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Differential equations of divergence form in separable Musielak-Orlicz-Sobolev spaces
Boundary Value Problems volume 2016, Article number: 106 (2016)
Abstract
In this paper, we study the existence of weak solutions for differential equations of divergence form
in Ω coupled with a Dirichlet or Neumann boundary condition in separable Musielak-Orlicz-Sobolev spaces where \(a_{1}\) satisfies the growth condition, the coercive condition, and the monotone condition, and \(a_{0}\) satisfies the growth condition without any coercive condition or monotone condition. The right-hand side \(f:\Omega\times\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}^{N}\rightarrow\mathbb {R}\) is a Carathéodory function satisfying a growth condition dependent on the solution u and its gradient Du. We prove the existence of weak solutions by using a linear functional analysis method. Some sufficient conditions guarantee the existence enclosure of weak solutions between sub- and supersolutions. Our method does not require any reflexivity of the Musielak-Orlicz-Sobolev spaces.
1 Introduction
Let \(\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{N}\) be a bounded domain with Lipschitz boundary. Le [1] established a sub-supersolution method for variational inequalities with Leray-Lions operators in Sobolev spaces with variable exponents. Following [1], Fan [2] established a sub-supersolution method for the differential equations of divergence form
in Ω coupled with Neumann or Dirichlet boundary condition in reflexive Musielak-Orlicz-Sobolev spaces \(W_{0}^{1}L_{\Phi}(\Omega)\). Here \(a_{1}\) and \(a_{0}\) are supposed to satisfy growth conditions, coercive conditions, and monotone conditions, that is,
and
for \(x\in\Omega\), \(s, t\in\mathbb{R}\) and \(\xi,\eta\in\mathbb{R}^{N}\), where \(b_{1}, b_{2} >0\), \(g\in E_{\overline{\Phi}}(\Omega)\), \(g\geq0\), \(h \in L^{1}(\Omega)\), and \(h\geq0\). The right-hand side \(f:\Omega \times\mathbb{R}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}\) is a Carathéodory function.
Liu et al. [3] proved the existence of weak solutions for (1.1) with \(a_{0}=0\) in reflexive Musielak-Orlicz-Sobolev spaces.
However, there exist some nonreflexive Musielak-Orlicz-Sobolev spaces. For example, let \(\Phi(x,t)=(1+\frac{t}{p(x)})\ln(1+\frac {t}{p(x)})-\frac{t}{p(x)}\), for \(x\in\Omega\) and \(t>0\), where \(p:\Omega \rightarrow\mathbb{R}\) is a measurable function such that \(1< p_{-}:=\inf_{x\in\Omega}p(x)\leq p(x)\leq p_{+}:=\sup_{x\in\Omega}p(x)< +\infty\). Then the Musielak-Orlicz-Sobolev space \(W^{1}L_{\Phi}(\Omega)\) is separable and nonreflexive.
The purpose of this paper is to weaken the restriction of reflexivity of the Musielak-Orlicz spaces in [2] and study the existence of solutions for the following nonlinear problem:
in Ω coupled with Dirichlet or Neumann boundary condition, where \(a_{1}\) satisfies the growth condition, the coercive condition, and the monotone condition, and \(a_{0}\) satisfies the growth condition without any coercive condition or monotone condition. The right-hand side \(f:\Omega\times\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}^{N}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}\) is a Carathéodory function satisfying a growth condition dependent on the solution u and its gradient Du.
One needs the following coercive condition of Φ in [2]:
where \(G:(0,+\infty)\rightarrow\mathbb{R}\) is a function such that \(G(\alpha)\rightarrow+\infty\) as \(\alpha\rightarrow+\infty\). We will point out that the condition (1.9) can be omitted.
This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 contains some preliminaries and some technical lemmas which will be needed. We establish some basic properties for Musielak-Orlicz functions and some necessary and sufficient conditions for Musielak-Orlicz functions satisfying the \(\Delta_{2}\) condition. In Section 3, we establish a linear functional analysis method for differential equations of divergence form to prove the existence of weak solutions for (1.8) with Dirichlet boundary or Neumann boundary condition in separable Musielak-Orlicz-Sobolev spaces. We give the enclosure of weak solutions between sub- and supersolutions by using a sub-supersolution method. Our method does not require any monotonicity or coercivity of \(a_{0}\). We point out that the coercive condition (1.9) of Φ can be omitted because of the reflexivity of the Musielak-Orlicz-Sobolev spaces in [2].
We refer to some results of sub-supersolution methods for variational inequalities and the existence of solutions for differential equations studied in variable exponent Sobolev or Orlicz-Sobolev spaces (see, e.g., [4–11]). For some results we also refer to [12–14].
In this paper, we always assume that \(\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{N}\) is a bounded domain with Lipschitz boundary and denote by \(L^{0}(\Omega)\) the set of all real measurable functions defined on Ω.
2 Preliminaries
Now we list briefly some definitions and facts about Musielak-Orlicz-Sobolev spaces; for more details see [2, 15, 16], and [17].
A real function Φ defined on \(\Omega\times\mathbb{R}_{+}\), where \(\mathbb{R}_{+}=[0,+\infty)\), will be said a generalized N-function (i.e. a Musielak-Orlicz function), denoted by \(\Phi\in N(\Omega )\), if it satisfies the following conditions:
-
(i)
\(\Phi(x,u)\) is an N-function of the variable \(u\geq0\) for every \(x\in\Omega\), i.e. is a convex, nondecreasing, continuous function of u such that \(\Phi(x, 0)=0\), \(\Phi(x, u)>0\) for \(u > 0\), and we have the conditions
$$\lim_{u\rightarrow0^{+}}\sup_{x\in\Omega}\frac{\Phi(x,u)}{u}=0,\qquad \lim_{u\rightarrow+\infty}\inf_{x\in\Omega}\frac{\Phi(x,u)}{u}=+\infty. $$ -
(ii)
\(\Phi(x,u)\) is a measurable function of x for all \(u \geq0\).
Equivalently, Φ admits the representation
where \(\varphi(x,u)\) is the right-hand derivative of \(\Phi(x,\cdot)\) at u, for a fixed \(x\in\Omega\) and all \(u\geq0\). Then for every \(x\in \Omega\), \(\varphi(x,\tau)\) is a right-continuous and nondecreasing function of \(\tau\geq0\), \(\varphi(x,0)=0\), \(\varphi(x,\tau)> 0\) for \(\tau> 0\), and \(\lim_{u\rightarrow+\infty}\inf_{x\in\Omega}\varphi (x,\tau)=+\infty\).
Let \(\Phi\in N(\Omega)\), then \(\Phi(x,u)\leq u\varphi(x,u)\leq\Phi (x,2u)\), for \(x\in\Omega\), \(u\geq0\).
The complementary function Φ̅ to a Musielak-Orlicz function Φ is defined as follows:
Then Φ̅ is a Musielak-Orlicz function and Φ is also the complementary function to Φ̅. Equivalently, Φ̅ admits the representation
where ϕ is given by
Similar to the proof in [18], we can deduce that
and
For \(\Phi\in N(\Omega)\), the following inequality is called the Young inequality:
and the equality holds if and only if \(u=\phi(x,v)\) or \(v=\varphi (x,u)\), i.e.
Let \(\Phi\in N(\Omega)\). Φ is said to satisfy the \(\Delta_{2}\) condition (\(\Phi\in\Delta_{2}\), for short), if there exist a positive constant \(K>1\) and a nonnegative function \(h\in L^{1}(\Omega)\) such that
Clearly, by the proof of Proposition 1.3(6) in [2], if \(\Phi\in\Delta_{2}\), then there exist \(K>1\) and a nonnegative function \(h\in L^{1}(\Omega)\) such that
For each \(x\in\Omega\), the inverse function of \(\Phi(x,\cdot)\) is denoted by \(\Phi^{-1}(x,\cdot)\), i.e.
Let \(\Psi,\Upsilon\in N(\Omega)\). \(\Psi\preceq\Upsilon\) means that Ψ is weaker than ϒ, i.e., there exist positive constants \(K_{1}\), \(K_{2}\) and a nonnegative function \(h_{1} \in L^{1}(\Omega)\) such that
Φ is called locally integrable, if \(\int_{\Omega}\Phi(x,u)\,dx<\infty \) for every \(u>0\).
The following assumptions will be used.
- (\(\Phi_{1}\)):
-
\(\inf_{x\in\Omega}\Phi(x,1)=c_{1}>0\).
- (\(\Phi_{2}\)):
-
For every \(t_{0}>0\) there exists \(c=c(t_{0})>0\) such that
$$ \inf_{x\in\Omega}\frac{\Phi(x,t)}{t}\geq c $$(2.10)and
$$ \inf_{x\in\Omega}\frac{\overline{\Phi}(x,t)}{t}\geq c, $$(2.11)for all \(t\geq t_{0}\).
Obviously, (2.10) implies (\(\Phi_{1}\)).
Let \(\Phi\in N(\Omega)\). The Musielak-Orlicz space (i.e. the generalized Orlicz space) \(L_{\Phi}(\Omega)\) is defined by
with the (Luxemburg) norm
Moreover, the set
will be called the Musielak-Orlicz class (i.e. the generalized Orlicz class). A function \(u\in L^{0}(\Omega)\) will be called a finite element of \(L_{\Phi}(\Omega)\), if \(\lambda u\in K_{\Phi}(\Omega)\) for every \(\lambda> 0\). The space of all finite elements of \(L^{0}(\Omega )\) will be denoted by \(E_{\Phi}(\Omega)\). Then \(K_{\Phi}(\Omega)\) is a convex subset of \(L_{\Phi}(\Omega)\), \(L_{\Phi}(\Omega)\) is the smallest vector subspace of \(L^{0}(\Omega)\) containing \(K_{\Phi}(\Omega )\), and \(E_{\Phi}(\Omega)\) is the largest vector subspace of \(L^{0}(\Omega)\) contained in \(K_{\Phi}(\Omega)\).
If Φ is locally integrable, then \(E_{\Phi}(\Omega)\) is a separable space, and \(E_{\Phi}(\Omega)=K_{\Phi}(\Omega)=L_{\Phi}(\Omega)\) if and only if \(\Phi\in\Delta_{2}\).
If Φ is locally integrable and satisfy (2.10), then \((E_{\Phi}(\Omega))^{\ast}=L_{\overline{\Phi}}(\Omega)\). Moreover, if Φ̅ is locally integrable satisfying (2.11), and \(\Phi, \overline{\Phi} \in\Delta_{2}\), then \(L_{\Phi }(\Omega)\) is reflexive.
The Musielak-Orlicz-Sobolev space \(W^{1}L_{\Phi}(\Omega)\) is defined by
where \(\alpha=(\alpha_{1},\ldots, \alpha_{N})\) with nonnegative integers \(\alpha_{i}\), \(i=1,\ldots, N\), \(\vert \alpha \vert = \vert \alpha_{1}\vert + \vert \alpha_{2}\vert + \cdots+ \vert \alpha_{N}\vert \) and \(D^{\alpha}u\) denote the distributional derivatives.
Let
for \(u \in W^{1}L_{\Phi}(\Omega)\). \(\varrho_{\Phi}(u)\) is a convex modular and \(\Vert u\Vert _{\Phi,\Omega}\) is a norm on \(W^{1}L_{\Phi}(\Omega)\), respectively. The pair \((W^{1}L_{\Phi}(\Omega), \Vert u\Vert _{\Phi,\Omega})\) is a Banach space if Φ is locally integrable and satisfies (\(\Phi_{1}\)).
Taking \(\Phi(x,u)=\Phi(u)\), \(W^{1}L_{\Phi}(\Omega)\) is the Orlicz-Sobolev space. Taking \(\Phi(x,\vert u\vert )=\vert u\vert ^{p(x)}\), \(W^{1}L_{\Phi }(\Omega)\) is the variable exponent Sobolev space \(W^{1,p(\cdot)}(\Omega)\).
It is easy to see that
Denote \(\Vert Du\Vert _{\Phi}=\Vert \vert Du\vert \Vert _{\Phi} \) and \(\Vert u\Vert _{1,\Phi}=\Vert u\Vert _{\Phi }+\Vert Du\Vert _{\Phi}\). Then \(\Vert u\Vert _{1,\Phi}\) and \(\Vert u\Vert _{\Phi,\Omega}\) are two equivalent norms.
The space \(W^{1}L_{\Phi}(\Omega)\) will always be identified to a subspace of the product \(\prod_{\vert \alpha \vert \leq1}L_{\Phi}(\Omega)=\prod L_{\Phi}\); this subspace is \(\sigma(\prod L_{\Phi}, \prod E_{\overline {\Phi}})\) closed. Let \(W_{0}^{1}L_{\Phi}(\Omega)\) be the \(\sigma(\prod L_{\Phi}, \prod E_{\overline{\Phi}})\) closure of the Schwartz space \(\mathcal{D}(\Omega)\) in \(W^{1}L_{\Phi}(\Omega)\).
Let \(W^{1}E_{\Phi}(\Omega)=\{u\in E_{\Phi}(\Omega): \forall \vert \alpha \vert \leq1, D^{\alpha}u\in E_{\Phi}(\Omega)\}\), and \(W_{0}^{1}E_{\Phi}(\Omega)\) is the (norm) closure of \(\mathcal {D}(\Omega)\) in \(W^{1}L_{\Phi}(\Omega)\).
The proof of the following lemma is similar to [19].
Lemma 2.1
Let measΩ be bounded, \(\Phi\in N(\Omega)\), and φ is the right-hand derivative of Φ. Then
Proof
Let us assume that there is a sequence \(\{u_{n}\}\) with \(\int_{\Omega} \vert Du_{n}(x)\vert \,dx\rightarrow+\infty\) and \(K_{0}<\infty\) such that
Since \(\Phi\in N(\Omega)\), there exists \(R>0\) such that
We define \(\widetilde{\Omega}(R,n):=\{x\in\Omega| \vert D u_{n}(x)\vert \geq R\} \) and take for all n with \(\int_{\Omega} \vert Du_{n}(x)\vert \,dx \geq2R \operatorname {meas}\Omega\), then
This is a contradiction, thus (2.12) holds. □
Lemma 2.2
(see [20], Remark 2.1)
Let V be a vector space of finite dimension and \(A:V\rightarrow V'\) be a continuous mapping with
where \(V'\) is the dual space of V, then A is surjective.
Lemma 2.3
(see [21], Lemma 2.1)
If \(u\in W^{1}L_{\Phi}(\Omega )\), then \(u^{+}, u^{-}\in W^{1}L_{\Phi}(\Omega)\), and
Here \(u^{+}=\max\{u,0\}\), \(u^{-}=-\min\{u,0\}\). This lemma holds in \(W_{0}^{1}L_{\Phi}(\Omega)\) as well.
Lemma 2.4
(see [17])
If a sequence \(g_{n}\in L_{\overline{\Phi }}(\Omega)\) converges in measure to a measurable function g and if \(g_{n}\) remains bounded in \(L_{\overline{\Phi}}(\Omega)\), then \(g\in L_{\overline{\Phi}}(\Omega)\) and \(g_{n}\rightarrow g\) for \(\sigma (L_{\overline{\Phi}}(\Omega),E_{\Phi}(\Omega))\).
The following propositions refer to Theorems 1.6-1.8 in [16], Theorem 4.2 in [22], and Theorem 2.1 in [18].
Proposition 2.1
Let \(\Phi\in N(\Omega)\) and
Then \(\Phi_{1}\in N(\Omega)\) and the complementary function \(\overline {\Phi_{1}}\) to \(\Phi_{1}\) is given by
where Φ̅ is the complementary function to Φ.
Proof
It is easy to see that \(\Phi_{1}\in N(\Omega)\). We only need to show (2.14). By (2.1) and (2.13), we can deduce that
where φ and \(\varphi_{1}\) are the right-hand derivatives of Φ and \(\Phi_{1}\), respectively.
From (2.3), \(\phi_{1}(x,\sigma) =\frac{1}{b}\sup\{b\tau: \varphi(x,b\tau)\leq\frac{\sigma}{ab}\}=\frac{1}{b}\phi(x,\frac{\sigma }{ab})\), \(\forall\sigma\geq0\) and \(x\in\Omega\).
For \(\forall v\geq0\), by (2.2), \(\overline{\Phi}_{1}(x,v) =a\int_{0}^{v}\phi(x,\frac{\sigma}{ab})\,d\frac {\sigma}{ab}\), \(\forall v\geq0\) and \(x\in\Omega\). Define \(s =\frac{\sigma}{ab}\). Then \(\overline{\Phi}_{1}(x,v)=a\int_{0}^{\frac{v}{ab}}\phi(x,s)\,ds= a\overline{\Phi}(x,\frac{v}{ab})\), \(\forall v\geq0\) and \(x\in\Omega\). □
Proposition 2.2
Let \(\Phi_{1}, \Phi_{2}\in N(\Omega)\) and
Then
where \(\overline{\Phi_{1}}\) and \(\overline{\Phi_{2}}\) are the complementary functions to \(\Phi_{1}\) and \(\Phi_{2}\), respectively.
Proof
By (2.5) and (2.6), one has \(\Phi_{2}(x,\phi_{2}(x,v))+\overline{\Phi_{2}}(x,v)=\phi_{2}(x,v)\cdot v \leq\Phi_{1}(x,\phi_{2}(x,v))+\overline{\Phi_{1}}(x,v)\), \(\forall v\geq0\) and \(x\in\Omega\).
In view of (2.15), \(\Phi_{2}(x,\phi_{2}(x,v)) +h(x) \geq\Phi _{1}(x,\phi_{2}(x,v))\), \(\forall v\geq0\) and \(x\in\Omega\). Therefore, \(\overline{\Phi_{2}}(x,v) \leq\overline{\Phi _{1}}(x,v)+h(x)\), \(\forall v\geq0\) and \(x\in\Omega\). □
Proposition 2.3
Let \(\Phi\in N(\Omega)\) and its complementary function is Φ̅. φ and ϕ are given by (2.1) and (2.2), respectively. Then the following assertions are equivalent.
-
(1)
\(\Phi\in\Delta_{2}\).
-
(2)
\(\forall l_{1}>1\), there exist \(K'>1\) and a nonnegative function \(\tilde{h}_{1}\in L^{1}(\Omega)\) such that
$$\Phi(x,l_{1}u)\leq K' \Phi(x,u)+\tilde{h}_{1}(x), \quad \textit{for all } u\geq 0 \textit{ and a.e. } x\in\Omega. $$ -
(3)
\(\forall l_{2}>1\), there exist \(\varepsilon\in(0,1)\) and a nonnegative function \(\tilde{h}_{2}\in L^{1}(\Omega)\) such that
$$\Phi\bigl(x,(1+\varepsilon)u\bigr) \leq l_{2} \Phi(x,u)+ \tilde{h}_{2}(x), \quad \textit {for all } u\geq0 \textit{ and a.e. } x\in\Omega. $$ -
(4)
\(\forall l_{3}>1\), there exist \(\delta>0\) and a nonnegative function \(\tilde{h}_{3}\in L^{1}(\Omega)\) such that
$$(l_{3}+\delta)\overline{\Phi}(x,v)\leq\overline{\Phi}(x,l_{3}v)+ \tilde {h}_{3}(x),\quad \textit{for all } v\geq0 \textit{ and a.e. } x\in\Omega. $$ -
(5)
\(\forall l_{4}>1\), there exist \(l_{0}>1\) and a nonnegative function \(\tilde{h}_{4}\in L^{1}(\Omega)\) such that
$$\overline{\Phi}(x,v)\leq\frac{1}{l_{0}l_{4}}\overline{\Phi }(x,l_{4}v)+ \tilde{h}_{4}(x), \quad \textit{for all } v\geq0 \textit{ and a.e. } x\in\Omega. $$ -
(6)
There exist \(l_{5}>1\) and a nonnegative function \(\tilde {h}_{5}\in L^{1}(\Omega)\) such that
$$\overline{\Phi}(x,v)\leq\frac{1}{2l_{5}}\overline{\Phi }(x,l_{5}v)+ \tilde{h}_{5}(x),\quad \textit{for all } v\geq0 \textit{ and a.e. } x\in\Omega. $$ -
(7)
There exist \(l_{6}>0\) and a nonnegative function \(\tilde {h}_{6}\in L^{1}(\Omega)\) such that
$$u\varphi(x,2u)\leq l_{6}u\varphi(x,u)+\tilde{h}_{6}(x), \quad \textit{for all } u\geq0 \textit{ and a.e. } x\in\Omega. $$ -
(8)
\(\forall m_{1}>1\), there exist \(l_{7}>0\) and a nonnegative function \(\tilde{h}_{7}\in L^{1}(\Omega)\) such that
$$u\varphi(x,m_{1}u)\leq l_{7}u\varphi(x,u)+ \tilde{h}_{7}(x), \quad \textit{for all } u\geq0 \textit{ and a.e. } x\in\Omega. $$
Proof
(1)⇒(2). Since \(\Phi\in\Delta_{2}\), by (2.7), there exist \(K>1\) and a nonnegative function \(h\in L^{1}(\Omega)\) such that \(\Phi(x,2u) \leq K \Phi(x,u)+ h(x)\), \(\forall u\geq0\) and a.e. \(x\in\Omega\). For every \(l_{1}>1\), there exists \(n\in\mathbb{N}\) such that \(2^{n}\geq l_{1}\). Then
\(\forall u\geq0\) and a.e. \(x\in\Omega\). Taking \(K'=K^{n}\) and \(\tilde {h}_{1}=\frac{K^{n}-1}{K-1}h(x)\), we can deduce the assertion (2).
(2)⇒(3). For every \(l_{2}>1\), by the assertion (2), there exist \(K'>l_{2}\) and a nonnegative function \(\tilde{h}_{1}\in L^{1}(\Omega)\) such that
Take \(\varepsilon=\frac{l_{2}-1}{K'-1}\), then \(\varepsilon\in(0,1)\). Hence,
for all \(u\geq0\) and a.e. \(x\in\Omega\). Taking \(\tilde{h}_{2}=\varepsilon\tilde{h}_{1}\), we complete the assertion (3).
(3)⇒(4). By the assertion (3), \(\forall l_{3}>1\), there exist \(\varepsilon\in(0,1)\) and a nonnegative function \(\tilde {h}_{2}\in L^{1}(\Omega)\) such that
It implies that \(\frac{1}{l_{3}}\Phi(x,(1+\varepsilon)u)\leq \Phi (x,u)+ \frac{1}{l_{3}}\tilde{h}_{2}(x)\). Denote \(\Phi_{1}(x,u)=\frac {1}{l_{3}}\Phi(x,(1+\varepsilon)u)\). By Proposition 2.1, \(\overline{\Phi_{1}}(x,v)=\frac{1}{l_{3}}\overline{\Phi}(x,\frac {l_{3}}{1+\varepsilon}v)\), \(\forall v\geq0\) and a.e. \(x\in\Omega\). By Proposition 2.2, we get
\(\forall v\geq0\), and a.e. \(x\in\Omega\). Thus, we have \(l_{3}(1+\varepsilon)\overline{\Phi_{1}}(x,v) \leq\overline{\Phi }(x,l_{3}v)+(1+\varepsilon)\tilde{h}_{2}(x)\). Taking \(\delta=l_{3}\varepsilon\) and \(\tilde{h}_{3}=(1+\varepsilon )\tilde{h}_{2}\), we complete the assertion (4).
(4)⇒(5). By the assertion (4), \(\forall l_{4}>1\), there exist \(\delta>0\) and a nonnegative function \(\tilde{h}_{3}\in L^{1}(\Omega)\) such that
Hence, \(\overline{\Phi}(x,v)\leq\frac{1}{l_{4}(1+\frac{\delta }{l_{4}})}\overline{\Phi}(x,l_{4}v)+\frac{1}{l_{4}(1+\frac{\delta }{l_{4}})}\tilde{h}_{3}(x)\). Taking \(l_{0}=1+\frac{\delta}{l_{4}}\) and \(\tilde{h}_{4}=\frac {1}{l_{4}(1+\frac{\delta}{l_{4}})}\tilde{h}_{3}\), we complete the assertion (5).
(5)⇒(1). By the assertion (5), \(\forall l_{4}>1\), there exist \(l_{0}>1\) and a nonnegative function \(\tilde{h}_{4}\in L^{1}(\Omega)\) such that
By Proposition 2.1 and Proposition 2.2, we obtain \(\Phi(x,l_{0}u)\leq l_{0}l_{4}\Phi(x,u)+l_{0}l_{4}\tilde {h}_{4}(x)\), \(\forall u\geq0\) and a.e. \(x\in\Omega\). Take \(n_{0}\in\mathbb{N}\) such that \(l_{0}^{n_{0}}\geq2\). Then \(\Phi(x,2u)\leq\Phi(x,l_{0}^{n_{0}}u)\leq l_{0}^{n_{0}}l_{4}^{n_{0}}\Phi(x,u)+\frac {l_{0}^{n_{0}}l_{4}^{n_{0}}-1}{l_{0}l_{4}-1}\tilde{h}_{4}(x)\). Denote \(l_{0}^{n_{0}}l_{4}^{n_{0}}=K\) and \(\frac {l_{0}^{n_{0}}l_{4}^{n_{0}}-1}{l_{0}l_{4}-1}\tilde{h}_{4}=h\). We deduce (2.7), i.e. \(\Phi\in\Delta_{2}\).
(6)⇒(1). Define \(\Psi_{1}(x,v)=\frac{1}{2l_{5}}\overline {\Phi}(x,l_{5}v)\). By Proposition 2.1, \(\overline{\Psi_{1}}(x,u)=\frac {1}{2l_{5}}\Phi(x,2u)\), \(\forall u\geq0\) and a.e. \(x\in\Omega\). By Proposition 2.2, \(\Phi(x,2u)\leq2l_{5}\Phi(x,u)+2l_{5}\tilde{h}_{5}(x)\), \(\forall u\geq 0\) and a.e. \(x\in\Omega\). Therefore, \(\Phi\in\Delta_{2}\).
Similarly, (1) implies (6).
(1)⇒(7). By (2), there exist \(K'>0\) and \(\tilde{h}_{1}\in L^{1}(\Omega)\) such that
On the other hand, we have \(2u\varphi(x,2u)\leq\Phi(x,4u)\) and \(\Phi (x,u)\leq u\varphi(x,u)\), for \(x\in\Omega\), \(u\geq0\). Hence,
Consequently, the assertion (7) holds by taking \(l_{6}=\frac{K'}{2} \) and \(\tilde{h}_{6}=\frac{1}{2}\tilde{h}_{1}\).
(7)⇒(8). For every \(m_{1}>1\), there is \(n_{0}\in\mathbb {N}^{+}\) such that \(2^{n_{0}}\geq m_{1}\). Then \(u\varphi(x,m_{1}u)\leq u\varphi(x,2^{n_{0}}u)\leq l_{6}^{n_{0}}u\varphi(x,u)+\frac {l_{6}^{n_{0}}-1}{l_{6}-1}\tilde{h}_{6}(x)\), \(\forall u\geq0\) and a.e. \(x\in\Omega\). Taking \(l_{7}=l_{6}^{n_{0}}\) and \(\tilde{h}_{7}=\frac {l_{6}^{n_{0}}-1}{l_{6}-1}\tilde{h}_{6}\), we complete (8).
(8)⇒(1). For every \(l_{1}>1\), we have \(\Phi(x,l_{1}u)\leq l_{1}u\varphi(x,l_{1}u)\). By (8), there exist \(l_{7}>0\) and \(\tilde{h}_{7}\in L^{1}(\Omega)\) such that
It follows that \(\Phi(x,l_{1}u)\leq l_{1}l_{7}u\varphi(x,\frac{u}{2})+ l_{1}\tilde {h}_{7}(x)\leq 2l_{1}l_{7}\Phi(x,u)+ l_{1}\tilde{h}_{7}(x)\), for all \(u\geq0\) and a.e. \(x\in\Omega\). Taking \(K'=2l_{1}l_{7}\) and \(\tilde{h}_{1}=l_{1}\tilde{h}_{7}\), we deduce (2). Immediately, (1) holds. □
Example 2.1
Let \(\Phi(x,\vert t\vert )=(1+\frac{\vert t\vert }{p(x)})\ln(1+\frac{\vert t\vert }{p(x)})-\frac {\vert t\vert }{p(x)}\), for \(x\in\Omega\) and \(t\in\mathbb{R}\), where \(p:\Omega \rightarrow\mathbb{R}\) is a measurable function such that \(1< p_{-}\leq p(x)\leq p_{+}< +\infty\). Then \(\varphi(x,\vert t\vert )=\frac{1}{p(x)}\ln(1+\frac{\vert t\vert }{p(x)})\), \(\phi (x,\vert s\vert )=p(x)(\exp(p(x)\vert s\vert )-1)\) and \(\overline{\Phi}(x,\vert s\vert )=\exp(p(x)\vert s\vert )-p(x)\vert s\vert -1\). It follows that \(\Phi\in N(\Omega)\) and \(\Phi\in\Delta_{2}\). But \(\overline{\Phi}\notin\Delta_{2}\). Moreover, both Φ and Φ̅ are locally integrable. Therefore, \(L_{\Phi} (\Omega)\) is separable, but \(L_{\Phi} (\Omega)\) is not reflexive.
Remark 2.1
Let \(\Phi(x,\vert t\vert )=\exp(p(x)\vert t\vert )-1\), for \(x\in\Omega\) and \(t\in\mathbb {R}\), where \(p:\Omega\rightarrow\mathbb{R}\) is a measurable function such that \(1< p_{-}\leq p(x)\leq p_{+}<+\infty\). It is worth noting that Φ does not satisfy the condition \(\lim_{u\rightarrow0^{+}}\sup_{x\in\Omega}\frac{\Phi(x,u)}{u}=0\). Therefore, \(\Phi\notin N(\Omega)\).
Clearly, by (2.9), Proposition 2.1 and Proposition 2.2, we can deduce the following proposition.
Proposition 2.4
If \(\Phi\preceq\Psi\), then \(\overline{\Psi}\preceq\overline{\Phi}\).
3 Existence theorems
Let \(\Phi\in N(\Omega)\), and satisfy the condition
- (Φ):
-
\(\Phi\in\Delta_{2}\), Φ̅ is a complementary function to Φ, both Φ and Φ̅ are locally integrable and satisfy \((\Phi_{2})\).
We assume that there exists \(\Psi\in N(\Omega)\) satisfying the condition
- (Ψ):
-
\(\Psi\in\Delta_{2}\), Ψ̅ is a complementary function to Ψ, both Ψ and Ψ̅ are locally integrable and satisfy \((\Phi_{2})\), \(\Phi\preceq\Psi\), and the embedding \(W^{1}L_{\Phi}(\Omega )\hookrightarrow L_{\Psi}(\Omega)\) is compact.
Note that, in this case, the spaces \(L_{\Phi}(\Omega)\), \(L_{\Psi }(\Omega)\), \(W^{1}L_{\Phi}(\Omega)\), \(W_{0}^{1}L_{\Phi}(\Omega)\) are separable Banach spaces.
For \(u, v\in L^{0}(\Omega)\), we denote \(u\wedge v=\min\{u,v\}\), \(u\vee v=\max\{u,v\}\), \(u^{+}:=u\vee0\), \(u^{-}:=-u\wedge0\), \(u\leq v\Leftrightarrow u(x)\leq v(x)\) for a.e. \(x\in\Omega\).
Let \(a_{1}:\Omega\times\mathbb{R}^{N}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{N}\) be a Carathéodory function satisfying the following conditions:
- (\(A_{1}\)):
-
For a.e. \(x\in\Omega\) and all \(\xi, \eta\in\mathbb{R}^{N}\),
$$\begin{aligned}& \bigl\vert a_{1}(x,\xi)\bigr\vert \leq b_{1}\overline{ \Phi}^{-1}\bigl(x,\Phi\bigl(x, \vert \xi \vert \bigr) \bigr)+g_{1}(x), \end{aligned}$$(3.1)$$\begin{aligned}& a_{1}(x,\xi)\xi\geq b_{2}\Phi\bigl(x, \vert \xi \vert \bigr)-g_{2}(x), \end{aligned}$$(3.2)$$\begin{aligned}& \bigl[a_{1}(x,\xi)-a_{1}(x,\eta)\bigr](\xi-\eta)> 0,\quad \xi\neq \eta, \end{aligned}$$(3.3)where \(b_{1},b_{2}>0\), \(g_{1}\in E_{\overline{\Phi}}(\Omega)\), \(g_{1}\geq0\), \(g_{2}\in L^{1}(\Omega)\), and \(g_{2}\geq0\).
Let \(a_{0}:\Omega\times\mathbb{R}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}\) be a Carathéodory function satisfying the following conditions:
- (\(A_{0}\)):
-
For a.e. \(x\in\Omega\) and all \(t \in\mathbb{R}\),
$$ \bigl\vert a_{0}(x,t)\bigr\vert \leq b_{1} \overline{\Phi}^{-1}\bigl(x,\Phi\bigl(x, \vert t\vert \bigr) \bigr)+g_{1}(x), $$(3.4)where \(b_{1}>0\), \(g_{1}\in E_{\overline{\Phi}}(\Omega)\), and \(g_{1}\geq0\).
Example 3.1
-
(1)
Let \(\Phi(x,\vert t\vert )=\frac{1}{p(x)}\vert t\vert ^{p(x)}\), \(a_{1}(x,\xi)=\vert \xi \vert ^{p(x)-2}\xi\), for \(x\in\Omega\) and \(t\in\mathbb{R}\), where \(p:\Omega\rightarrow\mathbb{R}\) is a measurable function such that \(2\leq p_{-}\leq p(x)\leq p_{+}< +\infty\). Then Φ satisfies (Φ) and we get the \(p(x)\)-Laplace operator \(\operatorname {div}(\vert Du\vert ^{p(x)-2}Du)\).
-
(2)
Let \(\Phi(x,\vert t\vert )=\frac{1}{p(x)}[(1+\vert t\vert ^{2})^{p(x)/2}-1]\), \(a_{1}(x,\xi )=(1+\vert \xi \vert ^{2})^{(p(x)-2)/2}\xi\), for \(x\in\Omega\) and \(t\in\mathbb{R}\), where \(p:\Omega\rightarrow\mathbb{R}\) is a measurable function such that \(2\leq p_{-}\leq p(x)\leq p_{+}<+\infty\). Then Φ satisfies (Φ) and we obtain the generalized mean curvature operator \(\operatorname {div}((1+\vert Du\vert ^{2})^{(p(x)-2)/2}Du)\). Moreover, by Proposition 2.3(6), \(\overline{\Phi}\in\Delta_{2}\).
-
(3)
Let \(\Phi(x,\vert t\vert )=(1+\frac{\vert t\vert }{p(x)})\ln(1+\frac{\vert t\vert }{p(x)})-\frac {\vert t\vert }{p(x)}\), for \(x\in\Omega\) and \(t\in\mathbb{R}\), where \(p:\Omega \rightarrow\mathbb{R}\) is a measurable function such that \(1< p_{-}\leq p(x)\leq p_{+}< +\infty\). Clearly, it can be verified that Φ satisfies (Φ). Put \(a_{1}(x,\xi)=\varphi(x,\vert \xi \vert )\frac{\xi}{ \vert \xi \vert }\), and \(a_{0}(x,t)=\varphi(x,\vert t\vert )\), for \(x\in\Omega\), \(t\in\mathbb{R}\) and \(\xi\in\mathbb{R}^{N}\), where \(\varphi(x,\vert t\vert )=\frac{1}{p(x)}\ln(1+\frac {\vert t\vert }{p(x)})\). Then \(a_{1}\) and \(a_{0}\) satisfy (\(A_{1}\)) and (\(A_{0}\)), respectively.
Remark 3.1
Clearly, the condition (1.2) (resp. (1.5)) implies (3.1) (resp. (3.4)).
Consider the following Dirichlet boundary value problem:
where \(f:\Omega\times\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}^{N}\rightarrow\mathbb {R}\) is a Carathéodory function. Denote by F the Nemytskii operator associated to f, that is,
A function u is called a (weak) solution of (3.5) if \(u\in W_{0}^{1}L_{\Phi}(\Omega)\), \(F(u)\in L_{\overline{\Psi}}(\Omega)\) and u satisfies the equation
A function u is called a subsolution (resp. supersolution) of (3.5) if \(u\in W_{0}^{1}L_{\Phi}(\Omega)\), \(F(u)\in L_{\overline{\Psi}}(\Omega)\) and (3.6) holds with ‘=’ replaced by ‘≤’ (resp. ‘≥’) for every nonnegative functions v in \(W_{0}^{1}L_{\Phi }(\Omega)\) (see [2]).
Theorem 3.1
Suppose that \(\underline{u}_{1}, \ldots, \underline{u}_{k}\) and \(\overline{u}_{1}, \ldots, \overline{u}_{m}\) are subsolutions and supersolutions of (3.5), respectively, that satisfy
Let (Φ), (Ψ), (\(A_{1}\)), (\(A_{0}\)) hold. Assume the nonlinear term g satisfies the following local growth condition:
for a.e. \(x\in\Omega\) and \(\forall t\in[\underline{u}(x),\overline {u}(x)]\), with \(q\in E_{\overline{\Psi}}(\Omega)\), \(b_{3}, b_{4}>0\). Then there exists a solution u of (3.5) such that \(\underline{u} \leq u \leq\overline{u}\).
Proof
Denote \(V=W_{0}^{1}L_{\Phi}(\Omega)\). For \(x\in\Omega\), we put
Then \(Tu =u\vee\underline{u}+u\wedge\overline{u}-u\). By Remark 3.1 in [2], \(T: V\rightarrow V\) is continuous. It is easy to see that T is bounded. From Proposition 2.4, we obtain \(F(Tu)\in L_{\overline {\Psi}}(\Omega)\), \(\forall u\in V\).
We define the cutoff function \(l:\Omega\times\mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) given by
for \(x\in\Omega\), \(s\in\mathbb{R}\). Then l satisfies the following condition:
for \(x\in\Omega\) and all \(s\in\mathbb{R}\).
For all \(u\in V\), since \(\Phi\in\Delta_{2}\), there exists \(K_{1}>1\) such that
for some constant \(C>0\) independent of u, where \(\{u<\underline{u}\} =\{x\in\Omega:u(x)<\underline{u}(x)\}\), \(\{u>\overline{u}\}=\{x\in\Omega :u(x)>\overline{u}(x)\}\), and \(\{\underline{u}\leq u \leq\overline{u}\}=\{x\in\Omega:\underline {u}(x)\leq u(x) \leq\overline{u}(x)\}\).
Let us consider the auxiliary equation of finding \(u\in V\) such that
where \(\lambda>0\) is a parameter to be specified later.
Define \(\Gamma_{T}: V\rightarrow V^{*}\),
\(\forall v\in V\). Then \(\Gamma_{T}\) is well defined.
Since \(\Phi\in\Delta_{2} \), there exists a sequence \(\{w_{n}\}\subset V\) such that \(\{w_{n}\}\) is dense in V. Let \(V_{m}=\operatorname {span}\{ w_{1},\ldots,w_{m}\}\) and consider \(\Gamma_{T}|_{V_{m}}\). For every \(u\in V_{m}\), \(\Vert Du\Vert _{\Phi}\) and \(\int_{\Omega} \vert Du\vert \,dx\) are two norms of \(V_{m}\) equivalent to the usual norm of finite dimensional vector spaces.
Similar to the proof of Proposition 3.1 in [20], we can deduce that the mapping \(u\rightarrow\Gamma _{T}|_{V_{m}}u:V_{m}\rightarrow V_{m}^{*}\) is continuous.
In view of (3.7), one has
for all \(u\in V\), where \(\varepsilon_{1}=\frac{b_{2}}{2b_{4}}\) and the constant \(C^{*}>0\).
Thanks to (3.4) and (2.8), there exist \(K_{2}>1\) and a nonnegative function \(h\in L^{1}(\Omega)\) such that
for all \(u\in V\), where the constant \(C>0\) is independent of u.
Let \(\lambda> K_{1}(b_{1}K_{2}+1+2b_{3})\). Combining (3.2), (3.9), (3.11), and (3.12), we obtain
for all \(u\in V\) and some \(C>0\) independent of u. By Proposition 1.9 in [2], there exists \(C_{1}>0\) such that \(\Vert u\Vert _{\Phi}\leq C_{1}\Vert Du\Vert _{\Phi}\). In view of (3.13), for all \(u\in V_{m}\), we have
for some constant \(C_{2}>0\). By Lemma 2.1, we get
By Lemma 2.2, there exists a Galerkin solution \(u_{m}\in V_{m}\) for every \(m\in\mathbb{N}\) such that \((\Gamma_{T} u_{m},v)=0\), \(v\in V_{m}\). Using the density of \(\{w_{m}\}\), we deduce that
For \(u\in V\), define \(\rho(u)=\int_{\Omega}(\Phi(x, \vert Du\vert )+\Phi(x,\vert u\vert ))\,dx\) and \(\Vert u\Vert _{\rho} =\inf\{\lambda>0: \rho (\frac{u}{\lambda} )\leq1\}\). Then \(\Vert u\Vert _{\rho}\) is a norm of V equivalent to \(\Vert u\Vert _{1,\Phi}\) (see [2]).
Taking \(\alpha_{0}=\min \{\frac{b_{2}}{2},\frac{\lambda}{K_{1}}- b_{1}K_{2}-1-2b_{3} \}\), we have
for all \(u\in V\), as \(\Vert u\Vert _{1,\Phi}\) is large enough. Therefore, by (3.15), we get a sequence \(\{u_{m}\}\) that is bounded in V. Hence, there exist \(u_{0}\in V\) and a subsequence \(\{ u_{k}\}\) of \(\{u_{m}\}\), such that
as \(k\rightarrow\infty\).
By (3.4) and (3.8), \(\{a_{0}(x, Tu_{k})\}\) and \(\{ l(x,u_{k})\}\) are bounded in \(L_{\overline{\Phi}}(\Omega)\). By Lemma 2.4,
and
as \(k\rightarrow\infty\).
On the other hand, by the Lebesgue theorem, we deduce that
Thanks to (3.7), \(\{F(Tu_{k})\}\) is bounded in \(L_{\overline {\Psi}}(\Omega)\). Hence,
Thus we obtain
Similar to the proof of Proposition 3.1 in [20], we can construct a subsequence still denoted by \(\{u_{k}\}\) such that
Hence
In view of (3.1), \(\{a_{1}(x, Du_{k})\}\) is bounded in \((L_{\overline{\Phi}}(\Omega))^{N}\), then by Lemma 2.4, we have
as \(k\rightarrow\infty\). Similarly,
Hence, \((\Gamma_{T} u_{k},v)=(\Gamma_{T} u_{0},v)\), \(\forall v\in V\). By (3.15), \((\Gamma_{T} u_{0},v)=0\), \(\forall v\in V\), i.e., \(u_{0}\) is a solution of (3.10).
For every \(m\in\mathbb{N}\), taking \(v=(u_{m}-\overline{u})^{+}\in V\) in (3.15) as a test function, we get
By (3.3), we have
Since
and
we get
It follows that \(u_{m}\leq\overline{u}\). Using arguments similar to those above we can prove that \(u_{m}\geq \underline{u}\).
Thanks to (3.18), one has \(\underline{u} \leq u_{0}\leq \overline{u}\). From the definitions of \(l(\cdot,u_{0}(\cdot))\) and \(Tu_{0}\), we have
and
for a.e. \(x\in\Omega\). We note that then (3.10) reduces to (3.6), which completes the proof. □
Remark 3.2
Our proof does not need the conditions \(\overline{\Phi}\in\Delta_{2}\) and \((\Phi_{3})\) in [2].
Remark 3.3
Our method needs the strict monotonicity (3.3) of \(a_{1}\), but does not require monotonicity (1.7) or coercivity (1.6) of \(a_{0}\). However, if \(\overline{\Phi}\in\Delta_{2}\), then we can deduce (3.22) by following the lines of Theorem 4.1 in [23] when (3.3) is replaced by (1.4).
Remark 3.4
Assume that (1.7) holds and the assumptions of Theorem 3.1 hold. If \(f(x,u,Du)=f(x)\in L_{\overline{\Psi}}(\Omega)\), then it is easy to see that (3.5) has a unique solution.
Remark 3.5
Now we consider the following Neumann boundary value problem:
where γ is the outward unit normal to ∂Ω.
We also assume that there is a function \(G:[k,+\infty)\rightarrow\mathbb {R}\) for some \(k>0\) such that \(G(s)\rightarrow+\infty\) as \(s\rightarrow +\infty\) and
and some \(h\in L^{1}(\Omega)\), \(h\geq0\).
Assume that (3.25) holds and the assumptions of Theorem 3.1 hold. Replacing V by \(W^{1}L_{\Phi}(\Omega)\) in the proof of Theorem 3.1, and (3.13)-(3.14) by the following lines, we can deduce a similar theorem to Theorem 3.1 for the Neumann boundary value problem (3.24).
for all \(u\in V\) and some \(C>0\) independent of u, where \(\alpha_{0}=\min\{\frac{b_{2}}{2},\frac{\lambda}{K_{1}}- b_{1}K_{2} -1-2b_{3}\}\).
Combining (3.25) and (3.26), we can deduce that, for any \(\varepsilon>0\),
\(\forall u\in V\), as \(\Vert u\Vert _{1,\Phi}\) is large enough. Since ε is arbitrary, we get
\(\forall u\in V\), as \(\Vert u\Vert _{1,\Phi}\) is large enough. Therefore, we obtain
Proposition 3.1
If \(\overline{\Phi}\in\Delta_{2}\), then there are functions \(h\in L^{1}(\Omega)\), \(h\geq0\), and \(G:[k,+\infty)\rightarrow\mathbb{R}\) for some \(k>2\) such that \(G(s)\rightarrow+\infty\) as \(s\rightarrow+\infty\) and (3.25) holds.
Proof
The proof of (3.25) is similar to the proof of Lemma 3.14 of [24].
Since \(\overline{\Phi}\in\Delta_{2}\), there exist a positive constant \(k>1\) and a nonnegative function \(h\in L^{1}(\Omega)\) such that \(\overline{\Phi}(x,2v)\leq k \overline{\Phi}(x,v)+h(x)\), for all \(v\geq 0\) and a.e. \(x\in\Omega\). Necessarily, \(k>2\). Defining a function \(F:[1,+\infty)\rightarrow[k,+\infty)\) by
we obtain
Hence \(\frac{1}{F(r)}\overline{\Phi}(x,rv)\leq \overline{\Phi}(x,v)+ \frac{1}{r}h(x)\). Taking \(\Psi_{1}(x,v)=\frac{1}{F(r)}\overline{\Phi}(x,rv)\), by Proposition 2.1 and Proposition 2.2, we have \(\Phi(x,u)\leq\frac{1}{F(r)}\Phi(x,\frac{F(r)}{r}u) + \frac {1}{r}h(x)\), for all \(u\geq0\) and a.e. \(x\in\Omega\). It follows that \(F(r)\Phi(x,u)\leq\Phi(x,\frac{F(r)}{r}u) +\frac {F(r)}{r} h(x)\), for all \(u\geq0\) and a.e. \(x\in\Omega\). Since \(\frac{F(r)}{r}\) strictly increases from k to +∞ as \(r\in[1,+\infty)\), its reciprocal function \(G(s)\) is well defined and strictly increases from 1 to +∞ as \(s\in[k,+\infty)\), and we have \(sG(s)\Phi(x,u)\leq\Phi(x,su) + s h(x)\), i.e.
□
Remark 3.6
Clearly, (1.9) can be replaced by (3.25) in the proof of Theorem 2.1 in [2]. Therefore, by Proposition 3.1, the condition (1.9) can be omitted since \(\overline{\Phi}\in\Delta_{2}\) in [2].
Denote \(\mathcal{S}=\{u\in W_{0}^{1}L_{\Phi}(\Omega): u \mbox{ is a solution of (3.5) and } \underline{u}\leq u\leq \overline{u}\}\). Under the assumptions of Theorem 3.1, the solution set \(\mathcal{S}\) is nonempty and we can deduce the following corollary.
Corollary 3.1
Under the assumptions of Theorem 3.1, the following assertions about \(\mathcal{S}\) are true.
-
(a)
The set \(\mathcal{S}\) is compact in \(W_{0}^{1}L_{\Phi}(\Omega)\).
-
(b)
\(\mathcal{S}\) is a direct set in both directions, that is, if \(u_{1}, u_{2}\in\mathcal{S}\) then there exist \(u, v \in\mathcal {S}\) such that \(u\geq u_{1}\vee u_{2}\) and \(v\leq u_{1}\wedge u_{2}\).
-
(c)
\(\mathcal{S}\) has least and greatest elements with respect to the ordering ‘≤’, that is, there are \(u_{*}, u^{*}\in\mathcal {S}\) such that \(u_{*}\leq u\leq u^{*}\), for all \(u\in\mathcal{S}\).
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Acknowledgements
The authors are highly grateful for the referees’ careful reading and comments on this paper. The first author was supported by ‘Chen Guang’ Project (supported by Shanghai Municipal Education Commission and Shanghai Education Development Foundation) (10CGB25). The second author was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11371279).
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All authors contributed equally and significantly in writing this paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ge Dong and Xiaochun Fang contributed equally to this work.
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Dong, G., Fang, X. Differential equations of divergence form in separable Musielak-Orlicz-Sobolev spaces. Bound Value Probl 2016, 106 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-016-0612-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-016-0612-9
Keywords
- separable Musielak-Orlicz-Sobolev spaces
- differential equation
- sub-supersolution