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Boundary Value Problems
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Existence results for fractional differential equations of arbitrary order with nonlocal integral boundary conditions

Boundary Value Problems20152015:220

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-015-0484-4

©  Ahmad et al. 2015

  • Received: 13 August 2015
  • Accepted: 12 November 2015
  • Published:

Abstract

In this paper, we investigate the existence of solutions for fractional differential equations of arbitrary order with nonlocal integral boundary conditions. The existence results are obtained by applying Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem and Leray-Schauder degree theory, while the uniqueness of the solutions is established by means of Banach’s contraction mapping principle. The paper concludes with illustrative examples.

Keywords

  • fractional derivative
  • arbitrary order
  • integral boundary conditions
  • existence
  • fixed point

MSC

  • 34A12
  • 34G20
  • 26A33

1 Introduction

The study of boundary value problems of fractional differential equations has gained considerable attention and several interesting results involving a variety of boundary conditions have appeared in the recent literature on the topic. The tools of fractional calculus have been effectively employed to improve the mathematical modeling of several phenomena occurring in scientific and engineering disciplines such as viscoelasticity [1], electrochemistry [2], electromagnetism [3], biology [4, 5], optimal control [6, 7], diffusion process [8–10], economics [11], chaotic theory [12], variational problems [13], etc. For a theoretical development of the subject, concerning the existence and uniqueness of solutions for nonlinear fractional order initial and nonlocal boundary value problems, we refer the reader to [14–26] and the references cited therein. There has also been a great emphasis on studying fractional differential equations supplemented with integral boundary conditions; for instance, see [27–32]. Motivated by recent studies of nonlocal nonlinear integral boundary value problems of fractional order, we go a step further and consider a more general problem of nonlinear fractional differential equations of arbitrary order with nonlocal integral boundary conditions. Precisely, we investigate the following problem:
$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{@{}l} {}^{C}D_{t_{0}}^{\alpha}x(t)=f(t,x(t)),\quad t\in J, \\ x^{(k)}(\theta)=b_{k}+\int _{t_{0}}^{\theta }g_{k}(s,x(s))\,ds,\quad k=0,1,2,\ldots,n-1,\theta\in J, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$
(1.1)
where \(J=[t_{0},T]\), \({}^{C}D_{t_{0}}^{\alpha}\) is the Caputo fractional derivative of order α, \(n=[\alpha]+1\), \(b_{k}\in\mathbb{R}\), and \(f,g_{k}:J\times\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) are given continuous functions.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we outline some basic concepts of fractional calculus, and establish a lemma which plays a key role in the sequel. The main results dealing with the existence and uniqueness of solutions for the problem (1.1) are discussed in Sections 3 and 4. We make use of the standard tools of the fixed point theory to obtain the desired results. The paper concludes with some interesting observations.

2 Preliminaries

First of all, we fix our terminology and recall some basic ideas of fractional calculus [14].

Let \(C(J,\mathbb{R} )\) be a Banach space of all continuous real valued functions defined on J endowed with the norm defined by \(\Vert x\Vert =\sup \{ \vert x(t)\vert ,t\in J \}\).

Definition 2.1

The Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of order r for a function \(h \in C(J, \mathbb{R})\) is defined as
$$I^{r} h(t)=\frac{1}{\Gamma(r)} \int_{t_{0}}^{t} \frac{h(s)}{(t-s)^{1-r}}\,ds,\quad r>0, $$
provided the integral exists.

Definition 2.2

Let \(h : [t_{0},\infty) \to \mathbb{R}\) be such that \(h \in AC^{n}(J, \mathbb{R})\). Then the Caputo derivative of fractional order r for h is defined as
$$^{c}D_{t_{0}}^{r} h(t)=\frac{1}{\Gamma(n-r)} \int _{t_{0}}^{t}(t-s)^{n-r-1}h^{(n)}(s) \,ds,\quad n-1 < r < n, n=[r]+1, $$
where \([r]\) denotes the integer part of the real number r.

Lemma 2.3

Let \(x\in AC^{n}(J,\mathbb{R} )\), \(f \in AC(J, \mathbb{R})\), and \(c_{k}\in \mathbb{R} \), then
$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{@{}l} {}^{C}D_{t_{0}}^{\alpha} ( I^{\alpha}f(t) ) =f(t), \\ I^{\alpha}({}^{C}D_{t_{0}}^{\alpha }x(t))=x(t)+c_{0}+c_{1}(t-t_{0})+c_{2}(t-t_{0})^{2}+\cdots +c_{n-1}(t-t_{0})^{n-1}. \\ \textit{The general solution of the equation } {}^{C}D_{t_{0}}^{\alpha }x(t)=0\textit{ is} \\ \quad x(t)=c_{0}+c_{1}(t-t_{0})+c_{2}(t-t_{0})^{2}+\cdots +c_{n-1}(t-t_{0})^{n-1}.\end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

We need the following result in the sequel.

Lemma 2.4

Let \(\{u_{n}\}\) be a sequence of real numbers, and \(n,k\in \mathbb{N} \), such that \(0\leq k\leq n-1\). If v is a positive real number, then
$$ \sum_{m=0}^{n-k-1}\sum _{r=0}^{n-k-m-1}(-1)^{r}\frac{v^{r+m}}{r!m!}u_{m+k+r}=u_{k}. $$
(2.1)

Proof

The left-hand side of equation (2.1) can be rearranged as
$$ \sum_{m=0}^{n-k-1} \Biggl( \sum _{r=0}^{m}\frac{(-1)^{m-r}}{r!(m-r)!} \Biggr) v^{m}u_{k+m}. $$
By a binomial expansion, the inner sum takes the form
$$ \frac{1}{m!}\sum_{r=0}^{m}(-1)^{m-r} \begin{pmatrix} m \\ r\end{pmatrix} =0, $$
for all \(m\geq1\). This completes the proof. □

3 Associated linear problem

In this section, we consider the linear variant of the problem (1.1) given by
$$ \begin{aligned} &{}^{C}D_{t_{0}}^{\alpha}x(t)= \tilde{f}(t),\quad t\in J, \\ &x^{(k)}(\theta)=b_{k}+ \int _{t_{0}}^{\theta }g_{k}(s)\,ds,\quad k=0,1,2, \ldots,n-1, \theta\in J,\end{aligned} $$
(3.1)
where \(x \in AC^{n}(J, \mathbb{R})\), \(\tilde{f} \in AC(J, \mathbb{R})\) and \(g_{k} \in C(J, \mathbb{R})\).

Lemma 3.1

The fractional boundary value problem (3.1) is equivalent to the integral equation
$$ x(t)=\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \frac{(t-\theta)^{k}}{k!} \biggl( b_{k}+ \int _{t_{0}}^{\theta}g_{k}(s) \,ds-I^{\alpha -k} \tilde{f}(\theta) \biggr) +I^{\alpha}\tilde{f}(t),\quad t\in J. $$
(3.2)

Proof

For \(\alpha=n\), problem (3.1) reduces to the nth order classical problem:
$$ \begin{aligned} &\frac{d^{n}}{dt^{n}}x(t)=\tilde{f}(t),\quad t\in J,\\ &x^{(k)}(\theta)=b_{k}+ \int _{t_{0}}^{\theta }g_{k}(s)\,ds,\quad k=0,1,2, \ldots,n-1, \theta\in J,\end{aligned} $$
which can be integrated n times to have
$$ x(t)=\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{(t-\theta)^{k}}{k!} \biggl( b_{k}+ \int _{t_{0}}^{\theta}g_{k}(s)\,ds \biggr) + \frac{1}{(n-1)!}\int_{\theta}^{t}(t-s)^{n-1}\tilde{f}(s)\,ds. $$
(3.3)
Using binomial expansion, we find that
$$\begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{(n-1)!} \int_{\theta}^{t}(t-s)^{n-1}\tilde{f}(s)\,ds \\ &\quad=\frac{1}{(n-1)!} \int_{t_{0}}^{t}(t-s)^{n-1}\tilde{f}(s)\,ds- \frac {1}{(n-1)!}\int_{t_{0}}^{\theta}(t-s)^{n-1}\tilde{f}(s)\,ds \\ &\quad=I^{n}\tilde{f}(t)-\frac{1}{(n-1)!} \int_{t_{0}}^{\theta }(t-\theta+\theta -s)^{n-1} \tilde{f}(s)\,ds \\ &\quad=I^{n}\tilde{f}(t)-\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \frac{(t-\theta)^{k}}{k!} \biggl( \frac{1}{(n-k-1)!} \int_{t_{0}}^{\theta}(\theta-s)^{n-k-1}\tilde{f}(s) \,ds \biggr) \\ &\quad=I^{n}\tilde{f}(t)-\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \frac{(t-\theta )^{k}}{k!}I^{n-k}\tilde{f}(\theta), \end{aligned}$$
which together with (3.3) yields (3.2). Next, for \(n-1<\alpha<n\), by Lemma 2.3, we have
$$ I^{\alpha}\tilde{f}(t)=I^{\alpha} \bigl({}^{C}D_{t_{0}}^{\alpha} \bigr) x(t)=x(t)+\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}c_{k}(t-t_{0})^{k}. $$
(3.4)
Differentiating (3.4) k times, we get
$$ \sum_{m=0}^{n-k-1}\frac{ ( k+m ) !}{m!}c_{m+k}(t-t_{0})^{m}=I^{ \alpha-k} \tilde{f}(t)-x^{(k)}(t), $$
(3.5)
for \(0\leq k\leq n-1\). In view of the integral boundary conditions in (3.1), we can express equation (3.5) in the form of the following array:
$$\begin{aligned} & \begin{bmatrix} 1 & \frac{1!}{1!}(\theta-t_{0})^{1} & \frac{2!}{2!}(\theta -t_{0})^{2} & \cdots& \frac{(n-2)!}{(n-2)!}(\theta-t_{0})^{n-2} & \frac {(n-1)!}{(n-1)!}(\theta-t_{0})^{n-1} \\ 0 & \frac{1!}{0!}(\theta-t_{0})^{0} & \frac{2!}{1!}(\theta -t_{0})^{1} & \cdots& \frac{(n-2)!}{(n-3)!}(\theta-t_{0})^{n-3} & \frac {(n-1)!}{(n-2)!}(\theta-t_{0})^{n-2} \\ 0 & 0 & \frac{2!}{0!}(\theta-t_{0})^{0} & \cdots& \frac {(n-2)!}{(n-4)!}(\theta-t_{0})^{n-4} & \frac{(n-1)!}{(n-3)!}(\theta-t_{0})^{n-3} \\ \vdots& \vdots& \vdots& \cdots& \vdots& \vdots\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{(n-2)!}{0!}(\theta-t_{0})^{0} & \frac{(n-1)!}{1!} (\theta-t_{0})^{1} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{(n-1)!}{0!}(\theta-t_{0})^{0}\end{bmatrix} \\ &\quad{}\times \begin{bmatrix} c_{0} \\ c_{1} \\ c_{2} \\ \vdots\\ c_{n-2} \\ c_{n-1}\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} I^{\alpha}\tilde{f}(\theta)-b_{0}-\int _{t_{0}}^{\theta }g_{0}(s)\,ds \\ I^{\alpha-1}\tilde{f}(\theta)-b_{1}-\int _{t_{0}}^{\theta }g_{1}(s)\,ds \\ I^{\alpha-2}\tilde{f}(\theta)-b_{2}-\int _{t_{0}}^{\theta }g_{2}(s)\,ds \\ \vdots\\ I^{\alpha-n+2}\tilde{f}(\theta )-b_{n-2}-\int _{t_{0}}^{\theta}g_{n-2}(s)\,ds\\ I^{\alpha-n+1}\tilde{f}(\theta)-b_{n-1}-\int _{t_{0}}^{\theta }g_{n-1}(s)\,ds\end{bmatrix}. \end{aligned}$$
Solving this system for \(c_{r}\), \(r=1,2,\ldots,n\), we obtain
$$ c_{n-r}=\frac{1}{(n-r)!}\sum_{k=0}^{r-1} \frac{(-1)^{k}(\theta -t_{0})^{k}}{k!} \biggl( I^{\alpha-n+r-k}\tilde{f}(\theta )-b_{n-r+k}- \int _{t_{0}}^{\theta}g_{n-r+k}(s)\,ds \biggr), $$
which, for \(m=0,1,2,\ldots,n-1\), can be written as
$$ c_{m}=\frac{1}{m!}\sum_{k=0}^{n-m-1} \frac{(-1)^{k}(\theta -t_{0})^{k}}{k!} \biggl( I^{\alpha-m-k}\tilde{f}(\theta )-b_{m+k}- \int _{t_{0}}^{\theta}g_{m+k}(s)\,ds \biggr) . $$
(3.6)
Indeed, by Lemma 2.4 with \(v=\theta-t_{0}\), and \(u_{k}=I^{\alpha -k}\tilde{f}(\theta)-b_{k}-\int _{t_{0}}^{\theta}g_{k}(s)\,ds\), (3.6) is a solution of (3.5) with \(t=\theta\). By means of (3.6) and (3.4), we obtain
$$\begin{aligned} x(t) =&I^{\alpha }\tilde{f}(t)+\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \sum_{m=0}^{n-k-1}\frac{ ( -1 ) ^{m}(\theta-t_{0})^{m}(t-t_{0})^{k}}{m!k!} \biggl( b_{m+k}+ \int _{t_{0}}^{\theta }g_{m+k}(s) \,ds-I^{\alpha-k-m} \tilde{f}(\theta) \biggr), \end{aligned}$$
which can alternatively be written as
$$ x(t)=I^{\alpha}\tilde{f}(t)+\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \psi_{k}(t) \biggl( b_{k}+ \int _{t_{0}}^{\theta}g_{k}(s) \,ds-I^{\alpha -k}f( \theta) \biggr), $$
(3.7)
where
$$ \psi_{k}(t)=\sum_{m=0}^{k}(-1)^{k-m} \frac{ ( \theta-t_{0} ) ^{k-m}}{(k-m)!}\frac{(t-t_{0})^{m}}{m!},\quad k=0,1,\ldots, n-1. $$
Next, for \(t_{0}<\theta\leq T\), it follows by a binomial expansion that
$$\begin{aligned} \psi_{k}(t) =\frac{ ( \theta-t_{0} ) ^{k}}{k!}\sum _{m=0}^{k} \begin{pmatrix} k \\ m\end{pmatrix} \biggl( \frac{t-t_{0}}{\theta-t_{0}} \biggr) ^{m}(-1)^{k-m} =\frac{ ( \theta-t_{0} ) ^{k}}{k!} \biggl( \frac{t-\theta}{\theta-t_{0}} \biggr) ^{k}= \frac{(t-\theta )^{k}}{k!}, \end{aligned}$$
which, on substituting in (3.7), yields (3.2).

On the other hand, applying the operator \({}^{C}D_{t_{0}}^{\alpha }\), \(n-1<\alpha \leq n\) to (3.2), and using Lemma 2.3, we obtain (3.1). This completes the proof. □

Remark 3.2

We can solve different kinds of boundary value problems involving integral (classical) and multi-point boundary conditions by applying the method of proof used for Lemma 3.1. Here, we enlist the following two cases.

(a) The two-point boundary value problem of the form
$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{@{}l} {}^{C}D_{t_{0}}^{\alpha}x(t)=\tilde{f}(t),\quad t\in J, \\ x(t_{0})=b_{0},\qquad x^{(k)}(T)=b_{k}+\int _{t_{0}}^{T}g_{k}(s)\,ds,\quad k=1,2,\ldots,n-1,\end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$
(3.8)
has an integral solution given by
$$\begin{aligned} x(t) =&b_{0}+ \int _{t_{0}}^{t}\frac{ ( t-s ) ^{\alpha -1}}{\Gamma ( \alpha ) }\tilde{f}(s)\,ds- \sum_{k=1}^{n-1}\frac {(-1)^{k}}{k!} \bigl( (T-t_{0})^{k}-(T-t)^{k} \bigr) \\ &{}\times \biggl( b_{k}+ \int _{t_{0}}^{T}g_{k}(s)\,ds- \int _{t_{0}}^{T} \frac{ ( T-s ) ^{\alpha-k-1}}{\Gamma ( \alpha-k ) } \tilde{f}(s)\,ds \biggr),\quad t\in J. \end{aligned}$$
(b) The integral solution of the three-point boundary value problem
$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{@{}l} {}^{C}D_{t_{0}}^{\alpha}x(t)=\tilde{f}(t),\quad t \in J, \\ x(t_{0})=b_{0},\qquad x(t_{1})=b_{1},\quad t_{0}< t_{1}< T, \\ x^{(k)}(T)=b_{k}+\int _{t_{0}}^{T}g_{k}(s)\,ds,\quad k=2,\ldots,n-1,\end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$
(3.9)
is
$$\begin{aligned} x(t) =& \int _{t_{0}}^{t}\frac{ ( t-s ) ^{\alpha -1}}{\Gamma ( \alpha ) } \tilde{f}(s) \,ds+b_{0} - \biggl( b_{0}-b_{1}+ \int _{t_{0}}^{t_{1}}\frac{ ( t_{1}-s ) ^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma ( \alpha ) }f(s)\,ds \biggr) \frac {t-t_{0}}{t_{1}-t_{0}} \\ &{}+\sum_{k=2}^{n-1}\frac{ ( -1 ) ^{k}}{k!} \bigl[ (t-t_{0}) (T-t_{1})^{k}-(t-t_{1}) (T-t_{0})^{k}- ( t_{1}-t_{0} ) (T-t)^{k} \bigr] \\ &{}\times \frac{1}{t_{1}-t_{0}} \biggl( b_{k}+ \int _{t_{0}}^{T}g_{k}(s)\,ds- \int _{t_{0}}^{T}\frac{ ( T-s ) ^{\alpha-k-1}}{\Gamma ( \alpha-k ) } \tilde{f}(s)\,ds \biggr),\quad t\in J. \end{aligned}$$

4 Main results

In this section, we show the existence of solutions for the problem (1.1) by applying some fixed point theorems.

In relation to the problem (1.1), we define the fixed point problem
$$ \Psi x =x, $$
(4.1)
where the operator \(\Psi:C(J,\mathbb{R} )\rightarrow C(J,\mathbb{R})\) is defined by
$$\begin{aligned} \Psi x(t) =&\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \frac{(t-\theta)^{k}}{k!} \biggl( b_{k}+ \int _{t_{0}}^{\theta }g_{k} \bigl(s,x(s) \bigr)- \int _{t_{0}}^{\theta}\frac{ ( \theta -s ) ^{\alpha-k-1}}{\Gamma ( \alpha -k ) }f \bigl(s,x(s) \bigr)\,ds \biggr) \\ &{}+ \int _{t_{0}}^{t}\frac{ ( t-s ) ^{\alpha -1}}{\Gamma ( \alpha ) }f \bigl(s,x(s) \bigr)\,ds. \end{aligned}$$
(4.2)

Observe that the problem (1.1) has solutions if the operator equation (4.1) has fixed points.

Lemma 4.1

The operator \(\Psi:C(J,\mathbb{R} )\rightarrow C(J,\mathbb{R} )\) given by (4.2) is completely continuous.

Proof

Obviously continuity of the operator Ψ follows from the continuity of the functions f and \(g_{k}\), \(k=0,1,\ldots,n-1\). Let Ω be a bounded subset of \(C(J,\mathbb{R} )\), then for any \(t\in J\), and \(x\in\Omega\), there exist positive constants \(L_{f}\), and \(L_{k}\), \(k=0,1,\ldots,n-1\), such that \(\vert f(t,x(t))\vert \leq L_{f}\), and \(\vert g_{k}(t,x(t))\vert \leq L_{k}\). Then we have
$$\begin{aligned} &\bigl|(\Psi x) (t)\bigr| \\ &\quad\leq\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{\vert {t-\theta} \vert ^{k}}{k!} \biggl( \vert b_{k}\vert + \int _{t_{0}}^{\theta }\bigl|g_{k} \bigl(s,x(s) \bigr)\bigr| \,ds+ \int _{t_{0}}^{\theta}\frac{ ( \theta-s ) ^{\alpha-k-1}}{\Gamma ( \alpha-k ) } \bigl\vert f \bigl(s,x(s) \bigr) \bigr\vert \,ds \biggr) \\ &\qquad{}+ \int _{t_{0}}^{t}\frac{ ( t-s ) ^{\alpha -1}}{\Gamma ( \alpha ) } \bigl\vert f \bigl(s,x(s) \bigr) \bigr\vert \,ds \\ &\quad\leq\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{\vert {t-\theta} \vert ^{k}}{k!} \biggl( \vert b_{k}\vert + ( \theta-t_{0} ) L_{k}+\frac{ ( \theta-t_{0} ) ^{\alpha-k}}{\Gamma ( \alpha -k+1 ) }L_{f} \biggr) + \frac{ ( t-t_{0} ) ^{\alpha}}{\Gamma ( \alpha +1 ) }L_{f} \\ &\quad=: L, \end{aligned}$$
which implies that \(\Vert (\Psi x)\Vert \leq L\). Furthermore,
$$\begin{aligned} & \bigl\vert (\Psi x) (t_{2})-(\Psi x) (t_{1}) \bigr\vert \\ &\quad\leq\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \frac{\vert (t_{2}-\theta)^{k}-(t_{1}-\theta )^{k}\vert }{k!}\\ &\qquad{}\times \biggl( \vert b_{k}\vert + \int _{t_{0}}^{\theta }\bigl|g_{k} \bigl(s,x(s) \bigr)\bigr| \,ds+ \int _{t_{0}}^{\theta}\frac{ ( \theta-s ) ^{\alpha-k-1}}{\Gamma ( \alpha-k ) } \bigl\vert f \bigl(s,x(s) \bigr) \bigr\vert \,ds \biggr) \\ &\qquad{}+ \int _{t_{0}}^{t_{1}}\frac{\vert ( t_{2}-s ) ^{\alpha-1}- ( t_{1}-s ) ^{\alpha-1}\vert }{\Gamma ( \alpha )} \bigl\vert f \bigl(s,x(s) \bigr) \bigr\vert \,ds + \int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}\frac{ ( t_{2}-s )^{\alpha -1}}{\Gamma ( \alpha )} \bigl\vert f \bigl(s,x(s) \bigr) \bigr\vert \,ds \\ &\quad\leq\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \frac{\vert (t_{2}-\theta)^{k}-(t_{1}-\theta )^{k}\vert }{k!} \biggl( \vert b_{k}\vert + ( \theta-t_{0} ) L_{k}+\frac{ ( \theta-t_{0} ) ^{\alpha-k}}{\Gamma ( \alpha -k+1 ) }L_{f} \biggr) \\ &\qquad{}+\frac{L_{f}}{\Gamma(\alpha+1)} \bigl( 2\vert {t_{2}-t_{1}}\vert ^{\alpha}+ \bigl\vert (t_{2}-t_{0})^{\alpha }-(t_{1}-t_{0})^{\alpha} \bigr\vert \bigr), \end{aligned}$$
which tends to zero independent of x as \(t_{2}\rightarrow t_{1}\). This implies that Ψ is equicontinuous on J. In consequence, it follows by the Arzela-Ascoli theorem that the operator Ψ is completely continuous. □

Our first existence result is based on Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem (4.2).

Theorem 4.2

([33])

Let M be a closed convex and nonempty subset of a Banach space X. Let A, B be the operators such that
  1. (i)

    \(Ax+By\in M\) whenever \(x,y\in M\);

     
  2. (ii)

    A is compact and continuous;

     
  3. (iii)

    B is a contraction.

     

Then there exists \(z\in M\) such that \(z=Az+Bz\).

Theorem 4.3

Assume that
(A1): 
For any \(t\in J\) and \(k=0,1,\ldots,n-1\), there exist positive constants \(C_{f}\) and \(C_{k}\) such that
$$\bigl\vert f(t,x)-f(t,y) \bigr\vert \leq C_{f}\vert x-y\vert ,\qquad \bigl\vert g_{k}(t,x)-g_{k}(t,y) \bigr\vert \leq C_{k}\vert x-y\vert , $$
for all \(x, y \in\mathbb{R}\), and we can find \({\mu}_{f}, \mu_{k}\in C(J, \mathbb{R}^{+})\) such that
$$ \bigl\vert f(t,x) \bigr\vert \leq { \mu}_{f}(t), \qquad \bigl\vert g_{k}(t,x) \bigr\vert \leq { \mu}_{k}(t),\quad \textit{for all } x \in \mathbb{R}; $$
(A2): 
\(\eta<1\), where
$$ \eta=\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{(T-\theta)^{k}}{k!} \biggl[ C_{k} ( \theta-t_{0} ) +\frac{C_{f} ( \theta-t_{0} ) ^{\alpha-k}}{\Gamma ( \alpha-k+1 ) } \biggr]. $$
Then the problem (1.1) has at least one solution on J.

Proof

Let us define a set \(B_{r}=\{x\in C(J,\mathbb{R} ):\Vert x\Vert \leq r\}\), where r is a positive constant satisfying the inequality
$$ r\geq\frac{\vert T{-t}_{0}\vert ^{\alpha}}{\Gamma(\alpha+1 )}{\Vert { \mu}_{f}\Vert }+\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{\vert T{-\theta} \vert ^{k}}{k!} \biggl( \vert b_{k}\vert +{\Vert {\mu}_{k} \Vert }+{\Vert {\mu}_{f} \Vert }\frac{ ( \theta-t_{0} ) ^{\alpha-k}}{\Gamma ( \alpha-k+1 ) } \biggr). $$
Introduce the operators Θ and Φ on \(B_{r}\) as
$$\begin{aligned}& ( \Theta x ) ( t ) = \int _{t_{0}}^{t}{\frac {{(t-s)}^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha)}}f \bigl( s,x ( s ) \bigr)\,ds, \\& (\Phi x) (t)=\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \frac{(t-\theta)^{k}}{k!} \biggl( b_{k}+ \int _{t_{0}}^{\theta }g_{k} \bigl(s,x(s) \bigr) \,ds- \int _{t_{0}}^{\theta}\frac{ ( \theta -s ) ^{\alpha-k-1}}{\Gamma ( \alpha-k ) }f \bigl(s,x(s) \bigr)\,ds \biggr) . \end{aligned}$$
For \(x,y\in B_{r}\), \(t\in J\), using assumption (A1), we find that
$$\begin{aligned}[b] \bigl\vert \Theta x(t)+\Phi y(t) \bigr\vert \leq{}&\frac{ ( T{-t}_{0} ) ^{\alpha}}{\Gamma(\alpha+1 )}{\Vert {\mu}_{f}\Vert } \\ &{}+\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{\vert T-\theta \vert ^{k}}{k!} \biggl( \vert b_{k}\vert +{\Vert { \mu}_{k}\Vert }+{\Vert { \mu}_{f}\Vert }\frac{ ( \theta-t_{0} ) ^{\alpha-k}}{\Gamma ( \alpha-k+1 ) } \biggr) \le r. \end{aligned} $$
Thus, \(\Theta x+\Phi y\in B_{r}\). By assumption (A1), for \(x,y\in B_{r}\), \(t\in J\), we have
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert ( \Phi x ) ( t ) - ( \Phi y ) ( t ) \bigr\vert \leq &\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{(T-\theta)^{k}}{k!} \biggl[ C_{k} ( \theta-t_{0} ) +\frac{C_{f} ( \theta-t_{0} ) ^{\alpha-k}}{\Gamma ( \alpha-k+1 ) } \biggr] \Vert x-y\Vert \\ \le&\eta \Vert x-y\Vert , \end{aligned}$$
that is, \(\Vert ( \Phi x ) - ( \Phi y ) \Vert \leq\eta \Vert x-y\Vert \). Since \(\eta<1\) by (A2), Φ is a contraction.
Continuity of f implies that the operator Θ is continuous. Also, Θ is uniformly bounded on \(B_{r} \) as
$$\Vert \Theta x\Vert \leq\frac{ ( T{-t}_{0} ) ^{\alpha}}{\Gamma(\alpha+1 )}{\Vert {\mu}_{f}\Vert }. $$
Now we show the compactness of the operator Θ. In view of assumption (A1), we define
$$ {\sup_{(t,x)\in J\times Br}} \bigl\vert {f(t,x)} \bigr\vert =f_{\max}< \infty. $$
Then, for \(t_{1},t_{2}\in J\), we have
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl| ( \Theta x ) ( t_{2} ) - ( \Theta x ) ( t_{1} )\bigr| =& \biggl\vert \int _{t_{0}}^{t_{1}}\frac{ [{(t_{2}-s)}^{\alpha -1}-{(t_{1}-s)}^{\alpha-1} ]}{\Gamma(\alpha )}{f \bigl( s,x ( s ) \bigr)\,ds} \\ &{} + \int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}{\frac{{(t_{2}-s)}^{q-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha )}f \bigl( s,x ( s ) \bigr)\,ds} \biggr\vert \\ \leq&\frac{f_{\max}}{\Gamma(\alpha+1)} \bigl( 2\vert {t_{2}-t_{1}}\vert ^{\alpha}+ \bigl\vert (t_{2}-t_{0})^{\alpha }-(t_{1}-t_{0})^{\alpha} \bigr\vert \bigr) , \end{aligned}$$
which is independent of x and tends to zero as \(t_{2}\rightarrow t_{1}\). So Θ is relatively compact on \(B_{r}\). Hence, by the Arzela-Ascoli theorem, Θ is compact on \(B_{r}\). Thus all the assumptions of Theorem 4.2 are satisfied. Therefore, the problem (1.1) has at least one solution on J. This completes the proof. □

Our next result deals with the uniqueness of solutions for the problem (1.1) and is based on the contraction mapping principle due to Banach.

Theorem 4.4

Assume that (A1) holds and that \(\beta<1\), where
$$ \beta=\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \frac{ ( T-\theta ) ^{k}}{k!} \biggl( C_{k}(\theta-t_{0})+ \frac{ ( \theta -t_{0} ) ^{\alpha-k}}{\Gamma ( \alpha-k+1 ) }C_{f} \biggr) +\frac{ ( T-t_{0} ) ^{\alpha}}{\Gamma ( \alpha+1 ) }C_{f}. $$
(4.3)
Then there exists a unique solution for the problem (1.1) on J.

Proof

Setting \(\sup_{t\in J}|f(t,0)|=A_{f}\), \(\sup_{t\in J}|g_{k}(t,0)|=A_{k}\), and
$$ r\geq ( 1-\beta ) ^{-1} \Biggl[ \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \frac{ ( T-\theta ) ^{k}}{k!} \biggl( \vert b_{k}\vert +A_{k}( \theta-t_{0})+\frac{ ( \theta-t_{0} ) ^{\alpha-k}}{\Gamma ( \alpha -k+1 ) }A_{f} \biggr) + \frac{ ( T-t_{0} ) ^{\alpha }}{\Gamma ( \alpha+1 ) }A_{f} \Biggr], $$
we show that \(\Psi B_{r}\subset B_{r}\), where \(B_{r}=\{x\in C(J,\mathbb{R} ):\Vert x\Vert \leq r\}\). For \(x\in B_{r}\), we have
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert \Psi x(t) \bigr\vert \leq &\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \frac{\vert t-\theta \vert ^{k}}{k!} \biggl( \vert b_{k}\vert + \int _{t_{0}}^{\theta} \bigl\vert g_{k} \bigl(s,x(s) \bigr) \bigr\vert \,ds + \int _{t_{0}}^{\theta}\frac{ ( \theta-s ) ^{\alpha -k-1}}{\Gamma ( \alpha-k ) } \bigl\vert f \bigl(s,x(s) \bigr) \bigr\vert \,ds \biggr) \\ &{}+ \int _{t_{0}}^{t}\frac{ ( t-s ) ^{\alpha -1}}{\Gamma ( \alpha ) } \bigl\vert f \bigl(s,x(s) \bigr) \bigr\vert \,ds \\ \leq&\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{\vert t-\theta \vert ^{k}}{k!} \biggl( \vert b_{k}\vert + \int _{t_{0}}^{\theta} \bigl( \bigl\vert g_{k} \bigl(s,x(s) \bigr)-g_{k}(s,0) \bigr\vert + \bigl\vert g_{k}(s,0) \bigr\vert \bigr)\,ds \\ &{} + \int _{t_{0}}^{\theta}\frac{ ( \theta -s ) ^{\alpha-k-1}}{\Gamma ( \alpha-k ) } \bigl(\bigl|f \bigl(s,x(s) \bigr)-f(s,0)\bigr|+\bigl|f(s,0)\bigr| \bigr)\,ds \biggr) \\ &{}+ \int _{t_{0}}^{t}\frac{ ( t-s ) ^{\alpha -1}}{\Gamma ( \alpha ) } \bigl(\bigl|f \bigl(s,x(s) \bigr)-f(s,0)\bigr|+\bigl|f(s,0)\bigr| \bigr)\,ds \\ \leq&\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{\vert t-\theta \vert ^{k}}{k!} \biggl(\vert b_{k}\vert +(\theta-t_{0}) \bigl( C_{k}\Vert x\Vert +A_{k} \bigr) \\ &{}+\frac{ ( \theta-t_{0} ) ^{\alpha-k}}{\Gamma ( \alpha-k+1 ) } \bigl( C_{f}\Vert x\Vert +A_{f} \bigr) \biggr) +\frac{ ( t-t_{0} ) ^{\alpha}}{\Gamma ( \alpha+1 ) } \bigl( C_{f}\Vert x\Vert +A_{f} \bigr) \\ \le&\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{\vert T-\theta \vert ^{k}}{k!} \biggl(\vert b_{k}\vert +A_{k}(\theta -t_{0})+\frac{ ( \theta-t_{0} )^{\alpha-k}}{\Gamma (\alpha-k+1 )}A_{f} \biggr) + \frac{ ( T-t_{0} ) ^{\alpha}}{\Gamma ( \alpha+1 ) }A_{f} \\ &{}+ \Biggl( \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \frac{\vert T-\theta \vert ^{k}}{k!} \biggl( C_{k}(\theta-t_{0})+ \frac{ ( \theta-t_{0} ) ^{\alpha -k}}{\Gamma ( \alpha-k+1 ) }C_{f} \biggr) +\frac{ ( T-t_{0} ) ^{\alpha}}{\Gamma ( \alpha+1 ) }C_{f} \Biggr) \Vert x\Vert \\ \leq& ( 1-\beta ) r+\beta r=r. \end{aligned}$$
Now, for \(x, y \in C(J, \mathbb{R})\) and for each \(t \in J\), we obtain
$$\begin{aligned} & \bigl\vert (\Psi x) (t)-(\Psi y) (t) \bigr\vert \\ &\quad\leq\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{\vert t-\theta \vert ^{k}}{k!} \biggl( C_{k}(\theta-t_{0})\Vert x-y\Vert + \frac{ ( \theta -t_{0} ) ^{\alpha-k}}{\Gamma ( \alpha-k+1 ) }C_{f}\Vert x-y\Vert \biggr) \\ &\qquad{}+\frac{ ( t-t_{0} ) ^{\alpha}}{\Gamma ( \alpha+1 ) }C_{f}\Vert x-y\Vert \\ &\quad\leq \Biggl( \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \frac{\vert T-\theta \vert ^{k}}{k!} \biggl( C_{k}(\theta-t_{0})+ \frac{ ( \theta-t_{0} ) ^{\alpha -k}}{\Gamma ( \alpha-k+1 ) }C_{f} \biggr) +\frac{ ( T-t_{0} ) ^{\alpha}}{\Gamma ( \alpha+1 ) }C_{f} \Biggr) \Vert x-y\Vert \\ &\quad\leq{\beta} \Vert x-y\Vert , \end{aligned}$$
where β is given by (4.3). As \(\beta<1\), Ψ is a contraction. Thus, the conclusion of the theorem follows by the contraction mapping principle. This completes the proof. □

Theorem 4.5

Let \(f, g_{k}:J\times\mathbb{R} \rightarrow\mathbb{R}\) (\(k=0,1,\ldots,n-1\)) be continuous functions and let there exist positive constants \(D_{f}\), \(E_{f}\), \(D_{k}\), \(E_{k}\), M, and N such that
$$\begin{aligned}& \bigl\vert f(t,x) \bigr\vert \leq D_{f}\vert x\vert +E_{f}, \qquad\bigl\vert g_{k}(t,x) \bigr\vert \leq D_{k}\vert x\vert +E_{k}, \quad\forall t \in J, x \in \mathbb{R}, \\& M=\frac{E_{f} ( T-t_{0} ) ^{\alpha}}{\Gamma ( \alpha +1 ) }+\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \frac{\vert {T-\theta} \vert ^{k}}{k!} \biggl( \vert b_{k}\vert + ( \theta-t_{0} ) E_{k}+\frac{E_{f} ( \theta-t_{0} ) ^{\alpha-k}}{\Gamma ( \alpha -k+1 ) } \biggr) >0, \\& N=\frac{D_{f} ( T-t_{0} ) ^{\alpha}}{\Gamma ( \alpha +1 ) }+\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \frac{\vert T-\theta \vert ^{k}}{k!} \biggl( ( \theta-t_{0} ) D_{k}+\frac{D_{f} ( \theta -t_{0} ) ^{\alpha-k}}{\Gamma ( \alpha-k+1 ) } \biggr) < 1. \end{aligned}$$
Then the problem (1.1) has at least one solution on J.

Proof

Define a suitable ball \(B_{R}\subset C(J,\mathbb{R} )\) with radius \(R>0\) as \(B_{R}=\{x\in C(J,\mathbb{R} ): \Vert x\Vert < R\}\), where R will be fixed later. Then it is sufficient to show that \(\Psi:\overline{B}_{R}\rightarrow C(J,\mathbb{R} )\) satisfies
$$ 0\notin(I-\lambda\Psi) ( \partial B_{R} ) , $$
(4.4)
for any \(x\in\partial B_{R}\), and \(\lambda\in{}[0,1]\). Define the homotopy
$$ h_{\lambda}(x)=H(\lambda,x)=x-\lambda\Psi x,\quad x\in C(J,\mathbb{R} ), \lambda\in [0,1]. $$
Then, by the Arzela-Ascoli theorem, \(h_{\lambda}\) is completely continuous. If (4.4) is true, then the Leray-Schauder degrees are well defined. Let I denote the identity operator. Then the homotopy invariance and normalization properties of topological degrees imply that
$$\begin{aligned} \operatorname{deg}(h_{\lambda},B_{R},0) =&\operatorname{deg} \bigl( ( I- \lambda\Psi ) ,B_{R},0 \bigr)=\operatorname{deg}(h_{1},B_{R},0) \\ =&\operatorname{deg}(h_{0},B_{R},0)=\operatorname{deg}(I,B_{R},0)=1, \end{aligned}$$
since \(0\in B_{R}\). By the nonzero property of the Leray-Schauder degree, \(h_{1}(x)=x-\Psi x=0\) for at least one \(x\in B_{R}\). In order to find R, we assume that \(x(t)=\lambda\Psi x(t)\) for some \(\lambda\in{}[0,1]\) and for all \(t\in J\). Then
$$\begin{aligned} & \bigl\vert x(t) \bigr\vert \\ &\quad= \bigl\vert \lambda\Psi x(t) \bigr\vert \leq \int _{t_{0}}^{t}\frac{ ( t-s ) ^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma ( \alpha ) } \bigl\vert f \bigl(s,x(s) \bigr) \bigr\vert \,ds \\ &\qquad{}+\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{(t-\theta)^{k}}{k!} \biggl( \vert b_{k}\vert + \int _{t_{0}}^{\theta}\bigl|g_{k} \bigl(s,x(s) \bigr)\bigr| \,ds + \int _{t_{0}}^{\theta}\frac{ ( \theta-s ) ^{\alpha-k-1}}{\Gamma ( \alpha-k ) } \bigl\vert f \bigl(s,x(s) \bigr) \bigr\vert \,ds \biggr) \\ &\quad\leq\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{\vert {t-\theta} \vert ^{k}}{k!} \biggl( \vert b_{k}\vert + ( \theta-t_{0} ) \bigl( D_{k}\Vert x\Vert +E_{k} \bigr) + \frac{ ( \theta-t_{0} ) ^{\alpha-k}}{\Gamma ( \alpha -k+1 ) } \bigl( D_{f}\Vert x\Vert +E_{f} \bigr) \biggr) \\ &\qquad{}+\frac{ ( t-t_{0} ) ^{\alpha}}{\Gamma ( \alpha+1 ) } \bigl( D_{f}\Vert x\Vert +E_{f} \bigr) \\ &\quad\leq\frac{E_{f} ( t-t_{0} ) ^{\alpha}}{\Gamma ( \alpha +1 ) }+\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \frac{\vert {t-\theta} \vert ^{k}}{k!} \biggl( \vert b_{k}\vert + ( \theta-t_{0} ) E_{k}+\frac{E_{f} ( \theta-t_{0} ) ^{\alpha-k}}{\Gamma ( \alpha -k+1 ) } \biggr) \\ &\qquad{}+ \Biggl( \frac{D_{f} ( t-t_{0} ) ^{\alpha}}{\Gamma ( \alpha +1 ) }+\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \frac{\vert {t-\theta} \vert ^{k}}{k!} \biggl( ( \theta-t_{0} ) D_{k}+\frac{D_{f} ( \theta -t_{0} ) ^{\alpha-k}}{\Gamma ( \alpha-k+1 ) } \biggr) \Biggr) \Vert x\Vert \\ &\quad\leq M+N\Vert x\Vert , \end{aligned}$$
which, after taking the supremum norm and solving for \(\Vert x\Vert \), yields
$$ \Vert x\Vert \leq\frac{M}{1-N}. $$
Letting \(R=\frac{M-N+1}{1-N}\), (4.4) holds. This completes the proof. □

Remark 4.6

Following the method of proof employed in this section, we can obtain the existence results for nonlinear variants of problems (3.8) and (3.9).

Remark 4.7

(Special cases)

We obtain the existence results for an initial value problem with initial conditions: \(x^{(k)}(\theta )=b_{k}\), \(k=0,1,2,\ldots,n-1\) by taking \(\theta=t_{0}\) in the results of this paper. In this case, the operator given by (4.2) takes the form
$$ \Psi x(t)=\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \frac{(t-t_{0})^{k}}{k!}b_{k} +\frac {1}{\Gamma ( \alpha ) }\int _{t_{0}}^{t} ( t-s ) ^{\alpha-1}f \bigl(s,x(s) \bigr)\,ds. $$
Further, our results correspond to the ones for a problem with classical nonlinear integral conditions:
$$x^{(k)}(T )=b_{k}+ \int _{t_{0}}^{T }g_{k} \bigl(s,x(s) \bigr) \,ds,\quad k=0,1,2,\ldots,n-1, $$
if we fix \(\theta=T\) in the obtained results.

Example 4.8

Consider the following nonlinear fractional boundary value problem:
$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{@{}l} {}^{C}D_{0}^{\sqrt{10}}x(t)=\frac{t|x(t)|}{16(1+|x(t)|)}+\frac{7}{16},\quad t\in[0,1],\\ x^{(k)}(0.5)=1+\int _{0}^{0.5}\frac{s^{k}}{2(k+1)}\sin ( \frac{x(s)}{2} )\,ds,\quad k=0,1,2,3.\end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$
(4.5)
Here \(\alpha= \sqrt{10}\), \(\theta=0.5\), \(b_{k}=1\), \(f(t,x(t))=\frac {t|x(t)|}{16(1+|x(t)|)}+\frac{7}{16}\), and \(g_{k}(t,x(t))=\frac {t^{k}}{2(k+1)}\sin ( \frac{x(t)}{2} )\). With the given values, it is found that \({\mu}_{f}(t)=\frac{t}{16} +\frac{7}{16}\), \({\mu}_{k}(t)=\frac{t^{k}}{2(k+1)}\) with \(\Vert {\mu}_{f}\Vert =\frac{1}{2}\), \(\Vert {\mu}_{k}\Vert =\frac{1}{2(k+1)}\), \(k=0,1,2,3\), and
$$\begin{aligned} \eta =\sum_{k=0}^{3}\frac{1}{k! 2^{k}} \biggl[ \frac{1}{4(k+1)}+\frac{ ( \frac{1}{2} ) ^{\sqrt{10}-k}}{16 \Gamma (\sqrt{10}-k+1 ) } \biggr] \simeq0.333942< 1, \end{aligned}$$
that is, the assumption (A2) of Theorem 4.3 is satisfied. Thus, all the conditions of Theorem 4.3 are satisfied. Hence the problem (4.5) has a solution on \([0,1]\). Also β given by (4.3) is such that \(\beta\simeq0.342407<1\). This suggests that the problem (4.5) has a unique solution by the conclusion of Theorem 4.4.

Declarations

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the reviewers for their useful comments, which led to the improvement of the original manuscript. The paper was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University. The authors, therefore, acknowledge with thanks DSR technical and financial support.

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)
NAAM-Research Group, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
(2)
Department of Mathematics, Al-Azhar University-Gaza, P.O. Box 1277, Gaza Strip, Palestine
(3)
Department of Mathematics, Texas A & M University, Kingsville, TX 78363-8202, USA

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