Consider an equation related to the p-Laplacian,
$$ {u_{t}} = \operatorname{div} \bigl({\rho^{\alpha}} {\vert { \nabla u} \vert ^{p - 2}}\nabla u\bigr) + f(u,x,t) ,\quad (x,t) \in{Q_{T}} = \Omega \times (0,T), $$
(1.1)
where Ω is a bounded domain in \(\mathbb{R}^{N}\) with appropriately smooth boundary, \(\rho(x) = \operatorname{dist} (x,\partial\Omega)\), \(p>1\), \(\alpha >0\). Yin and Wang [1] first studied the equation
$$ {u_{t}} = \operatorname{div}\bigl({\rho^{\alpha}} {\vert { \nabla u} \vert ^{p - 2}}\nabla u\bigr) $$
(1.2)
and showed that, when \(\alpha>p-1\), the solution of the equation is completely controlled by the initial value.
The author studied in cooperation with Zhan and Yuan [2] the following equation:
$$ u_{t} = \operatorname{div} \bigl(\rho^{\alpha} \vert \nabla u \vert ^{p - 2}\nabla u\bigr) + \sum _{i = 1}^{N} \frac{\partial b_{i}(u)}{\partial x_{i}} ,\quad (x,t) \in{Q_{T}}, $$
(1.3)
and had shown that, to consider the well-posedness of equation (1.3), instead of the whole boundary condition
$$ u(x,t) = 0,\quad (x,t) \in\partial\Omega\times (0,T), $$
(1.4)
only the partial boundary condition
$$ u(x,t) = 0,\quad (x,t) \in\Sigma_{p} \times (0,T) $$
(1.5)
is necessary. Here, \(\Sigma _{p} \subseteq\partial\Omega\) is just a portion of ∂Ω, which is determined by the first order derivative term \(\frac{\partial b_{i}(u)}{\partial x_{i}}\), \(i=1, 2, \ldots , N\). Certainly, the initial value is always necessary,
$$ u(x,0)=u_{0}(x). $$
(1.6)
In our paper, we will consider the well-posedness of the solutions of equation (1.1). First of all, we give some basic functional spaces. For every fixed \(t\in[0, T]\), we introduce the Banach space
$$\begin{aligned}& V_{t}(\Omega) =\Bigl\{ u(x) : u(x)\in L^{2}(\Omega)\cap W^{1,1}_{0}(\Omega), \bigl|\nabla u(x)\bigr|^{p}\in L^{1} (\Omega)\Bigr\} ,\\& \|u\|_{V_{t}(\Omega)} = \|u\|_{2,\Omega} + \|\nabla u\|_{p,\Omega} , \end{aligned}$$
and denote by \(V'_{t}(\Omega)\) its dual. By \(\mathbf{W}(Q_{T})\) we denote the Banach space
$$\left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{@{}l} \mathbf{W}(Q_{T}) = \{u : [0,T]\rightarrow V_{t}(\Omega)|u\in L^{2}(Q_{T}),|\nabla u|^{p} \in L^{1}(Q_{T}), u = 0\mbox{ on }\Gamma_{T}\}, \\ \|u\|_{\mathbf{W}(Q_{T})} = \|\nabla u\|_{p,Q_{T}} + \|u\|_{2,Q_{T}} . \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$
\(\mathbf{W}'(Q_{T})\) is the dual of \(\mathbf{W}(Q_{T})\) (the space of linear functionals over \(\mathbf{W}(Q_{T})\)):
$$w\in\mathbf{W}'(Q_{T})\quad\Longleftrightarrow\quad \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{@{}l} w=w_{0}+\sum_{i=1}^{n}D_{i}w_{i},\quad w_{0}\in L^{2}(Q_{T}), w_{i}\in L^{p'}(Q_{T}),\\ \forall\phi\in\mathbf{W}(Q_{T}),\quad \ll w,\phi\gg=\int_{Q_{T}} (w_{0}\phi +\sum_{i}w_{i}D_{i}\phi )\,dz. \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$
The norm in \(\mathbf{W}'(Q_{T})\) is defined by
$$\|v\|_{\mathbf{W}'(Q_{T})}= \sup\bigl\{ \ll v,\phi\gg|\phi\in\mathbf{W(Q_{T})}, \| \phi\|_{\mathbf{W}(Q_{T})}\leq1\bigr\} . $$
Definition 1.1
A function \(u(x,t)\) is said to be a weak solution of equation (1.1) with the initial value (1.6), if
$$ u \in L^{\infty}(Q_{T}),\qquad u_{t}\in \mathbf{W}'(Q_{T}), \qquad{\rho^{\alpha}} {\vert { \nabla u} \vert ^{p}} \in{L^{1}}({Q_{T}}), $$
(1.7)
and for any function \(\varphi \in C_{0}^{\infty}({Q_{T}})\), we have
$$ \iint_{{Q_{T}}} \bigl(-u\varphi_{t} + \rho^{\alpha} \vert {\nabla u} \vert ^{p - 2}\nabla u \cdot\nabla\varphi - f(u,x,t) \varphi\bigr)\,dx\,dt= 0. $$
(1.8)
The initial value, as usual, is satisfied in the sense that
$$ \lim_{t\rightarrow0} \int_{\Omega}u(x,t)\phi(x)\,dx= \int_{\Omega }u_{0}(x)\phi(x)\,dx,\quad\forall\phi(x)\in C_{0}^{\infty}(\Omega). $$
(1.9)
We can easily obtain the existence of the weak solution.
Theorem 1.2
Let us suppose
\(1< p\), \(0<\alpha\), \(f(s,x,t)\)
is a Lipschitz function. If
$$ u_{0}(x)\in L^{\infty}(\Omega),\quad \rho^{\alpha}\|\nabla u_{0}\|^{p}\in L^{1}(\Omega), $$
(1.10)
then equation (1.1) with initial value (1.6) has a weak solution
u
in the sense of Definition
1.1.
We mainly are concerned with the stability of the solutions. As in [1–3], due to the fact that the weak solution defined in our paper satisfies (1.7), when \(\alpha< p-1\), we can define the trace of u on the boundary, while for \(\alpha\geq p-1\), the obtained weak solution lacks the regularity to define the trace on the boundary. However, in the short paper, by choosing a suitable test function, we can obtain the stability of the weak solutions without the boundary condition only if \(\alpha>0\). In other words, whether the weak solution is regular enough to define the trace on the boundary is not so important.
The main result of our paper is the following theorem.
Theorem 1.3
Let
u
and
v
be two weak solutions of equation (1.1) with the different initial values
\(u(x,0)=v(x,0)\), respectively. If
\(\alpha>0\)
and
\(f(s,x,t)\)
is a Lipschitz function, then
$$ \int_{\Omega}\bigl\vert u(x,t) - v(x,t) \bigr\vert \,dx \leq \int_{\Omega}\bigl\vert u_{0}(x) - v_{0}(x) \bigr\vert \,dx. $$
(1.11)
Comparing with [1], the greatest improvement lies in that we do not require any boundary condition, no matter that \(\alpha< p-1\) or \(\alpha \geq p-1\). At the same time, the nonlinear source term \(f(u,x,t)\) adds the difficulty when we use the compact convergence theorem. The proof of the existence of the weak solution is quite different from that in [1]. Moreover, we consider the following equation, which seems similar to our equation (1.1):
$$ {u_{t}} = \operatorname{div} \bigl({\vert {\nabla u} \vert ^{p - 2}}\nabla u\bigr) + f(u,x,t) ,\quad (x,t) \in{Q_{T}}, $$
(1.12)
which has been studied thoroughly for a long time, one may refer to [4–7]. Generally, to the growth order of u in \(f(u,x,t)\) should be added some restrictions. Very recently, Benedikt et al. [8] have studied the equation
$$ {u_{t}} = \operatorname{div} \bigl({\vert {\nabla u} \vert ^{p - 2}}\nabla u\bigr) + q(x)u^{\gamma} ,\quad (x,t) \in{Q_{T}} , $$
(1.13)
with \(0<\gamma<1\), and shown that the uniqueness of the solutions of equation (1.13) is not true. From the short comment, one can see that the degeneracy of the coefficient \(\rho^{\alpha}\) plays an important role in the well-posedness of the solutions, it even can eliminate the action from the source term \(f(u,x,t)\). By the way, the author has been interested in the boundary value condition of a degenerate parabolic equation for some time, one may refer to [9].