Research
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Singularly perturbed second order semilinear boundary value problems with interface conditions
- Hongxu Lin1 and
- Feng Xie1Email author
Boundary Value Problems20152015:47
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-015-0309-5
© Lin and Xie; licensee Springer. 2015
Received: 14 October 2014
Accepted: 19 February 2015
Published: 3 March 2015
Abstract
In this paper we study a class of singularly perturbed interface boundary value problems with discontinuous source terms. We first establish a lemma of lower-upper solutions by using the Schauder fixed point theorem. By the method of boundary functions and the lemma of lower-upper solutions we obtain the existence, asymptotic estimates, and uniqueness of the solution with boundary and interior layers for the proposed problem.
Keywords
singular perturbation interface conditions lower and upper solutions asymptotic estimatesMSC
34E15 34A36 34B151 Introduction
We consider the interface boundary value problem with discontinuous source terms
where ε is a small and positive parameter, A and B being given constants, and
The functions \(f_{1}\) and \(f_{2}\) are smooth enough on \([a,d]\times\mathbb {R}\) and on \([d,b]\times\mathbb{R}\), respectively, and \(f_{1}(d,u) \neq f_{2}(d,u)\) for \(u\in\mathbb{R}\). We denote by \([w](d)\) the jump of a function w at the point d, i.e.
\([w](d)=w(d^{+})-w(d^{-})\). The solution of the problem and its first order derivative have a jump at \(x=d\in(a,b)\). The original problem can be regarded as the coupling of the left problem and the right problem.
$$\begin{aligned}& \varepsilon^{2} u''=f(x,u),\quad x\in [a,d)\cup(d,b], \end{aligned}$$
(1.1)
$$\begin{aligned}& {\bigl[\varepsilon u'\bigr]}(d)=c_{1},\qquad [u](d)=c_{2}, \end{aligned}$$
(1.2)
$$\begin{aligned}& u(a)=A, \qquad u(b)=B, \end{aligned}$$
(1.3)
$$ f(x,u)=\left \{ \begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} f_{1}(x,u), &x\in[a,d), \\ f_{2}(x,u), &x\in(d,b]. \end{array} \right . $$
In recent years, the boundary value problems with interface conditions have appeared in applications such as heat transfer in layers composite material [1], the one dimensional metal-oxide-semiconductor structure [2], and population genetics [3]. The study of boundary value problems with interface conditions has attracted much attention, especially in numerical aspects; see [2, 4–8] and references therein. For instance, de Falco and O’Riordan [2] considered singularly perturbed reaction-diffusion equations with discontinuous data and interface conditions, where one of the problems was given as follows: Find \(u_{\varepsilon}\in C^{0}[0,1]\cap C^{2}((0,d)\cup(d,1))\) such that
with the diffusion coefficient
They suggested a parameter-uniform method based on piecewise-uniform Shishkin meshes to solve the problem above.
$$\begin{aligned}& -\bigl(\varepsilon(x)u'_{\varepsilon}\bigr)'+r(x)u_{\varepsilon}=f, \quad x\in (0,d)\cup(d,1),\\& u_{\varepsilon}(0)=B_{0}, \qquad u_{\varepsilon}(1)=B_{1},\\& {-\bigl[\varepsilon u_{\varepsilon}'\bigr]}(d)=Q'_{1},\\& {[f]}(d)=Q_{2}, \qquad {[r]}(d)=Q_{3},\\& r(x)\geq r_{0}>0,\qquad \varepsilon(x)>0,\quad x\in(0,d)\cup (d,1), \end{aligned}$$
$$ \varepsilon(x)= \left \{ \begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} \varepsilon_{1}p(x),&x< d, \\ \varepsilon_{2}p(x),&x>d, \end{array} \right .\qquad \frac{r(x)}{p(x)}>\beta>0, \quad x\in(0,d)\cup(d,1). $$
In this paper, we are devoted to the study of the existence, uniqueness, and asymptotics of the singularly perturbed interface boundary value problem (1.1)-(1.3), whose solution exhibits an interior layer due to the discontinuity of the source term. By using the Schauder fixed point theorem, we first establish a lower and upper solutions lemma which is an extension of classical theory of lower and upper solutions (see [9], for instance). By the method of boundary functions (see [10, 11], for example) and the lemma of lower-upper solutions we obtain the existence, asymptotic estimates, and uniqueness of the solution with boundary and interior layers for the proposed problem.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we establish the lemma of lower-upper solutions for a class of two-point boundary value problems with interface conditions by the Schauder fixed point theorem, which will be used to prove our main result. With the asymptotic expansions and the lemma of lower and upper solutions established in Section 2, the asymptotic estimates, existence, and uniqueness of the solution for the problem (1.1)-(1.3) are obtained in Section 3.
2 Basic lemmas
For \(j=1, 2\), we define the vector spaces \(Q^{j}[a,b]\) of functions by
We define \(\widetilde{Q}^{2}[a,b]\) by
where \(\Lambda=\{d,x_{1},x_{2},\ldots,x_{k}\}\) and k is a given positive integer.
$$Q^{j}[a,b]\equiv \Bigl\{ u(x)\in C^{j} \bigl([a,b] \setminus \{d\} \bigr)\bigm| \lim_{x\rightarrow d^{\pm}}u(x)=u\bigl(d^{\pm}\bigr) \in\mathbb{R}, \lim_{x\rightarrow d^{\pm}}u'(x)=u' \bigl(d^{\pm}\bigr)\in\mathbb{R} \Bigr\} . $$
$$\widetilde{Q}^{2}[a,b]\equiv \bigl\{ u(x)\in C^{2} \bigl([a,b]\setminus \Lambda \bigr)\mid u\bigl(d^{\pm}\bigr), u\bigl(x_{i}^{\pm}\bigr), u' \bigl(d^{\pm}\bigr), u'\bigl(x_{i}^{\pm}\bigr)\in\mathbb{R}, i=1,2,\ldots ,k \bigr\} , $$
It is easily verified that \(Q^{1}[a,b]\) is a Banach space endowed with the norm \(\|u\|=\|u\|_{\infty}+\|u'\|_{\infty}\). The following lemma is a generalized Arzelà-Ascoli theorem on families of functions in \(Q^{1}[a,b]\).
Lemma 2.1
Assume that a bounded set E in \(Q^{1}[a,b]\) is piecewise equicontinuous, that is, \(E|_{[a,d)}=\{u|_{[a,d)}: u\in E\}\) is equicontinuous on \([a,d)\) and \(E|_{(d,b]}=\{u|_{(d,b]}: u\in E\}\) is equicontinuous on \((d,b]\). Then E is a relatively compact subset of \(Q^{1}[a,b]\).
Proof
The proof follows almost the same lines as that of the classical Arzelà-Ascoli theorem (see, for instance, [12]), noting that for \(u\in Q^{1}[a,b]\), u, and \(u'\) both have left and right limits at \(x=d\). Thus, details are omitted here. □
Let us consider the two-point boundary value problem with interface conditions
where the constants A, B, \(c_{1}\), \(c_{2}\), and the function \(f(x,u)\) are given in (1.1)-(1.3). Obviously, all solutions to (2.1)-(2.3) belong to \(Q^{2}[a,b]\).
$$\begin{aligned}& u''=f(x,u),\quad x\in[a,d)\cup(d,b], \end{aligned}$$
(2.1)
$$\begin{aligned}& {\bigl[u'\bigr]}(d)=c_{1},\qquad {[u]}(d)=c_{2}, \end{aligned}$$
(2.2)
$$\begin{aligned}& u(a)=A, \qquad u(b)=B, \end{aligned}$$
(2.3)
Definition 2.1
We say that a function \(\alpha\in\widetilde{Q}^{2}[a,b]\) is a lower solution of the problem (2.1)-(2.3) if
$$\begin{aligned}& \alpha''(x)\geq f\bigl(x,\alpha(x) \bigr),\quad x\in(a,b)\setminus\Lambda, \\& \alpha'\bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-\alpha'\bigl(d^{-}\bigr)> c_{1}, \\& \alpha\bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-\alpha\bigl(d^{-}\bigr)=c_{2}, \\& \alpha'\bigl(x_{i}^{-}\bigr)\leq\alpha' \bigl(x_{i}^{+}\bigr), \quad i=1,2,\ldots,k, \\& \alpha(a)\leq A, \qquad \alpha(b)\leq B. \end{aligned}$$
(2.4)
We say that a function \(\beta\in\widetilde{Q}^{2}[a,b]\) is an upper solution of the problem (2.1)-(2.3) if
$$\begin{aligned}& \beta''(x)\leq f\bigl(x,\beta(x)\bigr), \quad x\in (a,b)\setminus\Lambda, \\& \beta'\bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-\beta'\bigl(d^{-}\bigr)< c_{1}, \\& \beta\bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-\beta\bigl(d^{-}\bigr)=c_{2}, \\& \beta'\bigl(x_{i}^{-}\bigr)\geq\beta' \bigl(x_{i}^{+}\bigr),\quad i=1,2,\ldots,k, \\& \beta(a)\geq A, \qquad \beta(b)\geq B. \end{aligned}$$
(2.5)
Lemma 2.2
Proof
Let us consider the modified problem
where \(\gamma(x,u)\) is defined by
$$\begin{aligned}& u''-u=f\bigl(x,\gamma(x,u)\bigr)-\gamma(x,u), \quad x \in[a,d)\cup (d,b], \end{aligned}$$
(2.6)
$$\begin{aligned}& {\bigl[u'\bigr]}(d)=c_{1},\qquad {[u]}(d)=c_{2}, \end{aligned}$$
(2.7)
$$\begin{aligned}& u(a)=A, \qquad u(b)=B, \end{aligned}$$
(2.8)
$$ \gamma(x,u)= \left \{ \begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} \beta(x), & \mbox{if } u>\beta(x), \\ u, & \mbox{if } \alpha(x)\leq u\leq\beta(x), \\ \alpha(x), & \mbox{if } u< \alpha(x). \end{array} \right . $$
(2.9)
The homogeneous problem of (2.6) and (2.8) can be divided into the following two initial value problems:
and
Obviously, the problems (2.10)-(2.11) and (2.12)-(2.13) have general solutions
and
respectively.
$$\begin{aligned}& u_{1}''-u_{1}=0, \quad x \in[a,d), \end{aligned}$$
(2.10)
$$\begin{aligned}& u_{1}(a)=A \end{aligned}$$
(2.11)
$$\begin{aligned}& u_{2}''-u_{2}=0, \quad x \in(d,b], \end{aligned}$$
(2.12)
$$\begin{aligned}& u_{2}(b)=B. \end{aligned}$$
(2.13)
$$ v_{1}(x)=p_{1}\exp(x-a)-p_{2}\exp(a-x),\quad x \in[a,d) $$
(2.14)
$$ v_{2}(x)=p_{3}\exp(x-b)-p_{4}\exp(b-x), \quad x \in(d,b], $$
(2.15)
Consider the modified problem (2.6)-(2.8). Let us write the boundary value problem as an integral equation
where
and
If \(x\in[a,d)\), the integral equation becomes
If \(x\in(d,b]\), the integral equation becomes
$$ u(x)=v(x)+\int_{a}^{b}G(x,s)\bigl[f\bigl(s,\gamma \bigl(s,u(s)\bigr)\bigr)-\gamma\bigl(s,u(s)\bigr)\bigr]\, ds, $$
$$ \begin{aligned} &v(x)= \left \{ \begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} v_{1}(x), &a\leq x< d, \\ v_{2}(x), &d< x\leq b, \end{array} \right . \\ &G(x,s) =\frac{1}{W(s)} \left \{ \begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} (\exp(x-a)-\exp(a-x)) \\ \quad {}\times(\exp(s-b)-\exp(b-s)), &a\leq x\leq s\leq b, \\ (\exp(s-a)-\exp(a-s)) \\ \quad {}\times(\exp(x-b)-\exp(b-x)), &a\leq s\leq x\leq b \end{array} \right . \end{aligned} $$
(2.16)
$$ W(x)=\left \vert \begin{array}{@{}c@{\quad}c@{}} \exp(x-a)-\exp(a-x) & \exp(x-b)-\exp(b-x) \\ \exp(x-a)+\exp(a-x) & \exp(x-b)+\exp(b-x) \end{array} \right \vert . $$
$$\begin{aligned} u(x) =&v_{1}(x)+\int_{a}^{b}G(x,s) \bigl[f\bigl(s,\gamma\bigl(s,u(s)\bigr)\bigr)-\gamma \bigl(s,u(s)\bigr)\bigr]\, ds \\ =&v_{1}(x)+\int_{a}^{x} \frac{(\exp(s-a)-\exp(a-s))(\exp(x-b)-\exp(b-x)) [f(s,\gamma)-\gamma]}{W(s)}\, ds \\ &{} +\int_{x}^{d}\frac{(\exp(x-a)-\exp(a-x))(\exp(s-b)-\exp (b-s))[f(s,\gamma)-\gamma]}{W(s)}\, ds \\ &{} +\int_{d}^{b}\frac{(\exp(x-a)-\exp(a-x))(\exp(s-b)-\exp (b-s))[f(s,\gamma)-\gamma]}{W(s)}\, ds. \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned} u(x) =&v_{2}(x)+\int_{a}^{b}G(x,s) \bigl[f\bigl(s,\gamma\bigl(s,u(s)\bigr)\bigr)-\gamma \bigl(s,u(s)\bigr)\bigr]\, ds \\ =&v_{2}(x)+\int_{a}^{d} \frac{(\exp(s-a)-\exp(a-s))(\exp(x-b)-\exp(b-x)) [f(s,\gamma)-\gamma]}{W(s)}\, ds \\ &{} +\int_{d}^{x}\frac{(\exp(s-a)-\exp(a-s))(\exp(x-b)-\exp (b-x))[f(s,\gamma)-\gamma]}{W(s)}\, ds \\ &{} +\int_{x}^{b}\frac{(\exp(x-a)-\exp(a-x))(\exp(s-b)-\exp (b-s))[f(s,\gamma)-\gamma]}{W(s)}\, ds. \end{aligned}$$
In order that the solutions of the two problems satisfy the interface conditions (2.7) at \(x=d\), we must have
$$\begin{aligned}& u'\bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-u'\bigl(d^{-}\bigr)=c_{1}, \end{aligned}$$
(2.17)
$$\begin{aligned}& u\bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-u\bigl(d^{-}\bigr)=c_{2}. \end{aligned}$$
(2.18)
Substituting the integral equations into (2.17) and (2.18), and considering (2.11) and (2.13), we must have
Consequently, we obtain
$$\begin{aligned}& p_{1}-p_{2}=A, \\& p_{3}-p_{4}=B, \\& p_{3}\exp(d-b)+p_{4}\exp(b-d)-p_{1} \exp(d-a)-p_{2}\exp(a-d)=c_{1}, \\& p_{3}\exp(d-b)-p_{4}\exp(b-d)-p_{1} \exp(d-a)+p_{2}\exp(a-d)=c_{2}. \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}& p_{1}=\frac{-(c_{1}+c_{2})\exp(b-d)+(c_{1}-c_{2})\exp(d-b)-2A\exp (a-b)+2B}{2(\exp(b-a)-\exp(a-b))}, \\& p_{2}=\frac{-(c_{1}+c_{2})\exp(b-d)+(c_{1}-c_{2})\exp(d-b)-2A\exp (b-a)+2B}{2(\exp(b-a)-\exp(a-b))}, \\& p_{3}=\frac{-(c_{1}+c_{2})\exp(a-d)+(c_{1}-c_{2})\exp(d-a)+2B\exp (b-a)-2A}{2(\exp(b-a)-\exp(a-b))}, \\& p_{4}=\frac{-(c_{1}+c_{2})\exp(a-d)+(c_{1}-c_{2})\exp(d-a)+2B\exp (a-b)-2A}{2(\exp(b-a)-\exp(a-b))}. \end{aligned}$$
Define an operator \(T: Q^{1}[a,b]\rightarrow Q^{1}[a,b]\) as follows:
$$ (Tu) (x)=v(x)+\int_{a}^{b}G(x,s)\bigl[f\bigl(s, \gamma\bigl(s,u(s)\bigr)\bigr)-\gamma\bigl(s,u(s)\bigr)\bigr]\, ds. $$
Observe that \(f(x,\gamma(x,u))-\gamma(x,u): ([a,d)\cup (d,b] )\times\mathbb{R}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}\) is uniformly bounded in \(u\in Q^{1}[a,b]\). It follows that from Lemma 2.1 that the set \(T (Q^{1}[a,b] )\) is a relatively compact subset of \(Q^{1}[a,b]\). Moreover, T is continuous. Hence, it follows from the Schauder fixed point theorem that T has at least one fixed point \(u(x)\in Q^{1}[a,b]\).
We are now ready to prove that each solution \(u(x)\) of the problem (2.6)-(2.8) satisfies \(\alpha(x)\leq u(x)\leq\beta (x)\) for \(x\in[a,d)\cup(d,b]\).
Let us first prove that \(u(x)\leq\beta(x)\). Suppose, on the contrary, that the function \(h(x)=u(x)-\beta(x)\) has a positive maximum at some \(x_{0}\in[a,d)\cup(d,b]\). First, if \(x_{0}\neq d^{\pm},x_{i}^{\pm}\), we have \(h(x_{0})>0\), \(h'(x_{0})=0\), \(h''(x_{0})\leq0\), then
which yields a contradiction. Second, if \(x_{0}=d^{-}\) or \(x_{0}=d^{+}\), we have
so we can see that the function \(h(x)=u(x)-\beta(x)\) is continuous. Then we have
But
which yields also a contradiction. Third, if \(x_{0}=x_{i}^{-}\) or \(x_{0}=x_{i}^{+}\), we can similarly reach a contradiction. Therefore, we prove that \(u(x)\leq\beta(x)\) for all \(x\in[a,d)\cup(d,b]\).
$$\begin{aligned} h''(x_{0}) =&u''(x_{0})- \beta''(x_{0}) \\ \geq& u(x_{0})+f\bigl(x_{0},\gamma\bigl(x_{0},u(x_{0}) \bigr)\bigr)-\gamma \bigl(x_{0},u(x_{0})\bigr)-f \bigl(x_{0},\beta(x_{0})\bigr) \\ =&u(x_{0})-\gamma\bigl(x_{0},u(x_{0})\bigr)+f \bigl(x_{0},\gamma \bigl(x_{0},u(x_{0})\bigr) \bigr)-f\bigl(x_{0},\beta(x_{0})\bigr) \\ >&0, \end{aligned}$$
$$ h\bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-h\bigl(d^{-}\bigr)=u\bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-\beta\bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-u \bigl(d^{-}\bigr)+\beta\bigl(d^{-}\bigr)=0, $$
$$ h'\bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-h'\bigl(d^{-}\bigr)\leq0. $$
$$\begin{aligned} h'\bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-h'\bigl(d^{-}\bigr) =&u' \bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-\beta'\bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-u'\bigl(d^{-}\bigr)+ \beta'\bigl(d^{-}\bigr) \\ =&u'\bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-u'\bigl(d^{-}\bigr)-\bigl( \beta'\bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-\beta '\bigl(d^{-}\bigr)\bigr) \\ >&0, \end{aligned}$$
In a similar way, we can prove that \(\alpha(x)\leq u(x)\) for all \(x\in [a,d)\cup(d,b]\).
Therefore, the solution of (2.6)-(2.8) is also that of (2.1)-(2.3) and satisfies \(\alpha(x)\leq u(x)\leq\beta (x)\) for \(x\in[a,d)\cup(d,b]\). The proof of the lemma is completed. □
Lemma 2.3
Assume that function \(f(x,u)\) is given in (1.1)-(1.3), and \(f(x,u)\) is strictly increasing with respect to u. Then the problem (2.1)-(2.3) has at most one solution.
Proof
Assume u and w are distinct solutions of the given problem (2.1)-(2.3). Without loss of generality, we can assume that there is some \(x\in[a,d)\cup(d,b]\) such that \(u(x)>w(x)\). Let
Since
and
we have \(h(x)\in C^{1}[a,b]\). Owing to \(h(a)=h(b)=0\), \(h(x)\) achieves the positive maximum at some \(x_{0}\in(a,b)\).
$$h(x)=\left \{ \begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} u(x)-w(x), &x\in[a,d)\cup(d,b], \\ u(d^{+})-w(d^{+}),& x=d. \end{array} \right . $$
$$\begin{aligned} h\bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-h\bigl(d^{-}\bigr) =&u\bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-w\bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-u\bigl(d^{-} \bigr)+w\bigl(d^{-}\bigr) \\ =&u\bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-u\bigl(d^{-}\bigr)-\bigl(w\bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-w\bigl(d^{-}\bigr) \bigr) \\ =&0 \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned} h'\bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-h'\bigl(d^{-}\bigr) =&u' \bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-w'\bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-u'\bigl(d^{-} \bigr)+w'\bigl(d^{-}\bigr) \\ =&u'\bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-u'\bigl(d^{-}\bigr)- \bigl(w'\bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-w'\bigl(d^{-}\bigr)\bigr) \\ =&0, \end{aligned}$$
First, if \(x_{0}\neq d\), we have
However, on the other hand,
This is a contradiction.
$$h(x_{0})>0, \qquad h'(x_{0})=0, \qquad h''(x_{0})\leq0. $$
$$\begin{aligned} h''(x_{0}) =&u''(x_{0})-w''(x_{0}) \\ =&f\bigl(x_{0},u(x_{0})\bigr)-f\bigl(x_{0},w(x_{0}) \bigr) \\ >&0. \end{aligned}$$
Second, if \(x_{0}=d\), noting that \(h(a)=0\) and \(h(d)>0\), there exists some \(x^{*}\in[a,d)\) such that \(h(x)>0\) for \(x\in[x^{*},d]\) and \(h'(x^{*})\geq0\). However, on the other hand,
which yields a contradiction. Then the proof is complete. □
$$ 0\geq h'(d)-h'\bigl(x^{*}\bigr) =\int _{x^{*}}^{d}\bigl[u''(x)-w''(x) \bigr]\, dx >0, $$
3 Main results
In this section, we are interested in the asymptotic behavior of solution with respect to the small parameter ε, as well as the existence and uniqueness for the problem (1.1)-(1.3). For the sake of simplicity, we only consider the approximation of zero order.
Because of discontinuity at \(x=d\), the original problem (1.1)-(1.3) can be viewed as the coupling of the left problem
and the right problem
where \(\gamma_{L}(\varepsilon)\), \(\gamma_{R}(\varepsilon)\) are constants dependent on ε which will be determined later.
$$\begin{aligned}& \varepsilon^{2} u_{L}''=f_{1}(x,u_{L}), \quad a< x<d, \end{aligned}$$
(3.1)
$$\begin{aligned}& u_{L}(a)=A, \qquad u_{L}(d)=\gamma_{L}( \varepsilon), \end{aligned}$$
(3.2)
$$\begin{aligned}& \varepsilon^{2} u_{R}''=f_{2}(x,u_{R}), \quad d< x<b, \end{aligned}$$
(3.3)
$$\begin{aligned}& u_{R}(d)=\gamma_{R}(\varepsilon), \qquad u_{R}(b)=B, \end{aligned}$$
(3.4)
We first make the following basic assumptions.
- (H1)The functions \(f_{1}\in C^{2} ([a,d]\times \mathbb{R} )\), \(f_{2}\in C^{2} ([d,b]\times\mathbb{R} )\), and$$\begin{aligned}& f_{1}(d,u)\neq f_{2}(d,u), \quad \mbox{for } u\in\mathbb{R}, \\& \frac{\partial f_{1}}{\partial u}(x,u)\geq\sigma_{0}>0,\quad \mbox {for } (x,u) \in[a,d]\times\mathbb{R}, \\& \frac{\partial f_{2}}{\partial u}(x,u)\geq\sigma_{0}>0,\quad \mbox {for } (x,u) \in[d,b]\times\mathbb{R}. \end{aligned}$$
- (H2)The reduced problem \(f(x,u)=0\) has a solutionsuch that \(\varphi(x)\in C^{2}[a,d]\) and \(\psi(x)\in C^{2}[d,b]\).$$ u(x)=\left \{ \begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} \varphi(x), &x\in[a,d), \\ \psi(x), &x\in(d,b], \end{array} \right . $$
Let us construct the formal asymptotic solution of the left problem (3.1)-(3.2). We seek the formal solution of the form
where
Putting (3.5) into (3.1) and equating the coefficients of like powers of ε we can obtain a series of recursive equations determining these coefficients. From (H2) it follows that \(u_{0}^{(-)}(x)=\varphi(x)\), \(x\in[a,d)\). The left boundary layer term \(Q_{0}^{(-)}(\tau)\) solves
subject to the boundary conditions
The right boundary layer term \(V_{0}^{(-)}(\eta)\) solves
subject to the boundary conditions
Therefore, the formal approximation of zero order for the left problem (3.1)-(3.2) reads
$$ u_{L}(x,\varepsilon)=U_{L}(x)+Q_{L}( \tau)+V_{L}(\eta),\quad \tau =(x-a)/\varepsilon, \eta=(x-d)/ \varepsilon, $$
(3.5)
$$\begin{aligned}& U_{L}(x)=u_{0}^{(-)}(x)+\varepsilon u_{1}^{(-)}(x)+\varepsilon ^{2}u_{2}^{(-)}(x)+ \cdots, \\& Q_{L}(\tau)=Q_{0}^{(-)}(\tau)+\varepsilon Q_{1}^{(-)}(\tau)+\varepsilon ^{2}Q_{2}^{(-)}( \tau)+\cdots, \\& V_{L}(\eta)=V_{0}^{(-)}(\eta)+\varepsilon V_{1}^{(-)}(\eta)+\varepsilon ^{2}V_{2}^{(-)}( \eta)+\cdots, \\& \gamma_{L}(\varepsilon)=\gamma_{0}^{(-)}+ \varepsilon\gamma _{1}^{(-)}+\varepsilon^{2} \gamma_{2}^{(-)}+\cdots. \end{aligned}$$
$$ \frac{d^{2}Q_{0}^{(-)}}{d\tau^{2}}=f_{1} \bigl(a,\varphi(a)+Q_{0}^{(-)}( \tau ) \bigr), $$
(3.6)
$$ Q_{0}^{(-)}(0)=A-\varphi(a), \qquad \lim_{\tau\rightarrow +\infty}Q_{0}^{(-)}( \tau)=0. $$
(3.7)
$$ \frac{d^{2}V_{0}^{(-)}}{d\eta^{2}}=f_{1} \bigl(d,\varphi(d)+V_{0}^{(-)}( \eta ) \bigr), $$
(3.8)
$$ V_{0}^{(-)}(0)=\gamma_{0}^{(-)}- \varphi(d), \qquad \lim_{\eta\rightarrow-\infty}V_{0}^{(-)}( \eta)=0. $$
(3.9)
$$\tilde{u}_{L}(x,\varepsilon)=\varphi(x)+Q_{0}^{(-)}( \tau )+V_{0}^{(-)}(\eta),\quad x\in[a,d). $$
In a completely similar way, we can get the formal approximation of zero order for the right problem (3.3)-(3.4), where \(Q_{0}^{(+)}(\eta)\) solves
and \(V_{0}^{(+)}(\xi)\) solves
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{d^{2}Q_{0}^{(+)}}{d\eta^{2}}=f_{2} \bigl(d,\psi (d)+Q_{0}^{(+)}( \eta) \bigr), \end{aligned}$$
(3.10)
$$\begin{aligned}& Q_{0}^{(+)}(0)=\gamma_{0}^{(+)}-\psi(d), \qquad \lim_{\eta \rightarrow+\infty}Q_{0}^{(+)}( \eta)=0, \end{aligned}$$
(3.11)
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{d^{2}V_{0}^{(+)}}{d\xi^{2}}=f_{2} \bigl(b,\psi (b)+V_{0}^{(+)}( \xi) \bigr), \end{aligned}$$
(3.12)
$$\begin{aligned}& V_{0}^{(+)}(0)=B-\psi(b), \qquad \lim_{\xi\rightarrow -\infty}V_{0}^{(+)}( \xi)=0. \end{aligned}$$
(3.13)
The following two lemmas are concerned with the asymptotic behavior of the boundary layer terms for the left problem, whose proofs are essentially similar to that of Lemma 3.2 in [13] and thus are omitted here.
Lemma 3.1
Under the assumptions (H1) and (H2), for sufficiently small
\(\varepsilon >0\), the problem (3.6) and (3.7) has a solution
\(Q_{0}^{(-)}(\tau)\)
satisfying the following estimate:
$$\bigl\vert Q_{0}^{(-)}(\tau)\bigr\vert \leq\bigl\vert A-\varphi(a)\bigr\vert {\mathrm{e}}^{-\sqrt{\sigma_{0}}\tau },\quad \tau>0. $$
Lemma 3.2
Under the assumptions (H1) and (H2), for sufficiently small
\(\varepsilon >0\)
the problem (3.8) and (3.9) has a solution
\(V_{0}^{(-)}(\eta)\)
satisfying the following estimate:
$$\bigl\vert V_{0}^{(-)}(\eta)\bigr\vert \leq\bigl\vert \gamma_{0}^{(-)}-\varphi(d)\bigr\vert {\mathrm{e}}^{\sqrt {\sigma_{0}}\eta}, \quad \eta< 0. $$
In a similar way, we can prove that \(Q_{0}^{(+)}(\eta)\) and \(V_{0}^{(+)}(\xi)\) satisfy the following estimates:
and
$$\bigl\vert Q_{0}^{(+)}(\eta)\bigr\vert \leq\bigl\vert \gamma_{0}^{(+)}-\psi(d)\bigr\vert {\mathrm{e}}^{-\sqrt {\sigma_{0}}\eta}, \quad \eta>0 $$
$$\bigl\vert V_{0}^{(+)}(\xi)\bigr\vert \leq\bigl\vert B- \psi(b)\bigr\vert {\mathrm{e}}^{\sqrt{\sigma_{0}}\xi},\quad \xi< 0. $$
In order that the solutions of the two problems satisfy the interface conditions (1.2) at \(x=d\), we must have
By substituting the formal solutions into (3.14) we have
$$\begin{aligned}& \varepsilon\frac{du_{R}}{dx}(d,\varepsilon)-\varepsilon \frac{du_{L}}{dx}(d, \varepsilon)=c_{1}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.14)
$$\begin{aligned}& u_{R}(d)-u_{L}(d)=c_{2}. \end{aligned}$$
(3.15)
$$\begin{aligned}& {\biggl.\frac{dQ_{0}^{(+)}}{d\eta}\biggr|_{\eta=0}}-{\biggl.\frac {dV_{0}^{(-)}}{d\eta}\biggr|_{\eta=0}}=c_{1}, \\& {\biggl.\frac{du_{0}^{(+)}}{dx}\biggr|_{x=d}}+{\biggl.\frac {dQ_{1}^{(+)}}{d\eta}\biggr|_{\eta=0}}= {\biggl.\frac{du_{0}^{(-)}}{dx}\biggr|_{x=d}}+{\biggl.\frac {dV_{1}^{(-)}}{d\eta}\biggr|_{\eta=0}}, \\& \ldots. \end{aligned}$$
(3.16)
In view of (3.9), multiplying (3.8) by \(2\frac {dV_{0}^{(-)}}{d\eta}\) and integrating from −∞ to 0 we obtain
where
Analogously, it follows from (3.10)-(3.11) that
where
Noting that \(V_{0}^{(-)}(\eta) \frac{dV_{0}^{(-)}}{d\eta}>0\) for \(\eta \leq0\) and \(Q_{0}^{(+)}(\eta)\frac{dQ_{0}^{(+)}}{d\eta}<0\) for \(\eta \geq0\) we have from (3.17) and (3.18)
$$\begin{aligned} {\biggl.\biggl(\frac{dV_{0}^{(-)}}{d\eta} \biggr)^{2}\biggr|_{\eta =0}} =&2 \int_{-\infty}^{0}f_{1} \bigl(d, \varphi(d)+V_{0}^{(-)}(\eta) \bigr) \biggl(\frac{dV_{0}^{(-)}}{d\eta} \biggr)\, d\eta \\ =&2\int_{-\infty}^{0}\frac{\partial f_{1}}{\partial u} \bigl(d, \varphi (d) \bigr)V_{0}^{(-)}(\eta) \biggl(\frac{dV_{0}^{(-)}}{d\eta} \biggr)\, d\eta+\Delta_{1} \\ =&\frac{\partial f_{1}}{\partial u}\bigl(d,\varphi(d)\bigr) \bigl(\gamma _{0}^{(-)}- \varphi(d) \bigr)^{2}+\Delta_{1}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.17)
$$\Delta_{1}=\int_{-\infty}^{0} \frac{\partial^{2} f_{1}}{\partial u^{2}} \bigl(d,\varphi(d)+\vartheta_{1}V_{0}^{(-)}( \eta) \bigr) \bigl(V_{0}^{(-)}(\eta) \bigr)^{2} \biggl(\frac{dV_{0}^{(-)}}{d\eta} \biggr)\, d\eta,\quad 0< \vartheta_{1}<1. $$
$$\begin{aligned} {\biggl.\frac{dQ_{0}^{(+)}}{d\eta}\biggr|_{\eta=0}} =&\int_{+\infty }^{0}f_{2} \bigl(d,\psi(d)+Q_{0}^{(+)}(\eta) \bigr)\, d\eta \\ =&\frac{\partial f_{2}}{\partial u}\bigl(d,\psi(d)\bigr) \bigl(\gamma _{0}^{(+)}- \psi(d) \bigr)^{2}+\Delta_{2}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.18)
$$\Delta_{2}=\int_{+\infty}^{0} \frac{\partial^{2} f_{2}}{\partial u^{2}} \bigl(d,\psi(d)+\vartheta_{2}Q_{0}^{(+)}( \eta) \bigr) \bigl(Q_{0}^{(+)}(\eta ) \bigr)^{2} \biggl(\frac{dQ_{0}^{(+)}}{d\eta} \biggr)\, d\eta,\quad 0< \vartheta_{2}<1. $$
$$\begin{aligned}& {\biggl.\frac{dV_{0}^{(-)}}{d\eta}\biggr|_{\eta=0}}=\operatorname{sgn} \bigl( \gamma_{0}^{(-)}-\varphi(d) \bigr)\sqrt{ \frac{\partial f_{1}}{\partial u}\bigl(d,\varphi(d)\bigr) \bigl(\gamma_{0}^{(-)}- \varphi(d) \bigr)^{2}+\Delta_{1}}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.19)
$$\begin{aligned}& {\biggl.\frac{dQ_{0}^{(+)}}{d\eta}\biggr|_{\eta=0}}=\operatorname{sgn} \bigl(\psi(d)- \gamma_{0}^{(+)} \bigr)\sqrt{\frac{\partial f_{2}}{\partial u} \bigl(d,\psi(d)\bigr) \bigl(\gamma_{0}^{(+)}-\psi(d) \bigr)^{2}+\Delta _{2}}. \end{aligned}$$
(3.20)
Putting (3.19)-(3.20) into (3.14) yields
$$\begin{aligned}& \operatorname{sgn} \bigl(\psi(d)-\gamma_{0}^{(+)} \bigr)\sqrt{\frac {\partial f_{2}}{\partial u}\bigl(d,\psi(d)\bigr) \bigl( \gamma_{0}^{(+)}-\psi (d) \bigr)^{2}+ \Delta_{2}} \\& \quad {}-\operatorname{sgn} \bigl(\gamma_{0}^{(-)}-\varphi(d) \bigr)\sqrt{\frac {\partial f_{1}}{\partial u}\bigl(d,\varphi(d)\bigr) \bigl( \gamma_{0}^{(-)}-\varphi (d) \bigr)^{2}+ \Delta_{1}} =c_{1}. \end{aligned}$$
(3.21)
Substituting the formal solutions into (3.15) we have
$$ \gamma_{0}^{(+)}-\gamma_{0}^{(-)}=c_{2}. $$
(3.22)
Noting that \(\gamma_{0}^{(+)}\), \(\gamma_{0}^{(-)}\) can be determined by (3.21) and (3.22). We suppose that:
- (H3)
Likewise, \(\gamma_{i}^{(\pm)}\) (\(i\geq1\)) can be determined recursively.
Thus, we obtain the formal asymptotic solution of the problem (1.1)-(1.3). Now we are in a position to state our main result.
Theorem 3.1
Let the conditions (H1)-(H3) hold. Then for sufficiently small
\(\varepsilon >0\)
the boundary value problem (1.1)-(1.3) has a unique solution
\(u(x,\varepsilon )\in Q^{1}[a,b]\)
satisfying:
where
$$u(x,\varepsilon)=\tilde{u}(x,\varepsilon)+O(\varepsilon), $$
$$ \tilde{u}(x,\varepsilon)=\left \{ \begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} \tilde{u}_{L}(x,\varepsilon)=\varphi(x)+Q_{0}^{(-)}(\tau )+V_{0}^{(-)}(\eta), &x\in[a,d), \\ \tilde{u}_{R}(x,\varepsilon)=\psi(x)+Q_{0}^{(+)}(\eta )+V_{0}^{(+)}(\xi), &x\in(d,b]. \end{array} \right . $$
Proof
In order to prove our main result we need to construct suitable upper and lower solutions. To this end, we need to make some necessary preparations.
Firstly, from the construction of asymptotic solution and the assumption (H1)-(H3) we know that there is a positive constant M such that
and, moreover,
$$\begin{aligned} \begin{aligned} &\bigl\vert \varphi''(x)\bigr\vert \leq M, \quad x \in[a,d), \\ &\bigl\vert f_{1}\bigl(a+\varepsilon\tau,\varphi(a+\varepsilon \tau)+Q_{0}^{(-)}\bigr) -f_{1}\bigl(a, \varphi(a)+Q_{0}^{(-)}\bigr)\bigr\vert \leq M\varepsilon\tau{ \mathrm{e}}^{-\sqrt {\sigma_{0}}\tau}, \quad x\in[a,d), \\ &\bigl\vert f_{1}\bigl(d+\varepsilon\eta,\varphi(d+\varepsilon \eta)+V_{0}^{(-)}\bigr) -f_{1}\bigl(d, \varphi(d)+V_{0}^{(-)}\bigr)\bigr\vert \leq M\varepsilon\eta{ \mathrm{e}}^{\sqrt {\sigma_{0}}\eta}, \quad x\in[a,d), \\ &\bigl\vert \psi''(x)\bigr\vert \leq M, \quad x \in(d,b], \\ &\bigl\vert f_{2}\bigl(d+\varepsilon\eta,\psi(d+\varepsilon \eta)+Q_{0}^{(+)}\bigr) -f_{2}\bigl(d, \psi(d)+Q_{0}^{(+)}\bigr)\bigr\vert \leq M\varepsilon\eta{ \mathrm{e}}^{-\sqrt {\sigma_{0}}\eta}, \quad x\in(d,b], \\ &\bigl\vert f_{2}\bigl(b+\varepsilon\xi,\psi(d+\varepsilon \xi)+V_{0}^{(+)}\bigr) -f_{2}\bigl(b, \psi(b)+V_{0}^{(+)}\bigr)\bigr\vert \leq M\varepsilon\xi{ \mathrm{e}}^{\sqrt{\sigma _{0}}\xi}, \quad x\in(d,b], \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
$$ \varepsilon\tilde{u}'_{R}(d,\varepsilon)-\varepsilon \tilde {u}'_{L}(d,\varepsilon)=c_{1},\qquad \tilde{u}_{R}(d,\varepsilon)-\tilde{u}_{L}(d,\varepsilon )=c_{2}. $$
(3.23)
Now we select the barrier functions as follows:
where
and
with \(x_{1}= \frac{a+d}{2}\) and \(x_{2}= \frac {b+d}{2}\), and positive constants \(\lambda_{i}\) (\(i=1,2,3,4\)) to be determined later.
$$\begin{aligned}& \alpha(x)=\left \{ \begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} \tilde{u}_{L}(x,\varepsilon)-\varepsilon Q_{1}^{(-)}(\tau)-\Gamma _{L1}(x)\varepsilon-\lambda_{1}\varepsilon, &x\in[a,x_{1}), \\ \tilde{u}_{L}(x,\varepsilon)-\varepsilon V_{1}^{(-)}(\eta)-\Gamma _{L2}(x)\varepsilon-\lambda_{2}\varepsilon, &x\in[x_{1},d), \\ \tilde{u}_{R}(x,\varepsilon)-\varepsilon Q_{1}^{(+)}(\eta)-\Gamma _{R1}(x)\varepsilon-\lambda_{3}\varepsilon, &x\in(d,x_{2}], \\ \tilde{u}_{R}(x,\varepsilon)-\varepsilon V_{1}^{(+)}(\xi)-\Gamma _{R2}(x)\varepsilon-\lambda_{4}\varepsilon, &x\in(x_{2},b], \end{array} \right . \\& \beta(x)=\left \{ \begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} \tilde{u}_{L}(x,\varepsilon)+\varepsilon Q_{1}^{(-)}(\tau)+\Gamma _{L1}(x)\varepsilon+\lambda_{1}\varepsilon, &x\in[a,x_{1}), \\ \tilde{u}_{L}(x,\varepsilon)+\varepsilon V_{1}^{(-)}(\eta)+\Gamma _{L2}(x)\varepsilon+\lambda_{2}\varepsilon, &x\in[x_{1},d), \\ \tilde{u}_{R}(x,\varepsilon)+\varepsilon Q_{1}^{(+)}(\eta)+\Gamma _{R1}(x)\varepsilon+\lambda_{3}\varepsilon, &x\in(d,x_{2}], \\ \tilde{u}_{R}(x,\varepsilon)+\varepsilon V_{1}^{(+)}(\xi)+\Gamma _{R2}(x)\varepsilon+\lambda_{4}\varepsilon, &x\in(x_{2},b], \end{array} \right . \end{aligned}$$
$$\Gamma(x)=\left \{ \begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} \Gamma_{L1}(x)=\frac{M+1}{4\sigma_{0}^{2}}{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac {\sigma_{0}(x-x_{1})}{\varepsilon}},&x\in[a,x_{1}), \\ \Gamma_{L2}(x)=\frac{M+1}{4\sigma_{0}^{2}}[{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac {\sigma_{0}(x-d)}{\varepsilon}}+ {\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{\sigma_{0}(x_{1}-x)}{\varepsilon}}],&x\in[x_{1},d), \\ \Gamma_{R1}(x)=\frac{M+1}{4\sigma_{0}^{2}}[{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac {\sigma_{0}(d-x)}{\varepsilon}}+ {\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{\sigma_{0}(x-x_{2})}{\varepsilon}}],&x\in(d,x_{2}], \\ \Gamma_{R2}(x)=\frac{M+1}{4\sigma_{0}^{2}}{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac {\sigma_{0}(x_{2}-x)}{\varepsilon}},&x\in(x_{2},b] \end{array} \right . $$
$$\begin{aligned}& Q_{1}^{(-)}(\tau)=\frac{M\tau(\sigma_{0}\tau+\sqrt{\sigma_{0}}){\mathrm{e}}^{-\sqrt{\sigma_{0}}\tau}}{4\sigma_{0}^{3/2}}, \quad x\in[a,d). \\& V_{1}^{(-)}(\eta)=\frac{M\eta(\sigma_{0}\eta-\sqrt{\sigma_{0}}){\mathrm{e}}^{\sqrt{\sigma_{0}}\eta}}{4\sigma_{0}^{3/2}},\quad x\in[a,d), \\& Q_{1}^{(+)}(\eta)=\frac{M\eta(\sigma_{0}\eta+\sqrt{\sigma_{0}}){\mathrm{e}}^{-\sqrt{\sigma_{0}}\eta}}{4\sigma_{0}^{3/2}},\quad x\in(d,b], \\& V_{1}^{(+)}(\xi)=\frac{M\xi(\sigma_{0}\xi-\sqrt{\sigma_{0}}){\mathrm{e}}^{\sqrt{\sigma_{0}}\xi}}{4\sigma_{0}^{3/2}}, \quad x\in(d,b], \end{aligned}$$
It is easily verified that \(Q_{1}^{(-)}(\tau)\), \(V_{1}^{(-)}(\eta )\), \(Q_{1}^{(+)}(\eta)\), and \(V_{1}^{(+)}(\xi)\) have the following properties:
- (i)
\(Q_{1}^{(-)}(\tau)\), \(V_{1}^{(-)}(\eta)\), \(Q_{1}^{(+)}(\eta)\) and \(V_{1}^{(+)}(\xi )\) are nonnegative functions;
- (ii)$$ {\biggl.\frac{dV_{1}^{(-)}}{d\eta}\biggr|_{\eta =0}}=-\frac{M}{4\sigma_{0}}< 0,\qquad {\biggl.\frac{dQ_{1}^{(+)}}{d\eta}\biggr|_{\eta=0}}=\frac {M}{4\sigma_{0}}>0; $$
- (iii)\(V_{1}^{(-)}(\eta)\) and \(V_{1}^{(+)}(\xi)\) are solutions of the equationand \(Q_{1}^{(-)}(\tau)\), \(Q_{1}^{(+)}(\eta)\) are solutions of the equation$$- \frac{d^{2}y(t)}{dt^{2}}+\sigma_{0}y(t)+Mt{\mathrm{e}}^{\sqrt {\sigma_{0}}t}=0, $$$$- \frac{d^{2}y(t)}{dt^{2}}+\sigma_{0}y(t)-Mt{\mathrm{e}}^{-\sqrt {\sigma_{0}}t}=0. $$
In order to make sure the functions α and β are continuous at \(x_{1}\), \(x_{2}\) and meet
the constants \(\lambda_{i}\) (\(i=1,2,3,4\)) that we select must satisfy
$$\alpha\bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-\alpha\bigl(d^{-}\bigr)=c_{2},\qquad \beta \bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-\beta\bigl(d^{-}\bigr)=c_{2}, $$
$$\begin{aligned}& \lambda_{1}=\lambda_{2}+\frac{M+1}{4\sigma_{0}^{2}}{ \mathrm{e}}^{\frac{\sigma _{0}(x_{1}^{+}-d)}{\varepsilon}}=\lambda_{2}+O\bigl(\varepsilon^{2} \bigr), \\& \lambda_{4}=\lambda_{3}+\frac{M+1}{4\sigma_{0}^{2}}{ \mathrm{e}}^{\frac{\sigma _{0}(d-x_{2}^{+})}{\varepsilon}}=\lambda_{3}+O\bigl(\varepsilon^{2} \bigr), \\& \lambda_{2}+\frac{M+1}{4\sigma_{0}^{2}}{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{\sigma _{0}(x_{1}^{+}-d)}{\varepsilon}}= \lambda_{3}+\frac{M+1}{4\sigma_{0}^{2}}{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{\sigma_{0}(d-x_{2}^{+})}{\varepsilon}}. \end{aligned}$$
With (3.23) and the definitions of α and β, we easily verify that
$$\begin{aligned}& \alpha(x)< \beta(x), \quad x\in[a,d)\cup(d,b], \\& \varepsilon\alpha'\bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-\varepsilon\alpha' \bigl(d^{-}\bigr)\geq c_{1},\qquad \varepsilon\beta'\bigl(d^{+} \bigr)-\varepsilon\beta'\bigl(d^{-}\bigr)\leq c_{1}, \\& \alpha\bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-\alpha\bigl(d^{-}\bigr)=c_{2},\qquad \beta \bigl(d^{+}\bigr)-\beta\bigl(d^{-}\bigr)=c_{2}, \\& \alpha'\bigl(x_{i}^{-}\bigr)<\alpha' \bigl(x_{i}^{+}\bigr),\qquad \beta'\bigl(x_{i}^{-} \bigr)>\beta '\bigl(x_{i}^{+}\bigr), \quad i=1,2, \\& \alpha(a)\leq A\leq\beta(a),\qquad \alpha(b)\leq B\leq\beta(b). \end{aligned}$$
Using the above properties (i)-(iii) and the assumptions (H1)-(H3), if \(x\in(a,x_{1})\) we have
provided ε is small enough and \(\lambda_{1}\) is large enough, where \(0\geq\theta_{1}, \theta_{2}\geq1\), and
If \(x\in(x_{1},d)\) we have
provided ε is small enough and \(\lambda_{2}\) is large enough, where \(0\geq\theta_{3},\theta_{4}\geq1\), and
$$\begin{aligned}& \varepsilon^{2}\alpha''(x)-f_{1} \bigl(x,\alpha(x)\bigr) \\& \quad =\varepsilon^{2}\varphi''(x)+ \frac{d^{2}Q_{0}^{(-)}}{d\tau^{2}}+\frac {d^{2}V_{0}^{(-)}}{d\eta^{2}} -\varepsilon\frac{d^{2}Q_{1}^{(-)}}{d\tau^{2}}- \varepsilon^{3}\Gamma _{L1}''(x)-f_{1} \bigl(x,\alpha(x)\bigr) \\& \quad =\varepsilon^{2}\varphi''(x)+ \frac{d^{2}V_{0}^{(-)}}{d\eta ^{2}}+f_{1}\bigl(a,\varphi(a)+Q_{0}^{(-)}( \tau)\bigr) -f_{1}\bigl(a+\varepsilon\tau,\varphi(a+\varepsilon \tau)+Q_{0}^{(-)}(\tau)\bigr) \\& \qquad {}+f_{1}\bigl(x,\varphi(x)+Q_{0}^{(-)}(\tau) \bigr)-f_{1}\bigl(x,\alpha (x)\bigr)-\varepsilon\frac{d^{2}Q_{1}^{(-)}}{d\tau^{2}}- \varepsilon^{3}\Gamma_{L1}''(x) \\& \quad \geq-M\varepsilon^{2}+\frac{\partial f_{1}}{\partial u}\bigl(a,\varphi (a)+ \theta_{1}V_{0}^{(-)}(\eta)\bigr)V_{0}^{(-)}( \eta) -M\varepsilon\tau{\mathrm{e}}^{-\sqrt{\sigma_{0}}\tau}-\varepsilon\frac {d^{2}Q_{1}^{(-)}}{d\tau^{2}}- \varepsilon^{3}\Gamma_{L1}''(x) \\& \qquad {}+\frac{\partial f_{1}}{\partial u}\bigl(x,\varphi (x)+Q_{0}^{(-)}( \tau)+\theta_{2}\vartheta_{3}\bigr) \bigl( \lambda_{1}\varepsilon+\varepsilon\Gamma_{L1}+\varepsilon Q_{1}^{(-)}(\tau)-\bigl\vert V_{0}^{(-)}( \eta)\bigr\vert \bigr) \\& \quad \geq-M\varepsilon^{2}-\sigma_{1}\bigl\vert \gamma_{0}^{(-)}-\varphi(d)\bigr\vert {\mathrm{e}}^{\sqrt{\sigma_{0}}\eta} -M\varepsilon\tau{\mathrm{e}}^{-\sqrt{\sigma_{0}}\tau}-\varepsilon\frac {d^{2}Q_{1}^{(-)}}{d\tau^{2}}- \varepsilon^{3}\Gamma_{L2}''(x) \\& \qquad {}+\sigma_{0}\bigl(\lambda_{1}\varepsilon+\varepsilon \Gamma _{L1}+\varepsilon Q_{1}^{(-)}(\tau) -\bigl\vert \gamma_{0}^{(-)}-\varphi(d)\bigr\vert { \mathrm{e}}^{\sqrt{\sigma_{0}}\eta}\bigr) \\& \quad \geq\bigl(\lambda_{1}+\Gamma_{L1}(x)-M\varepsilon- \varepsilon^{2}\Gamma _{L1}''(x) \bigr)\varepsilon -(\sigma_{0}+\sigma_{1})\bigl\vert \gamma_{0}^{(-)}-\varphi(d)\bigr\vert {\mathrm{e}}^{\sqrt {\sigma_{0}}\eta} \\& \quad =\bigl(\lambda_{1}+\bigl(1-\sigma_{0}^{2} \bigr)\Gamma_{L1}(x)-M\varepsilon \bigr)\varepsilon-O\bigl( \varepsilon^{2}\bigr) \\& \quad \geq0, \end{aligned}$$
$$\vartheta_{3}=\lambda_{1}\varepsilon+\varepsilon\Gamma _{L1}+\varepsilon Q_{1}^{(-)}(\tau)-V_{0}^{(-)}( \eta). $$
$$\begin{aligned}& \varepsilon^{2}\alpha''(x)-f_{1} \bigl(x,\alpha(x)\bigr) \\& \quad =\varepsilon^{2}\varphi''(x)+ \frac{d^{2}Q_{0}^{(-)}}{d\tau^{2}}+\frac {d^{2}V_{0}^{(-)}}{d\eta^{2}} -\varepsilon\frac{d^{2}V_{1}^{(-)}}{d\eta^{2}}- \varepsilon^{3}\Gamma _{L2}''(x)-f_{1} \bigl(x,\alpha(x)\bigr) \\& \quad =\varepsilon^{2}\varphi''(x)+ \frac{d^{2}Q_{0}^{(-)}}{d\tau ^{2}}+f_{1}\bigl(d,\varphi(d)+V_{0}^{(-)}( \eta)\bigr) -f_{1}\bigl(d+\varepsilon\eta,\varphi(d+\varepsilon \eta)+V_{0}^{(-)}(\eta)\bigr) \\& \qquad {}+f_{1}\bigl(x,\varphi(x)+V_{0}^{(-)}(\eta) \bigr)-f_{1}\bigl(x,\alpha (x)\bigr)-\varepsilon\frac{d^{2}V_{1}^{(-)}}{d\eta^{2}}- \varepsilon^{3}\Gamma_{L2}''(x) \\& \quad \geq-M\varepsilon^{2}+\frac{\partial f_{1}}{\partial u}\bigl(d,\varphi (d)+ \theta_{3}Q_{0}^{(-)}(\tau)\bigr)Q_{0}^{(-)}( \tau) +M\varepsilon\eta{\mathrm{e}}^{\sqrt{\sigma_{0}}\eta}-\varepsilon\frac {d^{2}V_{1}^{(-)}}{d\eta^{2}}- \varepsilon^{3}\Gamma_{L2}''(x) \\& \qquad {}+\frac{\partial f_{1}}{\partial u}\bigl(x,\varphi (x)+V_{0}^{(-)}( \eta)+\theta_{4}\vartheta_{4}\bigr) \bigl( \lambda_{2}\varepsilon+\varepsilon\Gamma_{L2}+\varepsilon V_{1}^{(-)}(\eta)-\bigl\vert Q_{0}^{(-)}( \tau)\bigr\vert \bigr) \\& \quad \geq-M\varepsilon^{2}-\sigma_{1}\bigl\vert A- \varphi(a)\bigr\vert {\mathrm{e}}^{-\sqrt {\sigma_{0}}\tau} +M\varepsilon\eta{ \mathrm{e}}^{\sqrt{\sigma_{0}}\eta}-\varepsilon\frac {d^{2}V_{1}^{(-)}}{d\eta^{2}}-\varepsilon^{3} \Gamma_{L2}''(x) \\& \qquad {}+\sigma_{0}\bigl(\lambda_{2}\varepsilon+\varepsilon \Gamma _{L2}+\varepsilon V_{1}^{(-)}(\eta)-\bigl\vert A-\varphi(a)\bigr\vert {\mathrm{e}}^{-\sqrt {\sigma_{0}}\tau}\bigr) \\& \quad \geq\bigl(\lambda_{2}+\Gamma_{L2}(x)-M\varepsilon- \varepsilon^{2}\Gamma _{L2}''(x) \bigr)\varepsilon-(\sigma_{0}+\sigma_{1})\bigl\vert A- \varphi(a)\bigr\vert {\mathrm{e}}^{-\sqrt{\sigma_{0}}\tau} \\& \quad =\bigl(\lambda_{2}+\bigl(1-\sigma_{0}^{2} \bigr)\Gamma_{L2}(x)-M\varepsilon \bigr)\varepsilon-O\bigl( \varepsilon^{2}\bigr) \\& \quad \geq0, \end{aligned}$$
$$\vartheta_{4}=\lambda_{2}\varepsilon+\varepsilon\Gamma _{L2}+\varepsilon V_{1}^{(-)}(\eta)-Q_{0}^{(-)}( \tau). $$
Similarly, we have for ε small enough
$$\varepsilon^{2}\alpha''(x)-f_{2} \bigl(x,\alpha(x)\bigr)\geq0, \quad x\in (d,b)\setminus x_{2}. $$
We can prove in a similar way that for sufficiently small \(\varepsilon>0\),
$$\varepsilon^{2}\beta''(x)-f\bigl(x,\beta(x) \bigr)\leq0, \quad x\in (a,b)\setminus\{d,x_{1},x_{2}\}. $$
Finally, we present an example to illustrate our results. Consider an interface two-point boundary value problem:
where
$$\begin{aligned}& \varepsilon^{2} u''(x)=f(x,u), \quad x\in [0,1)\cup (1,2],\\& \varepsilon u'\bigl(1^{+}\bigr)-\varepsilon u'\bigl(1^{-} \bigr)=1,\\& u\bigl(1^{+}\bigr)-u\bigl(1^{-}\bigr)=1,\\& u(0)=1, \qquad u(2)=2, \end{aligned}$$
$$ f(x,u)=\left \{ \begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} f_{1}(x,u)=u-x,&x\in[0,1), \\ f_{2}(x,u)=u+x,&x\in(1,2]. \end{array} \right . $$
The left reduced problem \(f_{1}(x,u)=u-x=0\) has a unique smooth solution
and the right reduced problem \(f_{2}(x,u)=u+x=0\) has a unique smooth solution
$$\varphi(x)=x, \quad x\in[0,1), $$
$$\psi(x)=-x, \quad x\in(1,2]. $$
The problems (3.6)-(3.7), (3.8)-(3.9), (3.10)-(3.11), and (3.12)-(3.13) for the boundary layer terms have the solutions
$$\begin{aligned}& Q_{0}^{(-)}(\tau)={\mathrm{e}}^{-\tau}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.24)
$$\begin{aligned}& V_{0}^{(-)}(\eta)=\bigl(\gamma_{0}^{(-)}-1 \bigr){\mathrm{e}}^{\eta }, \end{aligned}$$
(3.25)
$$\begin{aligned}& Q_{0}^{(+)}(\eta)=\bigl(\gamma_{0}^{(+)}+1 \bigr){\mathrm{e}}^{-\eta }, \end{aligned}$$
(3.26)
$$\begin{aligned}& V_{0}^{(+)}(\xi)=4{\mathrm{e}}^{\xi}. \end{aligned}$$
(3.27)
Putting (3.24)-(3.27) into (3.21) and (3.16), we can see that
$$ \gamma_{0}^{(-)}=-1,\qquad \gamma_{0}^{(+)}=0.$$
By Theorem 3.1 the above problem has the unique solution
where
$$u(x,\varepsilon)=\tilde{u}(x,\varepsilon)+O(\varepsilon), $$
$$ \tilde{u}(x,\varepsilon)=\left \{ \begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} x+{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{x}{\varepsilon}} -2{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{x-1}{\varepsilon}}, &x\in[0,1), \\ -x+{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{x-1}{\varepsilon}}+ 4{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{x-2}{\varepsilon}},& x\in(1,2]. \end{array} \right . $$
Declarations
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the referees for their valuable comments. The second author was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (No. 15ZR1400800), in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11371087) and by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
Open Access This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Department of Applied Mathematics, Donghua University
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