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On increasing the convergence rate of difference solution to the third boundary value problem of elasticity theory

Boundary Value Problemsvolume 2015, Article number: 226 (2015) | Download Citation

Abstract

We consider the third boundary value problem of static elasticity theory (stiff contact problem) in a rectangle, for solution of which we use a difference scheme of second-order accuracy. Using this approximate solution, we correct the right-hand side of the difference scheme. It is shown that the solution of the corrected scheme is convergent at the rate \(O(|h|^{m})\) in the discrete \(L_{2}\)-norm, provided that the solution of the original problem belongs to the Sobolev space with exponent \(m\in[2, 4]\).

Introduction

The problem of accuracy is the main problem in the theory of difference schemes as well as in applications. One approach for obtaining solutions with improved accuracy is represented by the idea of refinement by differences of higher order, which was offered by Fox [1]: the right-hand side of the difference scheme is corrected by the solution obtained on the first stage and the scheme is repeatedly solved on the same grid. This empirical idea is simple, although its theoretical foundation encounters essential difficulties. This is shown by Volkov’s papers [2–5], where the above-mentioned method was founded only for the Poisson and Laplace equations, besides, the input data in the problems were chosen so as to ensure that the exact solution belongs to the Hölder class \(C_{6,\lambda}(\bar{\Omega})\).

In the development of the mentioned method there are two possible difficulties. The first one consists of finding the correcting addend, and the second is related to obtaining an a priori estimate of convergence. To overcome these difficulties we use the method for derivation of estimates for the convergence rate of difference schemes developed in the last 30 years by Samarskii and other authors (e.g., see [6–10]), in which the convergence rate is compatible with the smoothness of the solution of the original differential problem. For elliptic problems, such estimates have the form

$$ \|U-u\|_{W_{2}^{s}(\omega)}\leq c |h|^{m-s}\|u\|_{W_{2}^{m}(\Omega)},\quad m>s\geq0, $$
(1)

where u is the solution of the original differential problem, U is an approximate solution, s and m are integer and real numbers, respectively, and \(\|\cdot\|_{W_{2}^{s}(\omega)}\) and \(\|\cdot\| _{W_{2}^{s}(\Omega)}\) are the Sobolev norms on the sets of functions of discrete and continuous arguments, respectively. Hereafter by c we denote positive constants that are independent of \(|h|\) and u and can be distinct in distinct formulas.

For obtaining a difference solution of the Dirichlet problem posed for elliptic equations, in [11, 12] was considered the aforementioned method of correction.

In [13, 14] is considered the third boundary value problem of static elasticity theory (stiff contact problem) in a rectangle. For corresponding difference schemes, when \(s=0, 1, 2\) and \(0< m-s\leq 2\), there are accepted estimates of type (1).

In the present paper, for the same problem, we construct a correction term for the right-hand side of the difference scheme. It is proved that the corrected scheme converges at the rate \(O(|h|^{m})\) in the discrete \(L_{2}(\omega)\)-norm provided that the exact solution belongs to the Sobolev space \(W_{2}^{m}(\Omega)\), \(m\in[2,4]\).

Statement of the problem

Below, everywhere we assume that index \(\alpha=1, 2\) and \(\beta= 3-\alpha\).

Let \(\bar{\Omega}=\{x=(x_{1},x_{2}): 0\leq x_{\alpha}\leq l_{\alpha}\}\) represent a rectangle with boundary Γ.

Consider the problem

$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned} &(\lambda+2\mu)\frac{\partial^{2} u^{1}}{\partial x_{1}^{2}} +(\lambda+\mu) \frac{\partial^{2} u^{2}}{\partial x_{1}\,\partial x_{2}} + \mu \frac{\partial^{2} u^{1}}{\partial x_{2}^{2}}+f^{1}(x) =0,\\ &\mu\frac{\partial^{2} u^{2}}{\partial x_{1}^{2}}+ (\lambda+\mu) \frac{\partial^{2} u^{1}}{\partial x_{1}\,\partial x_{2}}+ (\lambda+2\mu) \frac{\partial^{2} u^{2}}{\partial x_{2}^{2}} +f^{2}(x) =0,\quad x\in\Omega, \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(2)
$$\begin{aligned}& u^{\alpha}(x)=0, \qquad\frac{\partial u^{\beta}(x)}{\partial x_{\alpha}}=0,\quad x\in\Gamma, x_{\alpha}=0, l_{\alpha}. \end{aligned}$$
(3)

Here \(\lambda, \mu=\mbox{const}\), \(\mu>0\). \(\lambda\geq-\mu\) are Lamé coefficients, \(\mathbf {u}=(u^{1},u^{2})^{T}\) is an unknown displacement vector, and \(\mathbf {f}=(f^{1},f^{2})^{T}\) is the given vector.

As usual, by the symbol \(W_{2}^{s}(\Omega)\), \(s\geq0\), we denote the Sobolev space. For integer s the norm in \(W_{2}^{s}(\Omega)\) is given by the formula

$$\|u\|^{2}_{W_{2}^{s}(\Omega)}=\sum_{j=0}^{s}|u|^{2}_{W_{2}^{j}(\Omega)},\qquad |u|^{2}_{W_{2}^{j}(\Omega)}=\sum_{|\nu|=j} \bigl\| D^{\nu}u\bigr\| ^{2}_{L_{2}(\Omega)}, $$

where \(D^{\nu}=\partial^{|\nu|}/ (\partial x_{1}^{\nu_{1}}\partial x_{2}^{\nu _{2}} )\), and \(\nu=(\nu_{1},\nu_{2}) \) is a multi-index with non-negative integer components, \(|\nu|=\nu_{1}+\nu_{2}\).

If \(s=\bar{s}+\varepsilon\), where s̄ is an integer part of s and \(0<\varepsilon<1\), then

$$\|u\|^{2}_{W_{2}^{s}(\Omega)}=\|u\|^{2}_{W_{2}^{\bar{s}}(\Omega)}+|u|^{2}_{W_{2}^{ s}(\Omega)}, $$

where

$$|u|_{W_{2}^{s}(\Omega)}=\sum_{|\nu|=\bar{s}} \int_{\Omega}\int_{\Omega}\frac {|D^{\nu}u(x)-D^{\nu}u(y)|^{2}}{|x-y|^{2+2\varepsilon}}\,dx \,dy. $$

Particularly, for \(s=0\) we have \(W_{2}^{0}=L_{2}\).

We assume that solution of the problem (2), (3) belongs to \(W_{2}^{m}(\Omega)\), \(m\geq2\).

Let us introduce the mesh domains

$$\begin{aligned}& \bar{\omega}_{\alpha}=\{x_{\alpha}=i_{\alpha}h_{\alpha}: i_{\alpha}=0,1,\ldots ,n_{\alpha}, n_{\alpha}h_{\alpha}=l_{\alpha}, n_{\alpha}\geq4\},\\& \omega_{\alpha}= \bar{\omega}_{\alpha}\setminus\{0,l_{\alpha}\} ,\qquad \omega_{\alpha}^{+}= \omega_{\alpha}\cup\{l_{\alpha}\}, \\& \gamma_{-\alpha}= \bigl\{ x=(x_{1},x_{2}): x_{\alpha}=0, x_{\beta}\in\omega_{\beta}\bigr\} ,\qquad \gamma_{+\alpha}= \bigl\{ x=(x_{1},x_{2}): x_{\alpha}=l_{\alpha}, x_{\beta}\in \omega_{\beta}\bigr\} , \\& \gamma_{\beta}=\gamma\setminus(\gamma_{-\alpha}\cup \gamma_{+\alpha }),\qquad \omega=\omega_{1}\times\omega_{2},\qquad \bar{\omega}= \bar{\omega}_{1}\times\bar{\omega}_{2},\\& \omega^{+}= \omega_{1}^{+}\times\omega _{2}^{+},\qquad \gamma=\bar{\omega}\setminus \omega, \\& \bar{\gamma}_{\pm\alpha} = \bigl\{ x=(x_{1},x_{2})\in \gamma: x_{\alpha}=(l_{\alpha}\pm l_{\alpha})/2 \bigr\} ,\qquad \omega_{(1)}=\omega_{1} \times\bar{\omega}_{2},\qquad \omega_{(2)}=\bar{\omega}_{1} \times\omega_{2}, \end{aligned}$$

\(|h|^{2}=h_{1}^{2}+h_{2}^{2}\), \(\hbar_{\alpha}=h_{\alpha}\) when \(x_{\alpha}\in\omega_{\alpha}\), \(\hbar_{\alpha}=h_{\alpha}/2 \) when \(x_{\alpha}=0, l_{\alpha}\).

Further, we define difference quotients in the \(x_{\alpha}\) direction as follows:

$$V_{x_{\alpha}}= \bigl(V^{(+1_{\alpha})}-V \bigr)/h_{\alpha},\qquad V_{\bar{x}_{\alpha}}= \bigl(V-V^{(-1_{\alpha})} \bigr)/h_{\alpha},\qquad V_{\stackrel {\circ }{x}_{\alpha}}= ( V_{x_{\alpha}} + V_{\bar{x}_{\alpha}} )/2, $$

where

$$V^{(\pm1_{1})}(x)=V(x_{1}\pm h_{1},x_{2}),\qquad V^{(\pm1_{2})}(x)=V(x_{1}, x_{2}\pm h_{2}). $$

The notations \(V^{(\pm0.5_{\alpha})}\) will have a similar meaning. Let

$$I_{\alpha}V(x):=\frac{V(x)+V^{(-1_{\alpha})}(x)}{2}. $$

Denote

$$\Lambda_{\alpha\alpha}V:= \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad}l} \frac{2}{h_{\alpha}}V_{x_{\alpha}}, & x \in\gamma_{-\alpha}, \\ V_{\bar{x}_{\alpha}x_{\alpha}}, & x\in\bar{\omega}\setminus\gamma _{\alpha}, \\ -\frac{2}{h_{\alpha}}V_{\bar{x}_{\alpha}}, & x\in\gamma_{+\alpha}, \end{array}\displaystyle \right .\qquad \Lambda_{12}V:= \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad}l} V_{x_{\alpha} \stackrel {\circ }{x}_{\beta}}, & x\in\gamma_{-\alpha}, \\ V_{\stackrel {\circ }{x}_{1} \stackrel {\circ }{x}_{2}}, & x\in\omega, \\ V_{\bar{x}_{\alpha} \stackrel {\circ }{x}_{\beta}}, & x\in\gamma _{+\alpha}. \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

On the set of mesh functions we define scalar products and norms:

$$\begin{aligned}& (Y,V)_{\tilde{\omega}}=\sum_{x\in\tilde{\omega}}h_{1}h_{2}Y(x)V(x),\qquad \| Y\|_{\tilde{\omega}}=(Y,Y)^{1/2}_{\tilde{\omega}},\quad \tilde{\omega}\subseteq \bar{\omega}, \\& (Y,V)_{(\alpha)}=\sum_{x\in\omega_{(\alpha)}} h_{\alpha}\hbar_{\beta} Y(x)V(x), \qquad\|Y\|_{(\alpha)}=(Y,Y)^{1/2}_{(\alpha)}. \end{aligned}$$

By \(\stackrel {\circ }{H}_{h} (\omega)\) we denote a set of two-dimensional vector-functions \(\mathbf{ V}=(V^{1}, V^{2})^{T}\), whose components are defined on ω̄ and equal to zero on \(\gamma_{\alpha}\), respectively. Let \(H_{h}\) be the set of two-dimensional vector-functions, whose components are defined on the meshes \(\omega_{(\alpha)}\), respectively.

Define in \(\stackrel {\circ }{H}_{h} (\omega)\) the inner product and the norms:

$$\begin{aligned}& (\mathbf {U}, \mathbf {V})= \bigl(U^{1},V^{1} \bigr)_{(1)}+ \bigl(U^{2},V^{2} \bigr)_{(2)},\qquad \| \mathbf {U}\|=(\mathbf {U}, \mathbf {U})^{1/2}, \\& \|\mathbf {U}\|^{2}_{W_{2}^{2}(\omega)}:=\sum_{\alpha=1}^{2} \bigl( \bigl\| \Lambda_{11}U^{\alpha}\bigr\| ^{2}_{(\alpha)}+ \bigl\| \Lambda_{22}U^{\alpha}\bigr\| ^{2}_{(\alpha)}+ 2 \bigl\| U^{\alpha}_{\bar{x}_{1} \bar{x}_{2}}\bigr\| ^{2}_{\omega^{+}} \bigr). \end{aligned}$$

For functions, defined on Ω, we need the following averaging operators:

$$\begin{aligned}& S_{1}^{-} u(x):= \frac{1}{h_{1}} \int_{x_{1}-h_{1}}^{x_{1}}u(t_{1},x_{2}) \,dt_{1},\qquad T_{1}u(x):=\frac{1}{h_{1}^{2}} \int _{x_{1}-h_{1}}^{x_{1}+h_{1}}\bigl(h_{1}-|x_{1}-t_{1}|\bigr)u(t_{1},x_{2}) \,dt_{1}, \\& T_{1}u(0,x_{2}):=\frac{2}{h_{1}^{2}} \int_{0}^{h_{1}}(h_{1}-t_{1})u(t_{1},x_{2}) \,dt_{1}, \\& T_{1}u(l_{1},x_{2}):=\frac{2}{h_{1}^{2}} \int _{l_{1}-h_{1}}^{l_{1}}(h_{1}-l_{1}+t_{1})u(t_{1},x_{2}) \,dt_{1}. \end{aligned}$$

Analogously are defined operators \(T_{2}\), \(S_{2}^{-}\). Note that these operators are commutative and

$$T_{\alpha}\frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x_{\alpha}^{2}}=u_{\bar{x}_{\alpha}x_{\alpha}},\qquad T_{\alpha}\frac{\partial u}{\partial x_{\alpha}}= \bigl( S_{\alpha}^{-} u \bigr)_{ x_{\alpha}}. $$

Difference scheme, correction procedure, and main result

At the first stage, we approximate problem (2), (3) by the difference scheme

$$\begin{aligned} &(\lambda+2\mu)\Lambda_{11}U^{1}+(\lambda+\mu) \Lambda_{12}U^{2}+\mu\Lambda _{22}U^{1}+ F^{1}=0,\quad x\in \omega_{(1)}, \\ &\mu\Lambda_{11}U^{2}+(\lambda+\mu)\Lambda_{12}U^{1}+( \lambda+2\mu) \Lambda _{22}U^{2}+ F^{2}=0,\quad x\in \omega_{(2)}, \\ &U^{\alpha}(x)=0,\quad x\in\gamma_{\alpha},\qquad F^{\alpha}(x)=T_{1}T_{2}f^{\alpha}. \end{aligned}$$
(4)

Let us rewrite the difference scheme (4) in the operator form

$$ \mathcal{L}_{h} \mathbf {U}=\mathbf {F},\qquad \mathbf {U}\in \stackrel {\circ }{H}_{h}, \qquad \mathbf {F}\in H_{h}, $$
(5)

where

$$\begin{aligned}& \mathcal{L}_{h}=- \begin{pmatrix} {(\lambda+2\mu)\Lambda_{11}+\mu\Lambda_{22}} & {(\lambda+\mu)\Lambda _{12}} \\ {(\lambda+\mu)\Lambda_{12}} & {\mu\Lambda_{11}+ (\lambda+2\mu)\Lambda _{22}} \end{pmatrix}, \\& \mathbf {U}= \bigl(U^{1},U^{2} \bigr)^{T}, \qquad\mathbf {F}= \bigl(F^{1},F^{2} \bigr)^{T}. \end{aligned}$$

Lemma 1

[13]

The operator \(\mathcal{L}_{h} : \stackrel {\circ }{H}_{h} \to H_{h}\) is self-adjoint, positive definite, and the estimate

$$ \|\mathcal{L}_{h} V\| \geq\mu\|V\|_{W_{2}^{2}(\omega)} $$
(6)

is valid.

Due to the positive definiteness of \(\mathcal{L}_{h}\) the solution of equation (5) (or the difference scheme (4)) exists and is unique. The rate of convergence of the scheme (4) is determined by the estimate [13]

$$ \| \mathbf{U} -\mathbf{u}\|_{W_{2}^{2}(\omega)} \leq c |h|^{m-2} \|\mathbf {u}\|_{W_{2}^{m}(\Omega)},\quad 2\leq m\leq4. $$
(7)

To construct and study a corrector, we use the operators

$$\begin{aligned}& \mathcal{P}_{\alpha}V:= \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad}l} I_{\beta} (V_{\bar{x}_{\alpha} \stackrel {\circ }{x}_{\alpha}} ), & x_{\alpha}\in\omega_{\alpha}\setminus\{h_{\alpha}\}, \\ I_{\beta} ( V_{\bar{x}_{\alpha}x_{\alpha}}-\frac{h_{\alpha}}{2}V_{\bar{x}_{\alpha}x_{\alpha}x_{\alpha}} ), & x_{\alpha}=h_{\alpha}, x_{\beta}\in \omega_{\beta}^{+}, \\ I_{\beta} (V_{\bar{x}_{\alpha}\bar{x}_{\alpha}}+\frac{h_{\alpha}}{2}V_{\bar{x}_{\alpha}\bar{x}_{\alpha}\bar{x}_{\alpha}} ), & x_{\alpha}=l_{\alpha}, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . \\& \mathcal{B}_{12}V:= \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad}l} \frac{2}{h_{\alpha}}V^{(+1_{\alpha})}_{x_{\beta}}, & x\in\gamma _{-\alpha},\\ V_{x_{1}x_{2}}, & x\in\omega,\\ -\frac{2}{h_{\alpha}}V_{x_{\beta}}, & x\in\gamma_{+\alpha}, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . \\& \mathcal{D}_{\alpha}V:= \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad}l} V_{\bar{x}_{\alpha}x_{\alpha}}, & x\in\omega_{(\alpha)},\\ V_{ x_{\alpha}x_{\alpha}}-\frac{4h_{\alpha}}{5}V_{x_{\alpha}x_{\alpha}x_{\alpha}}, & x\in\bar{\gamma}_{-\alpha},\\ V_{\bar{x}_{\alpha}\bar{x}_{\alpha}}+\frac{4h_{\alpha}}{5}V_{\bar{x}_{\alpha}\bar{x}_{\alpha}\bar{x}_{\alpha}}, & x\in\bar{\gamma}_{+\alpha}. \end{array}\displaystyle \right . \end{aligned}$$

At the second stage, we use the earlier-found solution of the difference scheme (4) for defining the correction term \(\mathcal{R} U\) and on the same grid solve the difference scheme

$$ \mathcal{L}_{h} \tilde{\mathbf {U}}=\mathbf {F} +\mathcal{R} \mathbf {U},\qquad \tilde{ \mathbf {U}}\in \stackrel {\circ }{H}_{h}, \qquad\mathbf {F}\in H_{h}, $$
(8)

where

$$\mathcal{R} := \begin{pmatrix} {(\lambda+2\mu)\frac{h^{2}}{12}\Lambda_{11}\mathcal{D}_{2}+\mu\frac {h^{2}}{12}\Lambda_{22}\mathcal{D}_{1}}& {-(\lambda+\mu) (\frac{h_{1}^{2}}{12}\mathcal{B}_{12}\mathcal{P}_{1}+\frac {h_{2}^{2}}{12}\mathcal{B}_{12}\mathcal{P}_{2} )}\\ {-(\lambda+\mu) (\frac{h_{1}^{2}}{12}\mathcal{B}_{12}\mathcal{P}_{1}+\frac {h_{2}^{2}}{12}\mathcal{B}_{12}\mathcal{P}_{2} )} & {(\lambda+2\mu)\frac{h^{2}}{12}\Lambda_{22}\mathcal{D}_{1}+\mu\frac {h^{2}}{12}\Lambda_{11}\mathcal{D}_{2}} \end{pmatrix}. $$

The following theorem is the main result of the present paper.

Theorem 1

Let the solution of problem (2), (3) belong to the space \(W_{2}^{m}(\Omega)\), \(m\geq2\). Then the convergence rate of the corrected difference scheme (7) in the discrete \(L_{2}\)-norm is given by the estimate

$$ \|\tilde{\mathbf{U}}-\mathbf{u}\|_{L_{2}(\omega)}\leq c |h|^{m}\| \mathbf{u}\|_{W_{2}^{m}(\Omega)},\quad 2\leq m\leq4. $$
(9)

A priori estimate for the error of the corrected solution

Let

$$\begin{aligned}& \zeta_{\alpha\alpha}^{\alpha}:=T_{\beta}u^{\alpha}-u^{\alpha}- \frac{h_{\beta}^{2}}{12}\mathcal{D}_{\beta}u^{\alpha},\quad x\in\bar{\omega}, \end{aligned}$$
(10)
$$\begin{aligned}& \zeta_{\alpha\alpha}^{\beta}:=T_{\beta}u^{\beta}-u^{\beta}- \frac{h_{\beta}^{2}}{12}\mathcal{D}_{\beta}u^{\beta},\quad x\in \omega_{(\beta)}, \end{aligned}$$
(11)
$$\begin{aligned}& \zeta_{12}^{\alpha}:=S_{1}S_{2}u^{\alpha}-I_{1}I_{2}u^{\alpha}+ \frac {h_{1}^{2}}{12}\mathcal{P}_{1}u^{\alpha}+ \frac{h_{2}^{2}}{12} \mathcal{P}_{2}u^{\alpha},\quad x\in\omega^{+}. \end{aligned}$$
(12)

By \(\tilde{\mathbf {Z}}={\mathbf {u}} -\tilde{\mathbf {U}}\) we denote the error in the solution of the corrected difference scheme (8).

Lemma 2

The error \(\tilde{\mathbf {Z}}\) is a solution of the problem

$$ \mathcal{L}_{h} \tilde{\mathbf {Z}}=\mathcal{R}\mathbf{Z}+ \boldsymbol {\Psi}, $$
(13)

where \({\mathbf {Z}}={\mathbf {u}} -{\mathbf {U}}\) is the error in the solution of the scheme (4) and

$$\begin{aligned} \boldsymbol {\Psi}={}& (\lambda+2\mu) \begin{pmatrix} {\Lambda_{11}} & {0}\\ {0} & {\Lambda_{22}} \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} \zeta^{ 1}_{11}\\ \zeta^{ 2}_{22} \end{pmatrix} + \mu \begin{pmatrix} {\Lambda_{22}} & {0}\\ {0} & {\Lambda_{11}} \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} \zeta^{ 1}_{22}\\ \zeta^{ 2}_{11} \end{pmatrix}\\ &{}+ (\lambda+ \mu) \begin{pmatrix} 0 & {\mathcal{B}_{12}} \\ {\mathcal{B}_{12}} & 0 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} \zeta^{ 1}_{12}\\ \zeta^{ 2}_{12} \end{pmatrix}. \end{aligned}$$

Proof

From equalities (10), (11) we have

$$\begin{aligned}& T_{1}T_{2} \biggl(\frac{\partial^{2}u^{\alpha}}{\partial x_{\alpha}^{2}} \biggr)= \Lambda_{\alpha\alpha}u^{\alpha}+\frac{h_{\beta}^{2}}{12}\Lambda_{\alpha \alpha} \bigl(\mathcal {D}_{\beta}u^{\alpha}\bigr)+ \Lambda_{\alpha\alpha} \zeta_{\alpha\alpha}^{\alpha}, \quad x\in\omega _{(\alpha)}, \end{aligned}$$
(14)
$$\begin{aligned}& T_{1}T_{2} \biggl(\frac{\partial^{2}u^{\beta}}{\partial x_{\alpha}^{2}} \biggr)= \Lambda_{\alpha\alpha}u^{\beta}+\frac{h_{\beta}^{2}}{12}\Lambda_{\alpha\alpha } \bigl(\mathcal {D}_{\beta}u^{\beta}\bigr)+ \Lambda_{\alpha\alpha} \zeta_{\alpha\alpha}^{\beta},\quad x\in\omega _{(\beta)}. \end{aligned}$$
(15)

It is not hard to verify that

$$ T_{1}T_{2} \biggl(\frac{\partial^{2}u^{\alpha}}{\partial x_{1}\,\partial x_{2}} \biggr)=B_{12} \bigl(S_{1}^{-}S_{2}^{-}u^{\alpha}\bigr),\quad x\in \omega_{(\beta)}. $$
(16)

Besides,

$$ B_{12} \bigl(I_{1}I_{2} u^{\alpha}\bigr)= \Lambda_{12}u^{\alpha}. $$
(17)

Indeed, in the case \(x_{2}=0\) we have

$$\begin{aligned} B_{12} \bigl(I_{1}I_{2} u^{2} \bigr)&= \frac{2}{h_{2}} \bigl(I_{1}I_{2}u^{2} \bigr)^{(+1_{2})}_{x_{1}}= \frac{2}{h_{2}} \bigl(I_{2}u^{2} \bigr)^{(+1_{2})}_{\stackrel {\circ }{x}_{1}}= \frac{2}{h_{2}} \biggl( \frac{(u^{2})^{(+1_{2})}+u^{2}}{2} \biggr)_{\stackrel {\circ }{x}_{1}}\\ &=\frac{2}{h_{2}} \biggl( \frac{(u^{2})^{(+1_{2})}-u^{2}}{2} \biggr)_{\stackrel {\circ }{x}_{1}}= u^{2}_{\stackrel {\circ }{x}_{1} x_{2}}=\Lambda_{12}u^{2}. \end{aligned}$$

It is easy to verify also the other cases of (17). As a result from (12) we obtain

$$ T_{1}T_{2} \biggl(\frac{\partial^{2} u^{\alpha}}{\partial x_{1}\,\partial x_{2}} \biggr)= \Lambda_{12}u^{\alpha}-\frac{h_{1}^{2}}{12}B_{12} \mathcal{P}_{1}u^{\alpha}- \frac{h_{2}^{2}}{12}B_{12} \mathcal{P}_{2}u^{\alpha}+ B_{12}\zeta_{12}^{\alpha},\quad x\in\omega_{(\beta)}. $$
(18)

Let us apply the operator \(T_{1}T_{2}\) on the equations of system (2) on the grid points \(\omega_{(1)}\), \(\omega_{(2)}\), respectively, and then use equations (14), (15), (18). The obtained results may be compactly written as follows:

$$ \mathcal{L}_{h} {\mathbf {u}}={\mathbf {F}}+\mathcal{R} \mathbf{u}+ \boldsymbol {\Psi}. $$
(19)

Subtracting (8) from equality (19) we obtain the required equality (13). □

Theorem 2

For the solution of problem (13) the following a priori estimate is valid:

$$ \|\tilde{\mathbf{Z}}\|_{L_{2}(\omega)}\leq c \Biggl(|h|^{2}\| \mathbf{Z}\| _{W^{2}_{2}(\omega)}+ \sum_{\alpha=1}^{2} \bigl( \bigl\| \zeta_{11}^{\alpha}\bigr\| _{(\alpha)}+ \bigl\| \zeta_{22}^{\alpha}\bigr\| _{(\alpha)}+ \bigl\| \zeta_{12}^{\alpha}\bigr\| _{\omega^{+}} \bigr) \Biggr). $$
(20)

Proof

First, note that based on the inequalities

$$\left\| \mathcal{L}_{h}^{-1} \begin{pmatrix} \Lambda_{\alpha\alpha}& 0\\ 0& \lambda_{\beta\beta} \end{pmatrix} \right\| \leq \frac{1}{\mu},\qquad \left\| \mathcal{L}_{h}^{-1} \begin{pmatrix} 0 &\mathcal{B}_{12}\\ \mathcal{B}_{12}& 0 \end{pmatrix} \right\| \leq\frac{1}{\mu}, $$

implied by (6), we have

$$ \bigl\| {\mathcal{L}}^{-1}_{h}\boldsymbol {\Psi}\bigr\| \leq c \sum _{\alpha=1}^{2} \bigl( \bigl\| \zeta_{11}^{\alpha}\bigr\| _{(\alpha)}+ \bigl\| \zeta_{22}^{\alpha}\bigr\| _{(\alpha)}+ \bigl\| \zeta_{12}^{\alpha}\bigr\| _{\omega^{+}} \bigr). $$
(21)

Further, the operator \(\mathcal{L}_{h}\) is positive definite and self-adjoint, therefore,

$$ \bigl\| {\mathcal{L}}_{h}^{-1}\mathcal{R}\mathbf{Z}\bigr\| = \sup _{\|\mathbf{V}\| \neq0}\frac{|(\mathcal{R}\mathbf{Z},\mathbf{V})|}{ \|\mathcal{L}_{h} \mathbf{V}\|}. $$
(22)

Using the equalities obtained by partial summation,

$$\left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad}l} (\Lambda_{\alpha\alpha}\mathcal{D}_{\beta}Z^{\alpha},V^{\alpha})_{(\alpha)}= (\mathcal{D}_{\beta}Z^{\alpha}, \Lambda_{\alpha\alpha} V^{\alpha})_{(\alpha )}, & \mbox{since } Z^{\alpha}, V^{\alpha}=0 \mbox{ for }x\in\gamma_{\alpha},\\ (\Lambda_{\beta\beta}\mathcal{D}_{\alpha}Z^{\alpha},V^{\alpha})_{(\alpha)}= (\mathcal{D}_{\alpha}Z^{\alpha}, \Lambda_{\beta\beta} V^{\alpha})_{(\alpha )},& \mbox{by definition of } \Lambda_{\beta\beta},\\ (\mathcal{B}_{12}\mathcal{P}_{\alpha}Z^{\beta}, V^{\alpha})_{(\alpha)}= (\mathcal{P}_{\alpha}Z^{\beta}, V^{\alpha}_{\bar{x}_{1}\bar{x}_{2}})_{\omega^{+}}, & \mbox{since } V^{\alpha}=0 \mbox{ for } x\in\gamma_{\alpha},\\ (\mathcal{B}_{12}\mathcal{P}_{\beta}Z^{\beta}, V^{\alpha})_{(\alpha)}= (\mathcal{P}_{\beta}Z^{\beta}, V^{\alpha}_{\bar{x}_{1}\bar{x}_{2}})_{\omega^{+}}, & \mbox{since } V^{\alpha}=0 \mbox{ for } x\in\gamma _{\alpha}\end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

and after considering the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, for an estimate of the numerator of (22) we have

$$ \bigl|(\mathcal{R}\mathbf{Z},\mathbf{V})\bigr|\leq c |h|^{2}\|\mathbf{Z}\| \| \mathbf{V}\|_{W_{2}^{2}(\omega)}. $$
(23)

Taking into account (8), (22) from (21) we obtain

$$ \bigl\| {\mathcal{L}}_{h}^{-1}\mathcal{R}\mathbf{Z}\bigr\| \leq c|h|^{2} \|\mathbf{Z}\| _{W_{2}^{2}(\omega)}. $$
(24)

Inequalities (21) and (24) together with

$$\|\tilde{\mathbf{Z}}\| \leq\bigl\| {\mathcal{L}}_{h}^{-1} \mathcal{R}\mathbf {Z}\bigr\| +\bigl\| {\mathcal{L}}^{-1}_{h}\boldsymbol {\Psi} \bigr\| $$

complete the proof of Theorem 2. □

Proof of Theorem 1

To determine the rate of convergence of the corrected finite difference scheme (8) with the help of Theorem 2, it is sufficient to estimate the norms of \(\zeta_{11}^{\alpha}\), \(\zeta_{22}^{\alpha}\), \(\zeta_{12}^{\alpha}\) on the right-hand part of (20). To this aim, we need the next lemma.

Lemma 3

Let the linear functional \(l(u)\) be bounded in \(W_{2}^{k}(E)\), where \(k=\bar{k}+\epsilon\), k̄ is an integer number, \(0< \epsilon\leq1\). If \(l(u)\) equals zero on polynomials of two variables with order equal to k̄, then there exists a constant c, dependent on E, but not dependent on \(u(x)\), such that \(|l(u)| \leq c|u|_{W_{2}^{k}(E)}\).

This lemma is a particular case of the Dupont-Scott approximation theorem [15], and it represents a generalization of the Bramble-Hilbert lemma [16] (see, e.g., [8]).

Lemma 4

Let \(\mathbf{u}\in W_{2}^{m}(\Omega)\), \(m\in [2,4]\). Then for the expressions defined by equations (10), (11), (12) the following inequalities hold:

$$\begin{aligned}& \bigl\| \zeta_{\alpha\alpha}^{\alpha}\bigr\| _{(\alpha)} \leq c|h|^{m} \bigl\| u^{\alpha}\bigr\| _{W_{2}^{m}(\Omega)}, \end{aligned}$$
(25)
$$\begin{aligned}& \bigl\| \zeta_{\alpha\alpha}^{\beta}\bigr\| _{(\beta)} \leq c|h|^{m} \bigl\| u^{\beta}\bigr\| _{W_{2}^{m}(\Omega)}, \end{aligned}$$
(26)
$$\begin{aligned}& \bigl\| \zeta_{12}^{\alpha}\bigr\| _{\omega^{+}} \leq c|h|^{m} \bigl\| u^{\alpha}\bigr\| _{W_{2}^{m}(\Omega)}. \end{aligned}$$
(27)

Proof

Let us denote by \(\pi_{3}\) the set of third degree polynomials. In the cases \(x\in\gamma_{\pm\beta}\), taking into account boundary condition, let us represent the values \(\zeta_{\alpha\alpha}^{\alpha}\) in the form

$$\zeta_{\alpha\alpha}^{\alpha}=\zeta_{\alpha\alpha}^{\alpha}\pm \frac {h_{\beta}}{3}\frac{\partial u^{\alpha}}{\partial x_{\beta}}. $$

Particularly,

$$\zeta_{11}^{1}=T_{2}u^{1}-u^{1}- \frac{h_{2}}{3}\frac{\partial u^{1}}{\partial x_{2}}-\frac{h_{2}^{2}}{12}u^{1}_{x_{2}x_{2}}+ \frac{h_{2}^{3}}{15}u^{1}_{x_{2}x_{2}x_{2}},\quad x\in\gamma_{-2}. $$

Let \(e=\{\xi=(\xi_{1},\xi_{2}): |\xi_{1}-x_{1}|\leq h_{1}, 0\leq\xi_{2}\leq 3h_{2}\}\). By \(\bar{u}(t)\) we denote a function obtained from \(u^{1}(\xi)\) by changing the variables \(\xi_{\alpha}+t_{\alpha}h_{\alpha}\), and mapping the domain e onto \(E=\{t=(t_{1},t_{2}): |t_{1}|\leq1, 0\leq t_{2}\leq3\} \). Since \(u^{1}(\xi)=u^{1}(x_{1}+t_{1}h_{1}, x_{2}+t_{2}h_{2})=\bar{u}(t)\), the expression \(\zeta_{11}^{1}\) turns into

$$\begin{aligned} \zeta_{11}^{1}={}&2 \int_{0}^{1}(1-t_{2}) \bar{u}(0,t_{2})\,dt_{2}-\bar{u}(0,0)-\frac {1}{3} \frac{\partial\bar{u}(0,0)}{\partial x_{2}}\\ &{}- \frac{1}{12} \bigl(\bar{u}(0,2)-2\bar{u}(0,1)+\bar{u}(0,0) \bigr)+ \frac{1}{15} \bigl(\bar{u}(0,3)-3\bar{u}(0,2)+3\bar{u}(0,1)-\bar{u}(0,0) \bigr). \end{aligned}$$

Consequently, \(|\zeta_{11}^{1}|\leq c\|\bar{u}\|_{C^{1}(E)}\leq c\|\bar{u}\| _{W_{2}^{m}(E)}\) as \(W_{2}^{m} \subset C^{1}\) when \(m>2\). Utilizing the fact that \(\zeta_{11}^{1}\), as a functional of ū, vanishes on \(\pi_{3}\) (which can be verified directly) and using Lemma 3, we obtain \(|\zeta_{11}^{1}|\leq c |\bar{u}|_{W_{2}^{m}(E)}\), \(m\in (2,4]\). Reverting to the old variables, this yields

$$ \bigl|\zeta_{11}^{1}\bigr|\leq c |h|^{m} (h_{1}h_{2})^{-1/2} \bigl|u^{1}\bigr|_{W_{2}^{m}(e)},\quad m\in(2,4]. $$
(28)

In the case \(x\in\gamma_{+2}\) the estimate can be obtained analogously.

When \(x\in\omega\), we have \(\zeta_{11}^{1}=T_{2}u^{1}-u^{1}-(h_{2}^{2}/12)u^{1}_{\bar{x}_{2}x_{2}}\). In this case the elementary domain \(e=\{\xi=(\xi_{1},\xi_{2}): |\xi_{\alpha}-x_{\alpha}|\leq h_{\alpha}\}\), and we again obtain the estimate of the form (27) (see, e.g., [17]). Consequently, we have

$$\bigl\| \zeta_{11}^{1}\bigr\| ^{2}_{(1)}=\sum _{\omega_{(1)}}h_{1}\hbar_{2} \bigl|\zeta _{11}^{1}\bigr|^{2}\leq c|h|^{2m}\sum _{\omega_{(1)}} \bigl|u^{1}\bigr|^{2}_{W_{2}^{m}(e)} \leq c|h|^{2m}\bigl|u^{1}\bigr|^{2}_{W_{2}^{m}(\Omega)}. $$

The case \(\alpha=2\) in (25) can be proved in the same way.

The proof of the inequality (26) is also clear, so let us obtain the inequality (27).

Using the Taylor expansion we can show that

$$ S_{1}^{-}S_{2}^{-}u-I_{1}I_{2}u=- \biggl( \frac{h_{1}^{2}}{12}\frac{\partial^{2}u}{\partial x_{1}^{2}}+ \frac{h_{2}^{2}}{12}\frac{\partial^{2}u}{\partial x_{2}^{2}} \biggr)^{(-0.5_{1},-0.5_{2})} \quad\mbox{for } u\in\pi_{3}. $$
(29)

On the other hand, each of the following expressions:

$$u_{\bar{x}_{\alpha} \stackrel {\circ }{x}_{\alpha}}, \qquad u_{\bar{x}_{\alpha}x_{\alpha}}-\frac{h_{\alpha}}{2}u_{\bar{x}_{\alpha}x_{\alpha}x_{\alpha}}, \quad\mbox{and}\quad u_{\bar{x}_{\alpha}\bar{x}_{\alpha}}+\frac{h_{\alpha}}{2}u_{\bar{x}_{\alpha}\bar{x}_{\alpha}\bar{x}_{\alpha}} $$

equals \(\frac{\partial^{2} u^{(-0.5_{\alpha})}}{\partial x_{\alpha}^{2}}\) for \(u\in\pi_{3}\). Therefore,

$$ \mathcal{P}_{\alpha}u=I_{\beta}\frac{\partial^{2} u^{(-0.5_{\alpha})}}{\partial x_{\alpha}^{2}}= \frac{\partial^{2} u^{(-0.5_{1},-0.5_{2})}}{\partial x_{\alpha}^{2}} \quad\mbox{when } u\in\pi_{3}. $$
(30)

From (29), (30) it is easy to see that the expressions \(\zeta _{11}^{\alpha}\), as linear functionals with respect to \(u^{\alpha}\), turn into zero on the polynomials of third order and are bounded when \(u^{\alpha}\in W_{2}^{m}(\Omega)\), \(m\geq2\). Therefore, for them we have again the estimates similar to (26), whence follows the validity of (27).

Lemma 4 is proved. □

In view of (20) and the inequality (7), taking into account the Lemma 4, the validity of Theorem 1 is obvious.

Numerical experiments

Now, we present some numerical results to demonstrate the convergence order of the proposed method. The experimental order of convergence in the discrete \(L_{2}\)-norm is computed by the formula

$$\operatorname{Ord}(Y)=\log_{2}\frac{\|Y_{h}-u\|}{\|Y_{h/2}-u\|}, $$

where u is the exact solution of original problem, while \(Y_{h}\) denotes the solution of the difference scheme on the grid with step h.

Below, the symbols U, Ũ denote solutions of the difference schemes (5), (8), respectively.

Example 1

Consider the problem (2), (3), where \(l_{1}, l_{2}=1\), \(\lambda=5\), \(\mu =1\), and

$$f^{1}(x)=4c_{1}\sin(\pi x_{1}) \cos(\pi x_{2}),\qquad f^{2}(x)=4c_{1}\cos(\pi x_{1}) \sin(\pi x_{2}),\qquad c_{1}=\pi^{2}(2\lambda+4\mu). $$

For calculation of the right-hand side of the difference scheme note that

$$T_{\alpha}\bigl(\sin(\pi x_{\alpha}) \bigr)=c_{2}^{2} \sin(\pi x_{\alpha}),\qquad T_{\alpha}\bigl(\cos(\pi x_{\alpha}) \bigr)=c_{2}^{2} \cos(\pi x_{\alpha}),\qquad c_{2}= \frac {2}{\pi h}\sin\frac{\pi h}{2} . $$

Therefore,

$$F^{\alpha}=T_{1}T_{2}f^{\alpha}= c_{2}^{4} f^{\alpha},\quad \alpha=1,2. $$

To solve the difference schemes \(\mathcal{L}_{h} Y=\varphi\) we use the iterative method of minimal residuals

$$\frac{Y^{(k+1)}-Y^{(k)}}{\tau_{k}}+\mathcal{L}_{h} Y^{(k)}=\varphi,\quad k=0,1,2, \ldots, \forall Y^{(0)}\in \stackrel {\circ }{H}_{h}, $$

where

$$\tau_{k}=\frac{(\mathcal{L}_{h} \operatorname{Res}^{(k)}, \operatorname{Res}^{(k)})}{({\mathcal {L}}_{h} \operatorname{Res}^{(k)}, \mathcal{L}_{h} \operatorname{Res}^{(k)})} , \qquad \operatorname{Res}^{(k)}= \mathcal{L}_{h} Y^{(k)}-\varphi. $$

It is clear that the exact solution

$$u^{1}(x)=4\sin(\pi x_{1})\cos(\pi x_{2}),\qquad u^{2}(x)=4\cos(\pi x_{1})\sin(\pi x_{2}) $$

belongs to \(W_{2}^{4}(\Omega)\), therefore, for the refined scheme the fourth order of convergence is expected.

The results of the calculations are given by Table 1.

Table 1 Experimental order of convergence
Full size table

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation (Grant FR/406/5-106/12). The authors sincerely thank the referees for their helpful comments.

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  1. A. Razmadze Mathematical Institute, I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, 0177, Georgia

    • Givi Berikelashvili

  2. Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, 0186, Georgia

    • Bidzina Midodashvili

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Correspondence to Givi Berikelashvili.

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MSC

  • 65N06
  • 74G15

Keywords

  • difference scheme
  • method of corrections
  • improvement of accuracy
  • elasticity