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Local well-posedness of generalized BBM equations with generalized damping on 1D torus

Boundary Value Problems20152015:227

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-015-0494-2

©  Kang et al. 2015

Received: 24 September 2015

Accepted: 20 November 2015

Published: 3 December 2015

Abstract

We consider the periodic initial value problem associated to the generalized Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equation with generalized damping on the one dimensional torus. In contrast to the classical BBM equation, the main difference is that the generalized equation contains two nonlocal operators, and the main difficulty comes from two nonlocal operators. By the fixed point theorem, we prove that the periodic initial value problem is locally well-posed. We also prove that if the solution exists globally in time, it exhibits some asymptotic behavior.

Keywords

generalized Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equation nonlocal operator generalized damping local well-posedness

MSC

35A07 35Q53

1 Introduction

The classical Benjamin-Bona-Mahony (BBM) equation
$$\begin{aligned} u_{t}-u_{xxt}+u_{x}+uu_{x}=0 \end{aligned}$$
(1.1)
was proposed in [1] as a model for propagation of long waves which incorporates nonlinear dispersive and dissipative effects. It has extensively been studied in the recent literature; see for example [1–10] on the existence and uniqueness of solutions and [11–17] on the global attractors and references therein.
In this paper, we consider the periodic initial value problem of generalized BBM equations with generalized damping on the 1D torus \(\mathbb{T}=\mathbb{R}/2\pi\mathbb{Z}\):
$$\begin{aligned} \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{@{}l} u_{t}+L_{p}u_{t}+u_{x}+uu_{x}+M_{\alpha}u=0,\quad x\in\mathbb {T}, t\in(0,T),\\ u(0,x)=u_{0}(x),\quad x\in\mathbb{T},\\ \int_{\mathbb{T}}u(t,x)\,dx=0, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . \end{aligned}$$
(1.2)
where the two nonlocal operators are defined by
$$\begin{aligned} &\widehat{L_{p}u}(k)=|k|^{p+1}\widehat{u}(k),\quad p>0; \\ &\widehat{M_{\alpha}u}(k)=|k|^{2\alpha}\widehat{u}(k), \quad \alpha\in \biggl(0,\frac{p+1}{2}\biggr], \end{aligned}$$
(1.3)
and \(\widehat{u}(k)\) is the kth Fourier coefficient of \(u(t,x)\) in x.
For \(\alpha=1\), the generalized damping becomes a parabolic damping,
$$\begin{aligned} M_{1}u=-u_{xx} \quad\mbox{as } \widehat{M_{1}u}(k)=|k|^{2} \widehat{u}(k). \end{aligned}$$
For \(\alpha=0\), it is a weak damping,
$$\begin{aligned} M_{0}u=u \quad\mbox{as } \widehat{M_{0}u}(k)=\widehat{u}(k). \end{aligned}$$
For example, Wang [18] considered the damped BBM equation \(u_{t}-u_{txx}+\gamma(u-u_{xx})+uu_{x}=f(x)\) (Introduction, p.134) and the BBM equation with different damping coefficients \(u_{t}-u_{txx}+\gamma u-\nu u_{xx}+uu_{x}=f(x)\) (Remark 3.2, p.142).
In fact, one can consider more general damping terms. For example, Chehab et al. [19] studied the long-time behavior of the solution of a damped BBM equation
$$\begin{aligned} u_{t}-u_{xxt}+u_{x}+uu_{x}+M_{\alpha}u=0,\quad x\in\mathbb{T}[0,L], t\in(0,T), \end{aligned}$$
(1.4)
with
$$\begin{aligned} \widehat{M_{\alpha}u}(k)=\gamma_{k}\widehat{u}(k), \end{aligned}$$
and \((\gamma_{k})_{k\in\mathbb{Z}}\) are positive real numbers.
In the absence of fractional damping \(M_{\alpha}u\), Carvajal and Panthee [20] proved that the Cauchy problem
$$\begin{aligned} \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{@{}l} u_{t}+L_{p}u_{t}+u_{x}+(u^{k+1})_{x}=0, \quad x\in\mathbb{R}, t\in(0,T), k\in\mathbb{Z}^{+},\\ u(0,x)=u_{0}(x),\quad x\in\mathbb{R}, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . \end{aligned}$$
(1.5)
is ill-posed for data with lower order Sobolev regularity and in a certain range of the Sobolev regularity, even if the solution exists globally in time, it fails to be smooth.

In this paper we study the generalized BBM equations with the fractional damping terms. In contrast to the classical BBM equation, the main difference is that equation (1.2) contains two nonlocal operators, its dissipation is weaker than the classical BBM equation. In the study of the periodic initial value problem (1.2), the main difficulty is that \(L_{p}\) and \(M_{\alpha}\) are nonlocal operators. By the fixed point theorem and the Fourier analysis method, similar to [21–23], we prove the local well-posedness of the solution to the problem (1.2).

2 Local well-posedness

We define a space
$$\begin{aligned} \dot{H}^{\beta}(\mathbb{T})=\biggl\{ u\in L^{2}(\mathbb{T}): \int_{\mathbb {T}}u\,dx=0, \sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}}|k|^{2\beta}\bigl| \widehat {u}(k)\bigr|^{2}< +\infty\biggr\} \end{aligned}$$
with the norm
$$\begin{aligned} |u|_{\beta}^{2}=\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}}|k|^{2\beta}\bigl| \widehat {u}(k)\bigr|^{2}. \end{aligned}$$

Then we can obtain the local existence and uniqueness of the solution to the periodic initial value problem (1.2).

Theorem 2.1

Assume \(\alpha\in(\frac{1}{2}, \frac {p+1}{2}]\). If \(u_{0}(x)\in\dot{H}^{\alpha}(\mathbb{T})\), there exist a constant \(T=C_{0}(|u_{0}|_{\alpha})>0\) and a unique solution \(u(t,x)\in C([0,T], \dot{H}^{\alpha}(\mathbb{T}))\). Moreover, for any constant \(M>0\), \(|u_{0}|_{\alpha}\leq M\), \(|v_{0}|_{\alpha}\leq M\), there exists a constant \(C_{1}>0\) such that the solutions \(u(t,x)\), \(v(t,x)\) of the periodic initial value problem (1.2) with the initial data \(u_{0}(x)\in\dot{H}^{\alpha}(\mathbb{T})\) and \(v_{0}(x)\in\dot{H}^{\alpha}(\mathbb{T})\), respectively, satisfy
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl|u(t)-v(t)\bigr|_{\alpha}\leq C_{1}|u_{0}-v_{0}|_{\alpha},\quad \forall t\leq \frac{1}{C_{0}M}. \end{aligned}$$
(2.1)

Proof

We first write equation (1.2) in the following form:
$$\begin{aligned} u_{t} =&-(I+L_{p})^{-1} \partial_{x}u-(I+L_{p})^{-1}\partial_{x} \biggl(\frac {u^{2}}{2}\biggr)-(I+L_{p})^{-1}M_{\alpha}u \\ =&-i\varphi(D_{x})u-i\varphi(D_{x}) \biggl( \frac{u^{2}}{2}\biggr)-\varphi_{\alpha }(D_{x})u \\ =&-\bigl[i\varphi(D_{x})+\varphi_{\alpha}(D_{x}) \bigr]u-i\varphi(D_{x}) \biggl(\frac{u^{2}}{2}\biggr), \end{aligned}$$
(2.2)
where
$$\begin{aligned} &\widehat{\varphi(D_{x})u}(k)=\frac{k}{1+|k|^{p+1}} \widehat {u}(k), \\ &\widehat{\varphi_{\alpha}(D_{x})u}(k)=\frac{|k|^{2\alpha }}{1+|k|^{p+1}} \widehat{u}(k), \quad k\in\mathbb{Z}. \end{aligned}$$
(2.3)
Then we get
$$\begin{aligned} u(t)=S_{t}u_{0}-i \int_{0}^{t}S_{t-\tau}\varphi(D_{x}) \biggl(\frac {u^{2}}{2}\biggr)\,d\tau, \end{aligned}$$
(2.4)
where
$$\begin{aligned} S_{t}u_{0}=\sum _{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}}e^{ikx}e^{-\frac {ik+|k|^{2\alpha}}{1+|k|^{p+1}}t}\widehat{u_{0}}(k). \end{aligned}$$
(2.5)
We define a map
$$\begin{aligned} \Phi\bigl(u(t)\bigr)=S_{t}u_{0}-i \int_{0}^{t}S_{t-\tau}\varphi(D_{x}) \biggl(\frac {u^{2}}{2}\biggr)\,d\tau \end{aligned}$$
(2.6)
and a closed ball
$$\begin{aligned} \overline{B}(\mathbb{T})= \bigl\{ u(t,x)\in C\bigl([0,T], \dot{H}^{\alpha }(\mathbb{T})\bigr): \bigl|u(t)-u_{0}\bigr|_{\alpha} \leq3|u_{0}|_{\alpha} \bigr\} . \end{aligned}$$
(2.7)
We now prove that Φ has a unique fixed point in \(\overline {B}(\mathbb{T})\).

Step one: Φ is onto, that is, for \(u(t)\in\overline{B}(\mathbb {T})\) we have \(\Phi(u(t))\in\overline{B}(\mathbb{T})\).

According to the definition of the norm \(|u(t)|_{\alpha}\), we get
$$\begin{aligned} |S_{t}u_{0}|_{\alpha}^{2} =&\sum _{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\} }|k|^{2\alpha}\bigl|\widehat{S_{t}u_{0}}(k)\bigr|^{2} \\ =&\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}}|k|^{2\alpha}\bigl|e^{-\frac {ik+|k|^{2\alpha}}{1+|k|^{p+1}}t} \widehat{u_{0}}(k)\bigr|^{2} \\ =&\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}}|k|^{2\alpha}e^{-\frac {2|k|^{2\alpha}}{1+|k|^{p+1}}t}\bigl| \widehat{u_{0}}(k)\bigr|^{2} \\ \leq&\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}}|k|^{2\alpha}\bigl|\widehat {u_{0}}(k)\bigr|^{2}=|u_{0}|_{\alpha}^{2} \end{aligned}$$
and
$$\begin{aligned} \biggl|S_{t-\tau}\varphi(D_{x}) \biggl(\frac{u^{2}}{2} \biggr)\biggr|_{\alpha}^{2} =&\sum_{k\in \mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}}|k|^{2\alpha}\bigl| \widehat{S_{t-\tau}\varphi (D_{x}) \bigl(u^{2}/2 \bigr)}(k)\bigr|^{2} \\ =&\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}}|k|^{2\alpha}\biggl|e^{-\frac {ik+|k|^{2\alpha}}{1+|k|^{p+1}}(t-\tau)} \frac{k}{1+|k|^{p+1}}\widehat {\bigl(u^{2}/2\bigr)}(k)\biggr|^{2} \\ \leq&\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}}|k|^{2\alpha}\bigl|\widehat { \bigl(u^{2}/2\bigr)}(k)\bigr|^{2} \\ =&\frac{1}{4}\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}}|k|^{2\alpha}\bigl| \widehat {u^{2}}(k)\bigr|^{2} \\ =&\frac{1}{4}\bigl|u^{2}\bigr|_{\alpha}^{2}\leq C|u|_{\alpha}^{4}, \end{aligned}$$
the last inequality comes from the fact that \(\dot{H}^{\alpha}(\mathbb {T})\) is an algebra for \(\alpha>\frac{1}{2}\).
Putting the above two inequalities into (2.6) we have
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl|\Phi(u)\bigr|_{\alpha} \leq& |S_{t}u_{0}|_{\alpha}+ \int_{0}^{t}\biggl|S_{t-\tau }\varphi(D_{x}) \biggl(\frac{u^{2}}{2}\biggr)\biggr|_{\alpha}\,d\tau \\ \leq& |u_{0}|_{\alpha}+C \int_{0}^{t}\bigl|u(\tau)\bigr|^{2}_{\alpha}\,d\tau \\ \leq& |u_{0}|_{\alpha}+CT\sup_{t\in[0,T]}\bigl|u(t)\bigr|^{2}_{\alpha}. \end{aligned}$$
(2.8)
Since \(u(t)\in\overline{B}(\mathbb{T})\) and
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl|u(t)\bigr|_{\alpha}-|u_{0}|_{\alpha}\leq\bigl|u(t)-u_{0}\bigr|_{\alpha} \leq 3|u_{0}|_{\alpha}, \end{aligned}$$
we have \(|u(t)|_{\alpha}\leq4|u_{0}|_{\alpha}\) and
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl|\Phi\bigl(u(t)\bigr)-u_{0}\bigr|_{\alpha} \leq& \bigl|\Phi\bigl(u(t) \bigr)\bigr|_{\alpha}+|u_{0}|_{\alpha } \leq 2|u_{0}|_{\alpha}+16CT|u_{0}|_{\alpha}^{2} \\ \leq& 3|u_{0}|_{\alpha}, \quad\mbox{if } 0< T< \frac{1}{16C|u_{0}|_{\alpha}}. \end{aligned}$$
Therefore, for \(T\in(0,\frac{1}{16C|u_{0}|_{\alpha}})\), we have \(\Phi (u(t))\in\overline{B}(\mathbb{T})\) for \(u(t)\in\overline{B}(\mathbb{T})\).

Step two: Φ is a contractive mapping on \(\overline{B}(\mathbb{T})\).

Let \(u(t), v(t)\in\overline{B}(\mathbb{T})\). Since
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl|\Phi\bigl(u(t)\bigr)-\Phi\bigl(v(t)\bigr)\bigr|_{\alpha}^{2} &=\biggl| \int_{0}^{t}S_{t-\tau}\varphi(D_{x}) \biggl(\frac{u^{2}}{2}-\frac {v^{2}}{2}\biggr)\,d\tau\biggr|_{\alpha}^{2} \\ &\leq \int_{0}^{t}\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}}|k|^{2\alpha }\biggl|e^{-\frac{ik+|k|^{2\alpha}}{1+|k|^{p+1}}(t-\tau)} \frac {k}{1+|k|^{p+1}}\widehat{\biggl(\frac{u^{2}}{2}-\frac{v^{2}}{2} \biggr)}(k)\biggr|^{2}\,d\tau \\ &\leq C \int_{0}^{t}\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}}|k|^{2\alpha }\bigl| \widehat{\bigl(u^{2}-v^{2}\bigr)}(k)\bigr|^{2}\,d\tau \\ &=C \int_{0}^{t}\bigl|u^{2}-v^{2}\bigr|^{2}_{\alpha}\,d\tau \\ &\leq 2C \int_{0}^{t}\bigl(|u|^{2}_{\alpha}+|v|^{2}_{\alpha } \bigr)|u-v|^{2}_{\alpha}\,d\tau, \end{aligned}$$
due to \(u(t), v(t)\in\overline{B}(\mathbb{T})\), we have
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl|\Phi\bigl(u(t)\bigr)-\Phi\bigl(v(t)\bigr)\bigr|_{\alpha}^{2} \leq32C\bigl(|u_{0}|^{2}_{\alpha }+|v_{0}|^{2}_{\alpha} \bigr)T\sup_{t\in[0,T]}\bigl|u(t)-v(t)\bigr|^{2}_{\alpha}, \end{aligned}$$
(2.9)
that is,
$$\begin{aligned} \sup_{t\in[0,T]}\bigl|\Phi\bigl(u(t)\bigr)-\Phi\bigl(v(t) \bigr)\bigr|_{\alpha}\leq4\sqrt {2CT\bigl(|u_{0}|^{2}_{\alpha}+|v_{0}|^{2}_{\alpha} \bigr)}\sup_{t\in [0,T]}\bigl|u(t)-v(t)\bigr|_{\alpha}. \end{aligned}$$
(2.10)
Therefore, Φ is a contractive mapping on \(\overline{B}(\mathbb {T})\) if \(4\sqrt{2CT(|u_{0}|^{2}_{\alpha}+|v_{0}|^{2}_{\alpha})}<1\), that is,
$$0< T< \frac{1}{32C(|u_{0}|^{2}_{\alpha}+|v_{0}|^{2}_{\alpha})}. $$
Thanks to the Banach fixed point theorem, Φ has a unique fixed point \(u(t)\) such that \(u(t)=\Phi(u(t))\), that is, there exists a unique solution of the periodic initial value problem (1.2).

Step three: the continuity of solution with the initial data.

Let \(u(t)\) and \(v(t)\) be solutions of the periodic initial value problem (1.2) with the initial data \(u_{0}\) and \(v_{0}\), respectively, such that \(|u_{0}|_{\alpha}\leq M\), \(|v_{0}|_{\alpha}\leq M\). For \(t\in[0,T]\), the Duhamel principle gives us the following formula:
$$\begin{aligned} u(t)-v(t)=S_{t}(u_{0}-v_{0})-i \int_{0}^{t}S_{t-\tau}\varphi(D_{x}) \biggl(\frac {u^{2}}{2}-\frac{v^{2}}{2}\biggr)\,d\tau, \end{aligned}$$
(2.11)
hence
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl|u(t)-v(t)\bigr|_{\alpha} \leq& \bigl|S_{t}(u_{0}-v_{0})\bigr|_{\alpha}+ \int _{0}^{t}\biggl|S_{t-\tau}\varphi(D_{x}) \biggl(\frac{u^{2}}{2}-\frac {v^{2}}{2}\biggr)\biggr|_{\alpha}\,d\tau \\ \leq& |u_{0}-v_{0}|_{\alpha}+C_{0} \bigl(\bigl|u(t)\bigr|_{\alpha}+\bigl|v(t)\bigr|_{\alpha }\bigr)T\sup_{t\in[0,T]}\bigl|u(t)-v(t)\bigr|_{\alpha} \\ \leq& |u_{0}-v_{0}|_{\alpha}+4C_{0}\bigl(|u_{0}|_{\alpha}+|v_{0}|_{\alpha }\bigr)T \sup_{t\in[0,T]}\bigl|u(t)-v(t)\bigr|_{\alpha} \\ \leq& |u_{0}-v_{0}|_{\alpha}+8C_{0}MT \sup_{t\in [0,T]}\bigl|u(t)-v(t)\bigr|_{\alpha}, \end{aligned}$$
if \(T<\frac{1}{8C_{0}M}\), there exists a constant \(C_{1}=\frac {1}{1-8C_{0}MT}>0\) such that
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl|u(t)-v(t)\bigr|_{\alpha}\leq\sup_{t\in[0,T]} \bigl|u(t)-v(t)\bigr|_{\alpha} \leq C_{1}|u_{0}-v_{0}|_{\alpha}. \end{aligned}$$
(2.12)

The proof is complete. □

3 Asymptotic behavior of the solution

We first consider the corresponding problem with the linear equation
$$\begin{aligned} \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{@{}l} u_{t}+L_{p}u_{t}+u_{x}+M_{\alpha}u=0,\quad x\in\mathbb {T}, t\in(0,T),\\ u(0,x)=u_{0}(x),\quad x\in\mathbb{T},\\ \int_{\mathbb{T}}u(t,x)\,dx=0. \end{array}\displaystyle \right . \end{aligned}$$
(3.1)
If \(u(t)\in L^{2}(\mathbb{T})\), \(\forall t>0\), then the kth Fourier coefficient \(\widehat{u}_{k}(t)\) of \(u(t,x)\) in x satisfies
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl(1+|k|^{p+1}\bigr)\widehat{u}_{k}'(t)+ \bigl(ik+|k|^{2\alpha}\bigr)\widehat {u}_{k}(t)=0, \quad k\in \mathbb{Z}, \end{aligned}$$
that is,
$$\widehat{u}_{k}(t)=e^{-\frac{ik+|k|^{2\alpha}}{1+|k|^{p+1}}t}\widehat{u}_{k}(0). $$
Therefore, we have
$$\begin{aligned} |u|^{2}_{\frac{p+1}{2}}=\sum _{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\} }|k|^{p+1}\bigl|\widehat{u}_{k}(t)\bigr|^{2}= \sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\} }|k|^{p+1}e^{-\frac{2|k|^{2\alpha}}{1+|k|^{p+1}}t}\bigl| \widehat{u}_{k}(0)\bigr|^{2}. \end{aligned}$$
(3.2)

Theorem 3.1

If \(u_{0}(x)\in\dot{H}^{\frac {p+1}{2}}(\mathbb{T})\), then the unique solution \(u(t,x)\) of the periodic initial value problem (3.1) satisfies
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl|u(t)\bigr|_{\frac{p+1}{2}}^{2}\leq|u_{0}|_{\frac{p+1}{2}}^{2},\quad 0< \alpha \leq\frac{p+1}{2}. \end{aligned}$$
(3.3)
Furthermore, we have
$$\begin{aligned}& \bigl|u(t)\bigr|_{\alpha}^{2}\leq \frac{1}{et}|u_{0}|_{\frac{p+1}{2}}^{2},\quad 0< \alpha< \frac{p+1}{2}, \forall t>0, \end{aligned}$$
(3.4)
$$\begin{aligned}& \bigl|u(t)\bigr|_{\alpha}^{2}\leq e^{-t}|u_{0}|_{\frac{p+1}{2}}^{2},\quad \alpha =\frac{p+1}{2}, \forall t>0. \end{aligned}$$
(3.5)

Proof

Equation (3.2) implies that
$$\begin{aligned} |u|^{2}_{\frac{p+1}{2}} =&\sum _{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\} }|k|^{p+1}e^{-\frac{2|k|^{2\alpha}}{1+|k|^{p+1}}t}\bigl|\widehat {u}_{k}(0)\bigr|^{2} \\ \leq&\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}}|k|^{p+1}\bigl|\widehat {u}_{k}(0)\bigr|^{2} \\ =&|u_{0}|_{\frac{p+1}{2}}^{2},\quad 0< \alpha\leq \frac{p+1}{2}. \end{aligned}$$
(3.6)
On the other hand, for \(0<\alpha<\frac{p+1}{2}\) we have
$$\begin{aligned} |u|^{2}_{\alpha} =&\sum _{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}}|k|^{2\alpha }e^{-\frac{2|k|^{2\alpha}}{1+|k|^{p+1}}t}\bigl|\widehat {u}_{k}(0)\bigr|^{2} \\ =&\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}}|k|^{p+1}\frac {1+|k|^{p+1}}{|k|^{p+1}} \frac{|k|^{2\alpha}}{1+|k|^{p+1}}e^{-\frac {2|k|^{2\alpha}}{1+|k|^{p+1}}t}\bigl|\widehat{u}_{k}(0)\bigr|^{2} \\ \leq&\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}}|k|^{p+1} \varphi_{\alpha }(k)e^{-\varphi_{\alpha}(k)t}\bigl|\widehat{u}_{k}(0)\bigr|^{2}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.7)
where
$$\begin{aligned} \varphi_{\alpha}(k)=\frac{2|k|^{2\alpha}}{1+|k|^{p+1}},\quad 0< \alpha< \frac {p+1}{2}, k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}. \end{aligned}$$
(3.8)
Since the function \(xe^{-xt}\) is uniformly bounded by \(\frac{1}{et}\), we have
$$\begin{aligned} |u|^{2}_{\alpha} \leq&\frac{1}{et}\sum _{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\} }|k|^{p+1}\bigl|\widehat{u}_{k}(0)\bigr|^{2}= \frac{1}{et}|u_{0}|_{\frac{p+1}{2}}^{2}. \end{aligned}$$
(3.9)
For \(\alpha=\frac{p+1}{2}\), we have
$$\begin{aligned} |u|^{2}_{\frac{p+1}{2}} =&\sum _{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\} }|k|^{p+1}e^{-\frac{2|k|^{p+1}}{1+|k|^{p+1}}t}\bigl|\widehat {u}_{k}(0)\bigr|^{2} \\ \leq&\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}}|k|^{p+1}e^{-t}\bigl| \widehat {u}_{k}(0)\bigr|^{2} \\ =&e^{-t}\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}}|k|^{p+1}\bigl| \widehat {u}_{k}(0)\bigr|^{2} \\ =&e^{-t}|u_{0}|_{\frac{p+1}{2}}^{2}. \end{aligned}$$
(3.10)

The proof is complete. □

We now deal with the nonlinear equation (1.2), that is, \(u_{t}+L_{p}u_{t}+u_{x}+uu_{x}+M_{\alpha}u=0\). We can find similar kind of decreasing properties but less explicit than in the linear case.

Theorem 3.2

If \(u_{0}(x)\in\dot{H}^{\frac {p+1}{2}}(\mathbb{T})\), then the unique solution \(u(t,x)\) of the periodic initial value problem (1.2) satisfies
$$\begin{aligned} \lim_{t\rightarrow+\infty}\bigl|u(t)\bigr|_{\frac{p+1}{2}}^{2}=0. \end{aligned}$$
(3.11)

Proof

Since \(\int_{\mathbb{T}}uu_{x}\,dx=0\), \(\int_{\mathbb {T}}u^{2}u_{x}\,dx=0\), and
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[b] \int_{\mathbb{T}}u(u_{t}+L_{p}u_{t})\,dx&= \pi\frac{d}{dt} \biggl(\sum_{k\in \mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}}\bigl| \widehat{u}_{k}(t)\bigr|^{2}+\sum_{k\in\mathbb {Z}\setminus\{0\}}|k|^{p+1}\bigl| \widehat{u}_{k}(t)\bigr|^{2} \biggr) \\ &=\pi\frac{d}{dt}\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\} } \bigl(1+|k|^{p+1}\bigr)\bigl|\widehat{u}_{k}(t)\bigr|^{2}, \end{aligned} \\& \int_{\mathbb{T}}uM_{\alpha}u\,dx=2\pi\sum _{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\} }|k|^{2\alpha}\bigl|\widehat{u}_{k}(t)\bigr|^{2}=2 \pi\bigl|u(t)\bigr|_{\alpha}^{2}. \end{aligned}$$
The equation and zero mean condition in (1.2) imply that
$$\begin{aligned} \frac{1}{2}\frac{d}{dt}\sum _{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\} }\bigl(1+|k|^{p+1}\bigr)\bigl|\widehat{u}_{k}(t)\bigr|^{2}+\bigl|u(t)\bigr|_{\alpha}^{2}=0, \end{aligned}$$
(3.12)
hence
$$\begin{aligned} \frac{d}{dt}\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}} \bigl(1+|k|^{p+1}\bigr)\bigl|\widehat {u}_{k}(t)\bigr|^{2}=-2\bigl|u(t)\bigr|_{\alpha}^{2} \leq0. \end{aligned}$$
(3.13)
It implies that \(\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\} }(1+|k|^{p+1})|\widehat{u}_{k}(t)|^{2}\) is decreasing in t, so we have
$$\begin{aligned} \sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}}\bigl(1+|k|^{p+1} \bigr)\bigl|\widehat {u}_{k}(t)\bigr|^{2}\leq\sum _{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\} }\bigl(1+|k|^{p+1}\bigr)\bigl|\widehat{u}_{k}(0)\bigr|^{2},\quad \forall t\geq0. \end{aligned}$$
(3.14)
Therefore,
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl|u(t)\bigr|^{2}_{\frac{p+1}{2}} =&\sum _{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\} }|k|^{p+1}\bigl|\widehat{u}_{k}(t)\bigr|^{2} \\ \leq&\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}}\bigl(1+|k|^{p+1}\bigr)\bigl| \widehat {u}_{k}(0)\bigr|^{2} \\ \leq& 2|u_{0}|^{2}_{\frac{p+1}{2}},\quad \forall t\geq0. \end{aligned}$$
(3.15)
Equation (3.15) and \(u_{0}(x)\in\dot{H}^{\frac{p+1}{2}}\) lead to \(u(t)\in\dot{H}^{\frac{p+1}{2}}\) and then \(u(t)\in\dot{H}^{\alpha }\) for \(\frac{1}{2}<\alpha\leq\frac{p+1}{2}\).
On the other hand, (3.13) implies that \(\sum_{k\in\mathbb {Z}\setminus\{0\}}(1+|k|^{p+1})|\widehat{u}_{k}(t)|^{2}\) is decreasing in t and bounded below by zero, then the limit
$$\lim_{t\rightarrow+\infty}\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\} } \bigl(1+|k|^{p+1}\bigr)\bigl|\widehat{u}_{k}(t)\bigr|^{2} $$
exists, we denote it by A.
Denote
$$\lim_{t\rightarrow+\infty}\bigl|u(t)\bigr|_{\alpha}^{2}=B. $$
If \(B>0\), for large enough t, we have \(|u(t)|_{\alpha}^{2}>B/2\), then there is a constant \(T>0\) such that
$$\begin{aligned} \frac{d}{dt}\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}}\bigl(1+|k|^{p+1} \bigr)\bigl|\widehat {u}_{k}(t)\bigr|^{2}< -B, \quad t>T, \end{aligned}$$
hence
$$\begin{aligned} \sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}}\bigl(1+|k|^{p+1}\bigr)\bigl|\widehat {u}_{k}(t)\bigr|^{2}< \sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\} } \bigl(1+|k|^{p+1}\bigr)\bigl|\widehat{u}_{k}(T)\bigr|^{2}-B(t-T), \end{aligned}$$
and then
$$\begin{aligned} \lim_{t\rightarrow+\infty}\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\} } \bigl(1+|k|^{p+1}\bigr)\bigl|\widehat{u}_{k}(t)\bigr|^{2}\leq- \infty. \end{aligned}$$
This contradiction leads to \(\lim_{t\rightarrow+\infty}|u(t)|_{\alpha }^{2}=B=0\), that is,
$$\begin{aligned} \lim_{t\rightarrow+\infty}\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\} }|k|^{2\alpha}\bigl| \widehat{u}_{k}(t)\bigr|^{2}=0, \end{aligned}$$
then \(\forall k\in\mathbb{Z}\), \(\lim_{t\rightarrow+\infty}|\widehat {u}_{k}(t)|^{2}=0\), therefore we have
$$\begin{aligned} \lim_{t\rightarrow+\infty}\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\} } \bigl(1+|k|^{p+1}\bigr)\bigl|\widehat{u}_{k}(t)\bigr|^{2}=A=0 \end{aligned}$$
and
$$\begin{aligned} \lim_{t\rightarrow+\infty}\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\} }|k|^{p+1}\bigl| \widehat{u}_{k}(t)\bigr|^{2}=0, \quad\textit{i.e.} \lim _{t\rightarrow+\infty}\bigl|u(t)\bigr|_{\frac{p+1}{2}}^{2}=0. \end{aligned}$$
The proof is complete. □

Remark 3.1

This paper gives the local well-posedness for the subcritical index \(\alpha>\frac{1}{2}\). The interesting case would be to consider the supercritical case \(0<\alpha<\frac{1}{2}\) and the critical case \(\alpha=\frac{1}{2}\). In the supercritical case \(0<\alpha<\frac{1}{2}\), there will be less dissipation, so the dispersive part comes to play a principal role. In the cases \(0<\alpha <\frac{1}{2}\) and \(\alpha=\frac{1}{2}\), \(\dot{H}^{\alpha}(\mathbb{T})\) is not an algebra, we must find another way to establish the estimates on the nonlinear term. We will consider the supercritical case in future work.

Declarations

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the anonymous referees for helpful comments and suggestions that greatly improved the presentation of this paper. This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11471129 and 11272277).

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)
School of Mathematics and Statistics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
(2)
School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xuchang University

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© Kang et al. 2015