problem
- (e)
\(0\leq g_{n}(t,s)\leq\frac{L}{(n-2)!} G(s,s)\) for \((t,s)\in [0,1]\times[0,1]\).
3 Eigenvalue characterization
Recall that \(E=\{\lambda>0 \mid \mbox{(1.1) has a positive solution}\}\). In this section, we shall establish criteria for E to contain an interval (Theorem 3.5), and for E to be an interval (Corollary 3.7), which may either be bounded or unbounded (Theorem 3.9).
To begin, we consider the initial value problem
Noting the initial conditions in (3.1), we have by repeated integration
Denote the integral
Then (3.2) is simply
$$ \left \{ \begin{array}{@{}l} y^{(q)}(t)=x(t),\quad t\in(0,1),\\ y(0)=y'(0)=y''(0)=\cdots=y^{(q-1)}(0)=0. \end{array} \right . $$
(3.1)
$$ y^{(k)}(t)=\int_{0}^{t}\int _{0}^{s_{1}}\int_{0}^{s_{2}} \cdots\int_{0}^{s_{q-k-1}}x (s_{q-k} )\,ds_{q-k}\cdots \,ds_{1},\quad 0\leq k\leq q-1. $$
(3.2)
$$ J^{k}x(t)=\int_{0}^{t}\int _{0}^{s_{1}}\int_{0}^{s_{2}} \cdots\int_{0}^{s_{k-1}}x (s_{k} )\,ds_{k}\cdots \,ds_{1},\quad k\geq1. $$
(3.3)
$$ y^{(k)}(t)= J^{q-k}x(t),\quad 0\leq k\leq q-1. $$
(3.4)
In view of (3.1) and (3.4), we can rewrite (1.1) as the following \((m-q)\)
th order Sturm-Liouville boundary value problem:
where we denote
If (3.5) has a solution \(x^{*}\), then the boundary value problem (1.1) has a solution \(y^{*}\) given by
Hence, the existence of a solution of (1.1) follows from the existence of a solution of (3.5). Further, it is obvious from (3.6) that \(y^{*}\) is positive if \(x^{*}\) is. An eigenvalue of (3.5) is thus also an eigenvalue of (1.1), i.e.,
We shall study the eigenvalue problem (1.1) via (3.5) and a new technique will be developed to handle the nonlinear term F.
$$ \left \{ \begin{array}{@{}l} x^{(m-q)}(t)+\lambda F (t,\tilde{J}x(t))=0,\quad t\in(0,1), \\ x^{(k)}(0)=0,\quad 0\leq k\leq m-q-3, \\ \zeta x^{(m-q-2)}(0)-\theta x^{(m-q-1)}(0)=0,\qquad \rho x^{(m-q-2)}(1)+\delta x^{(m-q-1)}(1)=0, \end{array} \right . $$
(3.5)
$$\tilde{J}x(t)= \bigl(J^{q}x(t),J^{q-1}x(t),\ldots,Jx(t),x(t) \bigr). $$
$$ y^{*}(t)=J^{q}x^{*}(t)=\int_{0}^{t}\int _{0}^{s_{1}}\int_{0}^{s_{2}} \cdots\int_{0}^{s_{q-1}}x^{*} (s_{q} )\,ds_{q}\cdots \,ds_{1}. $$
(3.6)
$$E= \bigl\{ \lambda>0 \mid (1.1)\mbox{ has a positive solution} \bigr\} = \bigl\{ \lambda>0 \mid (3.5) \mbox{ has a positive solution} \bigr\} . $$
For easy reference, the conditions that will be mentioned later are listed below.
- (C1)There exist continuous functions \(f:(0,\infty)^{q+1} \to(0,\infty)\) and \(a,b:(0,1)\to[0,\infty)\) such that for \(t\in(0,1)\) and \(u_{j}\in(0,\infty)\), \(1\leq j\leq q+1\),$$a(t)f(u_{1},\ldots,u_{q+1})\leq F(t,u_{1}, \ldots,u_{q+1})\leq b(t)f(u_{1},\ldots,u_{q+1}). $$
- (C2)
\(a(t)\) is not identically zero on any nondegenerate subinterval of \((0,1)\) and there exists \(r\in (0,1]\) such that \(a(t)\geq rb(t)\) for all \(t\in(0,1)\).
- (C3)
\(0<\int_{0}^{1}(\theta+\zeta t)[\delta +\rho(1-t)]b(t)\,dt<\infty\).
- (C4)f is nondecreasing in each of its arguments, i.e., for \(u_{j},v,w\in(0,\infty)\), \(1\leq j\leq q+1\) with \(v\leq w\), we have$$f(u_{1},\ldots,u_{i-1},v,u_{i+1}, \ldots,u_{q+1})\leq f(u_{1},\ldots ,u_{i-1},w,u_{i+1}, \ldots,u_{q+1}),\quad 1\leq i\leq q+1. $$
- (C5)For \(t\in(0,1)\) and \(u_{j},v,w\in(0,\infty)\), \(1\leq j\leq q+1\) with \(v\leq w\), we have$$\begin{aligned} F(t,u_{1},\ldots,u_{i-1},v,u_{i+1}, \ldots,u_{q+1})\leq F(t,u_{1},\ldots ,u_{i-1},w,u_{i+1}, \ldots,u_{q+1}),& \\ 1\leq i\leq q+1.& \end{aligned}$$
Let the Banach space
be equipped with the norm
Throughout the paper, let \(\eta\in (0,\frac{1}{2} )\) be fixed. Define the cone C in B by
where \(\gamma=rK_{\eta}/L\). For a constant \(M>0\), let
$$B= \bigl\{ x\in C^{(m-q)}(0,1)\cap C^{(m-q-1)}[0,1] \mid x^{(k)}(0)=0, 0\leq k\leq m-q-3 \bigr\} $$
$$\| x\|=\sup_{t\in[0,1]}\bigl| x^{(m-q-2)}(t)\bigr|. $$
$$ C= \Bigl\{ x\in B \bigm| x^{(m-q-2)}(t)\geq0, t\in [0,1]; \min _{t\in[\eta,1-\eta]} x^{(m-q-2)}(t)\geq\gamma\|x\| \Bigr\} , $$
(3.7)
$$C(M)=\bigl\{ x\in C \mid \|x\|\leq M\bigr\} . $$
Lemma 3.1
Let
\(x\in B\). For
\(0\leq i\leq m-q-2\), we have
In particular,
$$ \bigl|x^{(i)}(t)\bigr|\leq\frac{t^{m-q-2-i}}{(m-q-2-i)!} \|x\|,\quad t\in[0,1]. $$
(3.8)
$$ \bigl|x(t)\bigr|\leq\frac{1}{(m-q-2)!} \|x\|,\quad t\in[0,1]. $$
(3.9)
Lemma 3.2
Let
\(x\in C\). For
\(0\leq i\leq m-q-2\), we have
and
In particular, we have, for fixed
\(z\in(\eta,1-\eta)\),
$$ x^{(i)}(t)\geq0,\quad t\in[0,1], $$
(3.10)
$$ x^{(i)}(t)\geq(t-\eta)^{m-q-2-i}\frac{\gamma}{(m-q-2-i)!} \|x\|,\quad t \in[ \eta,1-\eta]. $$
(3.11)
$$ x(t)\geq(z-\eta)^{m-q-2}\frac{\gamma}{(m-q-2)!} \|x\|,\quad t\in [z,1-\eta]. $$
(3.12)
Remark 3.1
If \(x^{*}\in C\) is a nontrivial solution of (3.5), then (3.10) and (3.12) imply that \(x^{*}\) is a positive solution of (3.5). As noted earlier a positive solution \(y^{*}\) of (1.1) can be obtained via (3.6).
The next result is useful in handling the nonlinear term F.
Lemma 3.3
Let
\(x\in C\)
and let
\(z\in(\eta,1-\eta)\)
be fixed. Then we have, for
\(1\leq k\leq q\),
and
$$ J^{k} x(t)\leq\frac{1}{(m-q-2)!} \|x\|,\quad t\in[0,1], $$
(3.13)
$$ J^{k} x(t)\geq(z-\eta)^{m-q-2+k}\frac{\gamma}{(m-q-2+k)!} \|x\| ,\quad t \in[z,1-\eta]. $$
(3.14)
Proof
Since \(x\in C\subset B\), using (3.9) we obtain for \(1\leq k\leq q\) and \(t\in[0,1]\),
$$\begin{aligned} J^{k}x(t) =& \int_{0}^{t}\int _{0}^{s_{1}}\int_{0}^{s_{2}} \cdots\int_{0}^{s_{k-1}}x (s_{k} )\,ds_{k}\cdots \,ds_{1} \\ \leq& \int_{0}^{1}\int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{1}\cdots\int_{0}^{1} \frac{\|x\|}{(m-q-2)!}\,ds_{k}\cdots \,ds_{1} = \frac{\|x\|}{(m-q-2)!}. \end{aligned}$$
Next, since \(x\in C\), it follows from (3.11) that
Let \(t\in[z,1-\eta]\). Using (3.15) we find, for \(1\leq k\leq q\),
□
$$ x(t)\geq(t-\eta)^{m-q-2}\frac{\gamma\|x\|}{(m-q-2)!},\quad t\in[\eta,1-\eta]. $$
(3.15)
$$\begin{aligned} J^{k} x(t) =&\int_{0}^{t}\int _{0}^{s_{1}}\int_{0}^{s_{2}} \cdots\int_{0}^{s_{k-1}}x (s_{k} )\,ds_{k}\cdots \,ds_{1} \geq\int_{\eta}^{z}\int_{\eta}^{s_{1}} \int_{\eta}^{s_{2}}\cdots\int_{\eta}^{s_{k-1}}x (s_{k} )\,ds_{k}\cdots \,ds_{1} \\ \geq&\int_{\eta}^{z}\int_{\eta}^{s_{1}} \int_{\eta}^{s_{2}}\cdots\int_{\eta}^{s_{k-1}}(s_{k}- \eta)^{m-q-2} \frac{\gamma\|x\|}{(m-q-2)!}\,ds_{k}\cdots \,ds_{1} \\ =& (z-\eta)^{m-q-2+k}\frac{\gamma\|x\|}{(m-q-2+k)!}. \end{aligned}$$
In view of Remark 3.1, to obtain a positive solution of (3.5), we shall seek a fixed point of the operator S in the cone C, where \(S:C\rightarrow B\) is defined by
Recall that \(g_{m-q}(t,s)\) (see Lemma 2.2(d)) is the Green’s function of ((2.3)
n
)\(_{m-q}\), thus (3.16) is equivalent to
where \(G(t,s)\) is the Green’s function of (2.1).
$$ Sx(t)= \lambda\int_{0}^{1} g_{m-q}(t,s)F \bigl(s,\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds,\quad t\in[0,1]. $$
(3.16)
$$ (Sx)^{(m-q-2)}(t)= \lambda\int_{0}^{1} G(t,s)F \bigl(s,\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds,\quad t\in[0,1], $$
(3.17)
We further define the operators \(U,V:C\to B\) by
As in (3.17), differentiating gives
and
If (C1) is satisfied, then it is clear that
and
$$Ux(t)=\lambda\int_{0}^{1}g_{m-q}(t,s)a(s)f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds \quad\mbox{and}\quad Vx(t)=\lambda\int _{0}^{1}g_{m-q}(t,s)b(s)f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds. $$
$$(Ux)^{(m-q-2)}(t)=\lambda\int_{0}^{1}G(t,s)a(s)f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds $$
$$(Vx)^{(m-q-2)}(t)=\lambda\int_{0}^{1}G(t,s)b(s)f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds. $$
$$ Ux(t)\leq Sx(t)\leq Vx(t),\quad t\in[0,1], $$
(3.18)
$$ (Ux)^{(m-q-2)}(t)\leq(Sx)^{(m-q-2)}(t)\leq(Vx)^{(m-q-2)}(t),\quad t\in [0,1]. $$
(3.19)
Lemma 3.4
Let (C1)-(C4) hold. Then the operator S is compact on the cone C.
Proof
Let us consider the case when \(a(t)\) is unbounded in a deleted right neighborhood of 0 and also in a deleted left neighborhood of 1. Clearly, \(b(t)\) is also unbounded near 0 and 1. For \(n\in\{1,2,3,\ldots\}\), let \(a_{n}, b_{n}:[0,1]\to[0,\infty)\) be defined by
and
Also, we define the operators \(U_{n},V_{n}:C\to B\) by
and
It is standard that, for each n, both \(U_{n}\) and \(V_{n}\) are compact operators on C. Let \(M>0\) and \(x\in C(M)\). For \(t\in [0,1]\), we obtain
Since \(\|x\|\leq M\), from (3.13) we get
Hence, together with (3.9), it follows from the monotonicity of f (condition (C4)) that
Applying (3.20) and Lemma 2.2(e), we obtain
The integrability of \(G(s,s)b(s)\) (which is simply (C3)) ensures that \(V_{n}\) converges uniformly to V on \(C(M)\). Hence, V is compact on C. By a similar argument, we see that \(U_{n}\) converges uniformly to U on \(C(M)\) and therefore U is also compact on C. It follows immediately from inequality (3.18) that the operator S is compact on C. □
$$a_{n}(t)= \left \{ \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad}l} a ( \frac{1}{n+1} ),& 0\leq t\leq \frac{1}{n+1} ,\\ a(t), & \frac{1}{n+1}\leq t\leq \frac{n}{n+1}, \\ a ( \frac{n}{n+1} ),& \frac{n}{n+1}\leq t\leq1, \end{array} \right . $$
$$b_{n}(t)= \left \{ \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad}l} b ( \frac{1}{n+1} ), & 0\leq t\leq \frac{1}{n+1}, \\ b(t), & \frac{1}{n+1}\leq t\leq \frac{n}{n+1},\\ b ( \frac{n}{n+1} ), & \frac {n}{n+1}\leq t\leq1. \end{array} \right . $$
$$U_{n}x(t)=\lambda\int_{0}^{1}g_{m-q}(t,s)a_{n}(s)f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds $$
$$V_{n}x(t)=\lambda\int_{0}^{1}g_{m-q}(t,s)b_{n}(s)f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds. $$
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert V_{n}x(t)-Vx(t)\bigr\vert \leq& {\lambda\int _{0}^{1}g_{m-q}(t,s) \bigl|b_{n}(s)-b(s)\bigr|f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds} \\ =& \lambda\int_{0}^{\frac{1}{n+1}}g_{m-q}(t,s) \bigl|b_{n}(s)-b(s)\bigr|f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} + \lambda\int^{1}_{\frac{n}{n+1}} g_{m-q}(t,s)\bigl|b_{n}(s)-b(s)\bigr|f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ =& \lambda\int_{0}^{\frac{1}{n+1}}g_{m-q}(t,s) \biggl\vert b_{n} \biggl(\frac{1}{n+1} \biggr)-b(s)\biggr\vert f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} + \lambda\int^{1}_{\frac{n}{n+1}} g_{m-q}(t,s) \biggl\vert b_{n} \biggl(\frac{n}{n+1} \biggr)-b(s)\biggr\vert f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds. \end{aligned}$$
$$J^{k} x(s)\leq\frac{M}{(m-q-2)!},\quad s\in[0,1], 1\leq k\leq q. $$
$$\begin{aligned} f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr) =& f \bigl(J^{q}x(s),J^{q-1}x(s), \ldots,Jx(s),x(s) \bigr) \\ \leq& f \biggl(\frac{M}{(m-q-2)!},\frac{M}{(m-q-2)!},\ldots, \frac{M}{(m-q-2)!} \biggr) \equiv \bar{f}_{M}. \end{aligned}$$
(3.20)
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert V_{n}x(t)-Vx(t)\bigr\vert \leq& \lambda\bar{f}_{M} \biggl[\int_{0} ^{\frac{1}{n+1}} \frac{LG(s,s)}{(m-q-2)!}\biggl\vert b \biggl(\frac {1}{n+1} \biggr)-b(s)\biggr\vert \,ds \\ &{}+ \int^{1}_{\frac{n}{n+1}} \frac{LG(s,s)}{(m-q-2)!}\biggl\vert b \biggl(\frac{n}{n+1} \biggr)-b(s)\biggr\vert \,ds \biggr]. \end{aligned}$$
Remark 3.2
From the proof of Lemma 3.4, we see that if the functions a and b are continuous on the close interval \([0,1]\), then the conditions (C3) and (C4) are not needed in Lemma 3.4.
The first main result shows that E contains an interval.
Theorem 3.5
Let (C1)-(C4) hold. Then there exists \(\ell>0\) such that the interval \((0,\ell] \subseteq E\).
Proof
For a given \(M>0\), we define
Let \(\lambda\in(0, \ell]\). We shall prove that \(S (C(M))\subseteq C(M)\). For this, let \(x\in C(M)\). First, we shall show that \(Sx\in C\). From (3.19), it is clear that
Also, (3.19) and Lemma 2.2(b) provide
which immediately implies
Further, using (3.19), Lemma 2.2(c), (C2), and (3.23) successively, we find, for \(t\in [\eta,1-\eta]\),
Hence,
Inequalities (3.22) and (3.24) show that \(Sx\in C\).
$$ \ell=M \biggl[\bar{f}_{M} L\int_{0}^{1}G(s,s)b(s)\,ds \biggr]^{-1}. $$
(3.21)
$$ (Sx)^{(m-q-2)}(t)\geq\lambda\int_{0}^{1}G(t,s)a(s) f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds\geq0,\quad t\in[0,1]. $$
(3.22)
$$(Sx)^{(m-q-2)}(t) \leq\lambda\int_{0}^{1}G(t,s)b(s) f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds \leq \lambda\int_{0}^{1}LG(s,s) b(s)f \bigl( \tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds,\quad t\in[0,1], $$
$$ \|Sx\|\leq\lambda\int_{0}^{1}LG(s,s) b(s)f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds. $$
(3.23)
$$\begin{aligned} (Sx)^{(m-q-2)}(t) \geq& \lambda\int_{0}^{1}G(t,s)a(s)f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ \geq& {\lambda\int_{0}^{1}K_{\eta}G(s,s)a(s) f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds} \\ \geq& {\lambda\int_{0}^{1}K_{\eta}G(s,s) rb(s) f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds} \\ \geq& \frac{K_{\eta}}{L} r\|Sx\| = \gamma\|Sx\|. \end{aligned}$$
$$ \min_{t\in[\eta,1-\eta]} (Sx)^{(m-q-2)}(t)\geq\gamma\| Sx\|. $$
(3.24)
Next, we shall prove that \(\|Sx\|\leq M\). Noting that \(\|x\|\leq M\), we use (3.20), Lemma 2.2(b), and (3.21) to get
or equivalently
Hence, \(S(C(M))\subseteq C(M)\). Also, the standard arguments yield that S is completely continuous. By Schauder’s fixed point theorem, S has a fixed point in \(C(M)\). Clearly, this fixed point is a positive solution of (3.5) and therefore λ is an eigenvalue of (3.5). Noting that \(\lambda\in(0, \ell]\) is arbitrary, it follows immediately that the interval \((0,\ell] \subseteq E\). □
$$\begin{aligned} (Sx)^{(m-q-2)}(t) \leq& \ell \int_{0}^{1}G(t,s)b(s) f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ \leq& {\ell\bar{f}_{M}\int_{0}^{1} LG(s,s)b(s)\,ds} = M, \quad t\in[0,1], \end{aligned}$$
$$\|Sx\|\leq M. $$
Remark 3.3
From the proof of Theorem 3.5, it is clear that conditions (C1) and (C2) ensure that \(S:C\to C\).
Theorem 3.6
Let (C1)-(C5) hold. Suppose that \(\lambda^{*}\in E\). For any \(\lambda\in(0,\lambda^{*})\), we have \(\lambda\in E\), i.e., \((0,\lambda^{*}]\subseteq E\).
Proof
Let \(x^{*}\) be the eigenfunction corresponding to the eigenvalue \(\lambda^{*}\). Then we have
$$ x^{*}(t)= Sx^{*}(t) = \lambda^{*}\int_{0}^{1} g_{m-q}(t,s)F \bigl(s,\tilde{J}x^{*}(s) \bigr)\,ds,\quad t\in[0,1]. $$
(3.25)
Define
Let \(\lambda\in (0,\lambda^{*})\) and \(x\in A\). It is obvious from definition (3.3) that
Now, applying (C5) and noting (3.25), we obtain
This shows that the operator S maps A into A. Moreover, the operator S is continuous and completely continuous. Schauder’s fixed point theorem guarantees that S has a fixed point in A which is a positive solution of (3.5). Hence, λ is an eigenvalue of (3.5), i.e., \(\lambda\in E\). □
$$A= \bigl\{ x\in B \mid 0\leq x(t)\leq x^{*}(t), t\in[0,1] \bigr\} . $$
$$J^{k}x(t)\leq J^{k}x^{*}(t),\quad t\in[0,1], 1\leq k\leq q. $$
$$\begin{aligned} 0 \leq& Sx(t)= \lambda\int_{0}^{1} g_{m-q}(t,s)F \bigl(s,\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ \leq&\lambda^{*}\int_{0}^{1} g_{m-q}(t,s)F \bigl(s,\tilde{J}x^{*}(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ =& Sx^{*}(t),\quad t\in[0,1]. \end{aligned}$$
The next result states that E is itself an interval.
Corollary 3.7
Let (C1)-(C5) hold. If \(E\neq\emptyset\), then E is an interval.
Proof
Suppose E is not an interval. Then there exist \(\lambda_{0}, \lambda_{1}\in E\) (\(\lambda_{0}<\lambda_{1}\)), and \(\tau\in (\lambda_{0}, \lambda_{1})\) with \(\tau\notin E\). However, this is not possible as Theorem 3.6 guarantees that \(\tau\in E\). Hence, E is an interval. □
The next result gives upper and lower bounds of an eigenvalue.
Theorem 3.8
Let (C1)-(C4) hold. Let
λ
be an eigenvalue of (3.5) and
\(x\in C\)
be a corresponding eigenfunction. Further, let
\(\|x\|=p\)
and
\(z\in(\eta,1-\eta)\)
be fixed. Then
and
where
\(t_{0}\)
is any number in
\((0,1)\)
such that
\(x^{(m-q-2)}(t_{0})\neq0\).
$$ \lambda\geq\frac{p}{f (\frac{p}{(m-q-2)!},\frac {p}{(m-q-2)!},\ldots,\frac{p}{(m-q-2)!} )} \biggl[\int_{0}^{1} LG(s,s)b(s)\,ds \biggr]^{-1}, $$
(3.26)
$$\begin{aligned} \lambda\leq{}&\frac{p}{f (\frac{\gamma p}{(m-2)!}(z-\eta)^{m-2},\frac{\gamma p}{(m-3)!}(z-\eta)^{m-3},\ldots,\frac{\gamma p}{(m-q-1)!}(z-\eta)^{m-q-1},\frac{\gamma p}{(m-q-2)!}(z-\eta)^{m-q-2} )} \\ &{}\times \biggl[\int _{z}^{1-\eta} G(t_{0},s)a(s)\,ds \biggr]^{-1}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.27)
Proof
Let \(t_{1}\in[0,1]\) be such that
Then, applying (3.19), Lemma 2.2(b), (3.20), and (C4), we find
which gives (3.26) immediately.
$$p=\|x\|=x^{(m-q-2)}(t_{1}). $$
$$\begin{aligned} p =& x^{(m-q-2)}(t_{1})= (Sx)^{(m-q-2)}(t_{1}) \\ \leq& \lambda \int_{0}^{1}G(t_{1},s)b(s)f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ \leq& {\lambda\int_{0}^{1}LG(s,s) b(s) \bar{f}_{p} \,ds,} \end{aligned}$$
Next, noting (3.19), (3.14), (3.12), and (C4), we get
from which (3.27) is immediate. □
$$\begin{aligned} p \geq& x^{(m-q-2)}(t_{0}) \\ \geq& \lambda {\int_{0}^{1}G(t_{0},s)a(s) f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds} \\ \geq& \lambda {\int_{z}^{1-\eta} G(t_{0},s)a(s) f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds} \\ \geq& \lambda{ \int_{z}^{1-\eta}} G(t_{0},s)a(s)\,ds \\ &{} \times f \biggl(\frac{\gamma p}{(m-2)!}(z-\eta)^{m-2}, \frac {\gamma p}{(m-3)!}(z-\eta)^{m-3},\ldots,\frac{\gamma p}{(m-q-1)!}(z- \eta)^{m-q-1},\\ &{}\frac{\gamma p}{(m-q-2)!}(z-\eta)^{m-q-2} \biggr), \end{aligned}$$
The next result gives the criteria for E to be a bounded/unbounded interval.
Theorem 3.9
Define
$$\begin{aligned}& P_{B}= \biggl\{ f \Bigm| \frac {u}{f(u,u,\ldots,u)} \textit{ is bounded for }u\in(0, \infty) \biggr\} , \\& P_{0}= \biggl\{ f \Bigm| {\lim_{u\to\infty}\frac{u}{ f(u,u,\ldots,u)}=0} \biggr\} , \\& P_{\infty}= \biggl\{ f \Bigm| {\lim_{u\to\infty }\frac{u}{ f(u,u,\ldots,u)}= \infty} \biggr\} . \end{aligned}$$
- (a)
Let (C1)-(C5) hold. If \(f\in P_{B}\), then \(E=(0,\ell)\) or \((0,\ell]\) for some \(\ell\in(0, \infty)\).
- (b)
Let (C1)-(C5) hold. If \(f\in P_{0}\), then \(E=(0,\ell]\) for some \(\ell\in(0,\infty)\).
- (c)
Let (C1)-(C4) hold. If \(f\in P_{\infty}\), then \(E=(0,\infty)\).
Proof
(a) This follows from (3.27) and Corollary 3.7.
(b) Since \(P_{0}\subseteq P_{B}\), we have from Case (a) that \(E= (0,\ell)\) or \((0,\ell]\) for some \(\ell\in(0,\infty)\). In particular,
Let \(\{\lambda_{n}\}_{n=1}^{\infty}\) be a monotonically increasing sequence in E which converges to ℓ, and let \(\{x_{n}\}_{n=1}^{\infty}\) be a corresponding sequence of eigenfunctions in the context of (3.5). Further, let \(p_{n}= \| x_{n}\|\). Then (3.27) together with \(f\in P_{0}\) implies that no subsequence of \(\{p_{n}\}_{n=1}^{\infty}\) can diverge to infinity. Thus, there exists \(M>0\) such that \(p_{n}\leq M\) for all n. So \(\{x_{n}\}_{n=1}^{\infty}\) is uniformly bounded. This implies that there is a subsequence of \(\{x_{n}\}_{n=1}^{\infty}\), relabeled as the original sequence, which converges uniformly to some x, where \(x(t) \geq0\) for \(t\in[0,1]\). Clearly, we have \(Sx_{n}=x_{n}\), i.e.,
Since \(x_{n}\) converges to x and \(\lambda_{n}\) converges to ℓ, letting \(n\to\infty\) in (3.28) leads to
Hence, ℓ is an eigenvalue with corresponding eigenfunction x, i.e., \(\ell=\sup E\in E\). This completes the proof for Case (b).
$$\ell=\sup E. $$
$$ x_{n}(t)=\lambda_{n}\int_{0}^{1} g_{m-q}(t,s)F \bigl(s,\tilde{J}x_{n}(s) \bigr)\,ds,\quad t \in[0,1]. $$
(3.28)
$$x(t)=\ell\int_{0}^{1} g_{m-q}(t,s)F \bigl(s,\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds,\quad t\in[0,1]. $$
(c) Let \(\lambda>0\) be fixed. Choose \(\epsilon>0\) so that
If \(f\in P_{\infty}\), then there exists \(M=M(\epsilon)>0\) such that
We shall show that \(S(C(M))\subseteq C(M)\). Let \(x\in C(M)\). From the proof of Theorem 3.5, we have (3.22) and (3.24) and so \(Sx\in C\). It remains to show that \(\|Sx\|\leq M\). Applying (3.19), Lemma 2.2(b), (3.20), (3.30), and (3.29), we find, for \(t\in[0,1]\),
It follows that \(\|Sx\|\leq M\) and hence \(S(C(M))\subseteq C(M)\). Also, S is continuous and completely continuous. Schauder’s fixed point theorem guarantees that S has a fixed point in \(C(M)\). Clearly, this fixed point is a positive solution of (3.5) and therefore λ is an eigenvalue of (3.5). Since \(\lambda>0\) is arbitrary, it shows that \(E=(0,\infty)\). □
$$ \lambda \frac{L}{(m-q-2)!}\int_{0}^{1} G(s,s)b(s)\,ds\leq\frac {1}{\epsilon}. $$
(3.29)
$$ f(u,u,\ldots,u)<\epsilon u, \quad u\geq\frac{M}{(m-q-2)!}. $$
(3.30)
$$\begin{aligned} (Sx)^{(m-q-2)}(t) \leq& \lambda \int_{0}^{1}G(t,s)b(s)f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ \leq& {\lambda\int_{0}^{1}LG(s,s)b(s) f \biggl( \frac{M}{(m-q-2)!},\frac{M}{(m-q-2)!},\ldots, \frac{M}{(m-q-2)!} \biggr)\,ds} \\ \leq& {\lambda\epsilon \frac{M}{(m-q-2)!}\int_{0}^{1} LG(s,s)b(s)\,ds} \leq M. \end{aligned}$$
Example 3.1
Consider the Sturm-Liouville boundary value problem
where \(\lambda>0\) and
$$ \left \{ \begin{array}{@{}l} y^{(5)}(t)+\lambda F (t,y(t),y'(t),y''(t),y'''(t) )=0, \quad t\in(0,1),\\ y(0)=y'(0)=y''(0)=0,\qquad 2y^{(3)}(0)-y^{(4)}(0)=0,\qquad -y^{(3)}(1)+3y^{(4)}(1)=0, \end{array} \right . $$
(3.31)
$$\begin{aligned} F\bigl(t,y,y',y'',y''' \bigr) =& \biggl[\frac{300+900t+270t^{2}+90t^{3}+10t^{4}-3t^{5}}{200}+2 \biggr]^{-1/2} \\ &{}\times \biggl(\frac{y+y'+y''+y'''}{4} +2 \biggr)^{1/2}. \end{aligned}$$
Here, \(m=5\), \(q=3\), \(\zeta=2\), \(\theta=1\), \(\rho=-1\), and \(\delta=3\). Clearly, (C1)-(C5) are satisfied with
and
It is obvious that \(f\in P_{\infty}\). Hence, by Theorem 3.9(c) we have \(E=(0,\infty)\). In fact, when \(\lambda=\frac{36}{5}\in(0,\infty)\), (3.31) has a positive solution \(y(t)=t^{3}+\frac{1}{2}t^{4}-\frac{3}{50}t^{5}\).
$$a(t)=b(t)= \biggl[\frac{300+900t+270t^{2}+90t^{3}+10t^{4}-3t^{5}}{200}+2 \biggr]^{-1/2} $$
$$f(u_{1},u_{2},u_{3}, u_{4})= \biggl( \frac{u_{1}+u_{2}+u_{3}+u_{4}}{4}+2 \biggr)^{1/2}. $$
4 Explicit eigenvalue intervals
In this section, the functions a and b appearing in (C1)-(C3) are assumed to be continuous on the closed interval \([0,1]\). Hence, noting Remark 3.2, we shall not require conditions (C3) and (C4) to show the compactness of the operator S. With respect to the function f in (C1), we define
$$\begin{aligned}& \overline{f}_{0}=\limsup_{u_{i}\to0, 1\leq i\leq q+1} \frac{f(u_{1},u_{2},\ldots,u_{q+1})}{u_{q+1}}, \qquad \underline{f}_{0}=\liminf_{u_{i}\to0, 1\leq i\leq q+1} \frac{f(u_{1},u_{2},\ldots,u_{q+1})}{u_{q+1}}, \\& \overline{f}_{\infty}=\limsup_{u_{i}\to\infty, 1\leq i\leq q+1} \frac{f(u_{1},u_{2},\ldots,u_{q+1})}{u_{q+1}}, \qquad \underline{f}_{\infty}=\liminf_{u_{i}\to\infty, 1\leq i\leq q+1} \frac{f(u_{1},u_{2},\ldots,u_{q+1})}{u_{q+1}}. \end{aligned}$$
Our main tool in this section is the Krasnosel’skii fixed point theorem in a cone (Theorem 2.1) which we shall apply with the operator S and the cone C defined in (3.16) and (3.7), respectively. Recall that \(\eta\in (0,\frac{1}{2} )\) is fixed. Throughout this section, we further let \(z\in[\eta,1-\eta]\) be fixed. Define \(t_{z}, t^{*}\in[0,1]\) by
$$ \begin{aligned} &\int_{z}^{1-\eta}G(t_{z},s)a(s) (s-\eta )^{m-q-2}\,ds=\sup_{t\in[0,1]} \int_{z}^{1-\eta}G(t,s)a(s) (s-\eta)^{m-q-2}\,ds, \\ &\int_{\eta}^{1-\eta}G\bigl(t^{*},s\bigr)a(s) (s- \eta)^{m-q-2}\,ds=\sup_{t\in [0,1]} \int_{\eta}^{1-\eta}G(t,s)a(s) (s-\eta)^{m-q-2}\,ds. \end{aligned} $$
(4.1)
Theorem 4.1
Let (C1)-(C3) hold. Then
\(\lambda\in E\)
if
λ
satisfies
$$\begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{\underline{f}_{\infty}} \biggl[\frac{\gamma}{(m-q-2)!}\int_{z}^{1-\eta} G(t_{z},s)a(s) (s-\eta)^{m-q-2}\,ds \biggr]^{-1} \\ &\quad< \lambda<\frac {1}{\overline{f}_{0}} \biggl[\frac{L}{(m-q-2)!}\int_{0}^{1}G(s,s)b(s)s^{m-q-2}\,ds \biggr]^{-1}. \end{aligned}$$
(4.2)
Proof
Let λ satisfy (4.2) and let \(\epsilon >0\) be such that
$$\begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{\underline{f}_{\infty}-\epsilon} \biggl[\frac{\gamma }{(m-q-2)!}\int_{z}^{1-\eta} G(t_{z},s)a(s) (s-\eta)^{m-q-2}\,ds \biggr]^{-1} \\ &\quad< \lambda<\frac {1}{\overline{f}_{0}+\epsilon} \biggl[\frac{L}{(m-q-2)!}\int_{0}^{1}G(s,s)b(s)s^{m-q-2}\,ds \biggr]^{-1}. \end{aligned}$$
(4.3)
First, we choose \(w>0\) so that
Let \(x\in C\) be such that \(\|x\|=w(m-q-2)!\). By (3.13) and (3.9), we get
Thus, together with (3.19), Lemma 2.2(b), (4.5), (4.4), (3.8), and (4.3), we find, for \(t\in[0,1]\),
It follows that
If we set \(\Omega_{1}=\{x\in B \mid \|x\|< w(m-q-2)!\}\), then (4.6) holds for \(x\in C\cap\partial\Omega_{1}\).
$$ f(u_{1},u_{2},\ldots,u_{q+1})\leq(\overline{f}_{0}+\epsilon) u_{q+1},\quad 0< u_{i}\leq w,\ 1\leq i \leq q+1. $$
(4.4)
$$ \left \{ \begin{array}{@{}l }x(s)\leq\frac{\|x\|}{(m-q-2)!}=w, \quad s\in [0,1],\\ J^{k} x(s)\leq \frac{\|x\|}{(m-q-2)!}=w,\quad s\in[0,1],\ 1\leq k\leq q. \end{array} \right . $$
(4.5)
$$\begin{aligned} (Sx)^{(m-q-2)}(t) \leq& \lambda\int_{0}^{1}LG(s,s)b(s)f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ \leq& \lambda \int_{0}^{1}LG(s,s)b(s) ( \overline{f}_{0}+\epsilon)x(s)\,ds \\ \leq& \lambda\int_{0}^{1}LG(s,s)b(s) (\overline{f}_{0}+\epsilon)\frac{s^{m-q-2}}{(m-q-2)!} \|x\|\,ds \leq \|x\|. \end{aligned}$$
$$ \|Sx\|\leq\|x\|. $$
(4.6)
Next, let \(d>0\) be such that
Let \(x\in C\) be such that
Using (3.12), (3.14), and (4.8), we have
Now, applying (3.19), (4.9), (4.7), and (3.11), we find, for \(t\in [0,1]\),
Taking the supremum on both sides leads to
where \(t_{z}\) is defined in (4.1), and (4.3) has been used in the last inequality. If we set \(\Omega_{2}=\{x\in B \mid \|x\|< D\}\), then for \(x\in C\cap \partial\Omega_{2}\) we have
$$ f(u_{1},u_{2},\ldots,u_{q+1})\geq(\underline{f}_{\infty}-\epsilon) u_{q+1},\quad u_{i}\geq d,\ 1\leq i \leq q+1. $$
(4.7)
$$\begin{aligned} \|x\| =&\max \biggl\{ w(m-q-2)!+1,\ \frac {d(m-q-2)!}{\gamma(z-\eta)^{m-q-2}},\ \frac{d(m-q-2+k)!}{\gamma(z-\eta)^{m-q-2+k}},\ 1\leq k\leq q\biggr\} \\ =&\max \biggl\{ w(m-q-2)!+1,\ \frac{d(m-2)!}{\gamma(z-\eta )^{m-2}} \biggr\} \equiv D. \end{aligned}$$
(4.8)
$$ \left \{ \begin{array}{@{}l} x(s)\geq\frac{(z-\eta)^{m-q-2}}{(m-q-2)!} \gamma \|x\|\geq d,\quad s\in[z, 1-\eta],\\ J^{k}x(s)\geq \frac{(z-\eta)^{m-q-2+k}}{(m-q-2+k)!} \gamma\|x\|\geq d, \quad s\in [z,1-\eta],\ 1\leq k\leq q. \end{array} \right . $$
(4.9)
$$\begin{aligned} (Sx)^{(m-q-2)}(t) \geq& \lambda {\int_{z}^{1-\eta} G(t,s)a(s) f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds} \\ \geq& \lambda \int_{z}^{1-\eta} G(t,s)a(s) ( \underline{f}_{\infty}-\epsilon)x(s)\,ds \\ \geq& \lambda \int_{z}^{1-\eta} G(t,s)a(s) ( \underline{f}_{\infty}-\epsilon) (s-\eta)^{m-q-2}\frac{\gamma \|x\|}{(m-q-2)!}\,ds. \end{aligned}$$
$$\|Sx\|\geq\lambda\int_{z}^{1-\eta} G(t_{z},s)a(s) (s-\eta)^{m-q-2}\,ds\cdot(\underline{f}_{\infty}-\epsilon)\frac{\gamma\|x\|}{(m-q-2)!}\geq\|x\|, $$
$$ \|Sx\|\geq\|x\|. $$
(4.10)
With (4.6) and (4.10) established and also noting that S maps C into C (Remark 3.3), by Theorem 2.1 S has a fixed point \(x\in C\cap(\bar{\Omega}_{2}\backslash\Omega_{1})\) such that \(w(m-q-2)!\leq \|x\|\leq D\). Obviously, this x is a positive solution of (3.5) and hence \(\lambda\in E\). □
Theorem 4.2
Let (C1)-(C3) hold. Then
\(\lambda\in E\)
if
λ
satisfies
$$\begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{\underline{f}_{0}} \biggl[\frac{\gamma}{(m-q-2)!}\int_{\eta}^{1-\eta} G \bigl(t^{*},s \bigr)a(s) (s-\eta)^{m-q-2}\,ds \biggr]^{-1} \\ &\quad< \lambda< \frac {1}{\overline{f}_{\infty}} \biggl[\frac{L}{(m-q-2)!}\int_{0}^{1}G(s,s)b(s)\,ds \biggr]^{-1}. \end{aligned}$$
(4.11)
Proof
Let λ satisfy (4.11) and let \(\epsilon>0\) be such that
$$\begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{\underline{f}_{0}-\epsilon} \biggl[\frac{\gamma }{(m-q-2)!}\int_{\eta}^{1-\eta} G \bigl(t^{*},s \bigr)a(s) (s-\eta)^{m-q-2}\,ds \biggr]^{-1} \\ &\quad< \lambda< \frac {1}{\overline{f}_{\infty}+\epsilon} \biggl[\frac{L}{(m-q-2)!}\int_{0}^{1}G(s,s)b(s)\,ds \biggr]^{-1}. \end{aligned}$$
(4.12)
First, we pick \(w>0\) so that
Let \(x\in C\) be such that \(\|x\|=w(m-q-2)!\). As in (4.5), we have \(x(s)\leq w\) and \(J^{k}x(s)\leq w\), \(1\leq k\leq q\) for \(s\in[0,1]\). Hence, applying (3.19), (4.13), and (3.11), we find, for \(t\in[0,1]\),
Taking the supremum on both sides and using (4.12) lead to
where \(t^{*}\) is defined in (4.1). Hence, if we set \(\Omega_{1}=\{x\in B \mid \|x\| < w(m-q-2)!\}\), then \(\|Sx\|\geq\|x\|\) holds for \(x\in C\cap\partial\Omega_{1}\).
$$ f(u_{1},u_{2},\ldots,u_{q+1})\geq(\underline{f}_{0}-\epsilon)u_{q+1},\quad 0< u_{i}\leq w,\ 1\leq i\leq q+1. $$
(4.13)
$$\begin{aligned}[b] (Sx)^{(m-q-2)}(t) &\geq {\lambda\int_{0}^{1}G(t,s)a(s) f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds} \geq {\lambda\int_{0}^{1}G(t,s) a(s) ( \underline{f}_{0}-\epsilon) x(s)\,ds} \\ &\geq {\lambda\int_{\eta}^{1-\eta}G(t,s) a(s) ( \underline{f}_{0}-\epsilon) (s-\eta)^{m-q-2}\frac{\gamma\|x\|}{(m-q-2)!}\,ds.} \end{aligned} $$
$$\|Sx\|\geq\lambda\int_{\eta}^{1-\eta}G \bigl(t^{*},s \bigr) a(s) (s-\eta)^{m-q-2}\,ds\cdot(\underline{f}_{0}-\epsilon) \frac{\gamma\|x\|}{(m-q-2)!}\geq\|x\|, $$
Next, let \(d>0\) be such that
We shall consider two cases - when f is bounded and when f is unbounded.
$$ f(u_{1},u_{2},\ldots,u_{q+1})\leq(\overline{f}_{\infty}+\epsilon) u_{q+1}, \quad u_{i}\geq d,\ 1\leq i\leq q+1. $$
(4.14)
Case 1. Suppose that f is bounded. Then there exists a positive constant M such that
Let
and let \(x\in C\) be such that \(\|x\|= D(m-q-2)!\). Using (3.19), Lemma 2.2(b), and (4.15), we have, for \(t\in[0,1]\),
Hence, \(\|Sx\|\leq\|x\|\) holds.
$$ f(u_{1},u_{2},\ldots,u_{q+1})\leq M,\quad u_{i}\in(0,\infty),\ 1\leq i\leq q+1. $$
(4.15)
$$D=\max \biggl\{ w+1, \frac{\lambda M}{(m-q-2)!} \int_{0}^{1}LG(s,s)b(s)\,ds \biggr\} $$
$$\begin{aligned} (Sx)^{(m-q-2)}(t) \leq& \lambda \int_{0}^{1}LG(s,s)b(s)f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ \leq& \lambda \int_{0}^{1}LG(s,s)b(s)M \,ds \leq D(m-q-2)! = \|x\|. \end{aligned}$$
Case 2. Suppose that f is unbounded. Then there exists \(D>\max \{w+1, d \}\) such that
Let \(x\in C\) be such that \(\|x\|=D(m-q-2)!\). As in (4.5), we have \(x(s)\leq D\) and \(J^{k}x(s)\leq D\), \(1\leq k\leq q\) for \(s\in[0,1]\). Now, using (3.19), Lemma 2.2(b), (4.16), (4.14), and (4.12), we get, for \(t\in[0,1]\),
Hence, immediately we have \(\|Sx\|\leq\|x\|\).
$$ f(u_{1},u_{2},\ldots,u_{q+1})\leq f(D, D,\ldots,D), \quad 0< u_{i}\leq D,\ 1\leq i\leq q+1. $$
(4.16)
$$\begin{aligned} (Sx)^{(m-q-2)}(t) \leq& \lambda \int_{0}^{1}LG(s,s)b(s)f \bigl(\tilde{J}x(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ \leq& \lambda \int_{0}^{1}LG(s,s)b(s)f(D, D, \ldots,D)\,ds \\ \leq& \lambda \int_{0}^{1}LG(s,s) b(s) ( \overline{f}_{\infty}+\epsilon)D \,ds \\ = & \lambda \int_{0}^{1}LG(s,s)b(s) (\overline{f}_{\infty}+\epsilon)\frac{\|x\|}{(m-q-2)!}\,ds \leq \|x\|. \end{aligned}$$
In both Case 1 and 2, if we set \(\Omega_{2}= \{x\in B \mid \|x\|< D(m-q-2)! \}\), then \(\|Sx\|\leq\|x\|\) holds for \(x\in C\cap\partial\Omega_{2}\).
With (4.6) and (4.10) established and also noting that S maps C into C (Remark 3.3), it follows from Theorem 2.1 that S has a fixed point \(x\in C\cap(\bar{\Omega}_{2}\backslash\Omega_{1})\) such that \(w(m-q-2)!\leq\|x\|\leq D(m-q-2)!\). Clearly, this x is a positive solution of (3.5) and hence \(\lambda\in E\). □
Theorems 4.1 and 4.2 provide explicit eigenvalue intervals as follows.
Corollary 4.3
Let (C1)-(C3) hold. Then
and
$$\begin{aligned} E \supseteq& \biggl( \frac{1}{\underline{f}_{\infty}} \biggl[\frac{\gamma}{(m-q-2)!}\int _{z}^{1-\eta} G(t_{z},s)a(s) (s- \eta)^{m-q-2}\,ds \biggr]^{-1}, \\ &{}\frac{1}{\overline{f}_{0}} \biggl[ \frac{L}{(m-q-2)!}\int_{0}^{1}G(s,s)b(s)s^{m-q-2}\,ds \biggr]^{-1} \biggr) \\ \supseteq& \biggl( \frac{1}{\underline{f}_{\infty}} \biggl[\frac{\gamma}{(m-q-2)!}\int _{z}^{1-\eta} K_{\eta}G(s,s)a(s) (s- \eta)^{m-q-2}\,ds \biggr]^{-1}, \\ &{}\frac{1}{\overline{f}_{0}} \biggl[ \frac{L}{(m-q-2)!}\int_{0}^{1}G(s,s)b(s)s^{m-q-2}\,ds \biggr]^{-1} \biggr) \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned} E \supseteq& \biggl( \frac{1}{\underline{f}_{0}} \biggl[\frac{\gamma}{(m-q-2)!}\int _{\eta}^{1-\eta} G\bigl(t^{*},s\bigr)a(s) (s- \eta)^{m-q-2}\,ds \biggr]^{-1},\\ &{} \frac{1}{\overline{f}_{\infty}} \biggl[ \frac{L}{(m-q-2)!}\int_{0}^{1}G(s,s)b(s)\,ds \biggr]^{-1} \biggr) \\ \supseteq& \biggl( \frac{1}{\underline{f}_{0}} \biggl[\frac{\gamma}{(m-q-2)!}\int _{\eta}^{1-\eta} K_{\eta}G(s,s)a(s) (s- \eta)^{m-q-2}\,ds \biggr]^{-1},\\ &{} \frac{1}{\overline{f}_{\infty}} \biggl[ \frac{L}{(m-q-2)!}\int_{0}^{1}G(s,s)b(s)\,ds \biggr]^{-1} \biggr). \end{aligned}$$
Proof
We apply Theorems 4.1 and 4.2. Moreover, using Lemma 2.2(c) we have
and
from which we are able to avoid the calculations of \(t_{z}\) and \(t^{*}\), amid getting smaller intervals. □
$$\begin{aligned} \int_{z}^{1-\eta}G(t_{z},s)a(s) (s-\eta )^{m-q-2}\,ds \geq& \sup_{t\in[\eta, 1-\eta]}\int_{z}^{1-\eta}G(t,s)a(s) (s-\eta)^{m-q-2}\,ds \\ \geq& \int_{z}^{1-\eta}K_{\eta}G(s,s)a(s) (s-\eta)^{m-q-2}\,ds \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned} \int_{\eta}^{1-\eta}G\bigl(t^{*},s\bigr)a(s) (s-\eta )^{m-q-2}\,ds \geq& \sup_{t\in[\eta,1-\eta]}\int_{\eta }^{1-\eta}G(t,s)a(s) (s-\eta)^{m-q-2}\,ds \\ \geq& \int_{\eta}^{1-\eta}K_{\eta}G(s,s)a(s) (s-\eta)^{m-q-2}\,ds, \end{aligned}$$
The function f is said to be superlinear if \(\overline{f}_{0}=0\) and \(\underline{f}_{\infty}=\infty\); and f is said to be sublinear if \(\underline{f}_{0}=\infty\) and \(\overline{f}_{\infty}=0\). The next result is immediate from Corollary 4.3.
Corollary 4.4
Let (C1)-(C3) hold. If f is superlinear or sublinear, then \(E=(0,\infty)\), i.e., the boundary value problem (3.5) (or (1.1)) has a positive solution for any \(\lambda>0\).
Example 4.1
Consider the Sturm-Liouville boundary value problem
where \(\lambda>0\). Here, \(m=4\), \(q=2\), \(\zeta=-1\), \(\theta=3\), \(\rho=1\), and \(\delta=0\). Let \(\eta=\frac{1}{4}\). By direct computation, we have
Below we shall consider three different F’s.
$$ \left \{ \begin{array}{@{}l} y^{(4)}(t)+\lambda F (t,y(t),y'(t),y''(t) )=0,\quad t\in(0,1), \\ y(0)=y'(0)=0, \qquad y''(1)=0,\qquad -y''(0)-3y^{(3)}(0)=0, \end{array} \right . $$
(4.17)
$$L=\frac{3}{2},\qquad K_{\frac{1}{4}}=\frac{1}{4},\qquad \gamma = \frac{1}{6},\qquad G(s,s)=\frac{1}{2}(3-s) (1-s). $$
Case 1.
Clearly, (C1)-(C3) are satisfied with
and
By direct computation, we have
It follows from Corollary 4.3 that
In fact, we note that when \(\lambda=24\in(1.24,28.48)\), the problem (4.17), (4.18) has a positive solution given by \(y(t)=9t^{2}-t^{3}-t^{4}\).
$$\begin{aligned} F\bigl(t,y,y',y'' \bigr) =& \biggl\{ \frac{90-30t-51t^{2}-t^{3}-t^{4}}{100}+1-\exp \bigl[-100 \bigl(18t-3t^{2}-4t^{3} \bigr) \bigr] \biggr\} ^{-1} \\ &{}\times \biggl( \frac{y}{100}+\frac{y''}{20} +1-e^{-100y'} \biggr). \end{aligned}$$
(4.18)
$$a(t)=b(t)= \biggl\{ \frac{90-30t-51t^{2}-t^{3}-t^{4}}{100}+1-\exp \bigl[-100 \bigl(18t-3t^{2}-4t^{3} \bigr) \bigr] \biggr\} ^{-1} $$
$$f(u_{1},u_{2},u_{3})=\frac{u_{1}}{100}+ \frac{u_{3}}{20}+1-e^{-100u_{2}}. $$
$$\underline{f}_{0}=\frac{5{,}003}{50}, \qquad\overline{f}_{\infty}= \frac{3}{50}. $$
$$E\supseteq \biggl(\frac{1}{\underline{f}_{0}} \biggl[\gamma K_{\frac{1}{4}}\int _{\frac{1}{4}}^{\frac{3}{4}} G(s,s)a(s)\,ds \biggr]^{-1},\ \frac{1}{\overline{f}_{\infty}} \biggl[L\int_{0}^{1}G(s,s)b(s)\,ds \biggr]^{-1} \biggr)= (1.24,28.48). $$
Case 2.
Here, (C1)-(C3) are satisfied with
and
Direct computation also provides
By Corollary 4.3, we have
Indeed, when \(\lambda=24\in(0,31.15)\), the problem (4.17), (4.19) has a positive solution given by \(y(t)=9t^{2}-t^{3}-t^{4}\).
$$ F \bigl(t,y,y',y'' \bigr)= \biggl( \frac{126+6t-18t^{2}-5t^{3}-t^{4}}{10} \biggr)^{-1} \biggl(\frac{y+y'+2y''}{10}+9 \biggr). $$
(4.19)
$$a(t)=b(t)= \biggl(\frac{126+6t-18t^{2}-5t^{3}-t^{4}}{10} \biggr)^{-1} $$
$$f(u_{1},u_{2},u_{3})=\frac{u_{1}+u_{2}+2u_{3}}{10}+9. $$
$$\underline{f}_{0}=\infty,\qquad \overline{f}_{\infty}= \frac{2}{5}. $$
$$E\supseteq \biggl(0,\ \frac{1}{\overline{f}_{\infty}} \biggl[L\int_{0}^{1}G(s,s)b(s)\,ds \biggr]^{-1} \biggr)= (0,31.15). $$
Case 3.
In this case, (C1)-(C3) are satisfied with
and
We check that f is sublinear, i.e., \(\underline{f}_{0}=\infty \) and \(\overline{f}_{\infty}=0\). By Corollary 4.4, the set \(E=(0,\infty)\). As an example, when \(\lambda=24\in(0,\infty)\), the problem (4.17), (4.20) has a positive solution given by \(y(t)=9t^{2}-t^{3}-t^{4}\).
$$ F \bigl(t,y,y',y'' \bigr)= \bigl[\exp \bigl(-18-12t+6t^{2}+5t^{3}+t^{4} \bigr)+2 \bigr]^{-1} \bigl[\exp \bigl(-y-y'-y'' \bigr)+2 \bigr]. $$
(4.20)
$$a(t)=b(t)= \bigl[\exp \bigl(-18-12t+6t^{2}+5t^{3}+t^{4} \bigr)+2 \bigr]^{-1} $$
$$f(u_{1},u_{2},u_{3})=\exp(-u_{1}-u_{2}-u_{3})+2. $$
Declarations
Open Access This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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