A viscous thin-film equation with a singular diffusion

The paper is devoted to studying a viscous thin-film equation with a singular diffusion term and the periodic boundary conditions in multidimensional space, which has a lot of applications in fluids theory such as draining of foams and the movement of contact lenses. In order to obtain the necessary uniform estimates and overcome the difficulty of a singular diffusion term, the entropy functional method is used. Finally, the existence of nonnegative weak solutions is obtained by some compactness arguments.

The research of the Cahn-Hilliard equation and the thin-film equation has become a hot topic recently. The Cahn-Hilliard equation (see [1]) can describe the evolution of a conserved concentration field during phase separation, which has the form $u_{t}+\nabla\cdot(m\nabla(\varepsilon^{2}\varDelta u+f'(u)))=0$ where m, f, $\varepsilon^{2}$ denote the atomic mobility, the free energy, the parameter proportional to the interface energy, respectively. $-(\varepsilon^{2}\varDelta u+f'(u))$ can be taken as the chemical potential. For the linear or degenerate mobility, Elliott, Zheng, and Garcke [2, 3] have studied its existence and obtained some properties of solutions. Besides, Liang and Zheng [4] obtained the existence and stability results for this model with a gradient mobility by studying the corresponding semi-discrete problems.

The thin-film equation is usually used to describe the motion of a very thin layer of viscous incompressible fluids along an inclined plane such as the draining of foams and the movement of contact lenses. It can be taken as a class of fourth-order degenerate parabolic equations [5]:

where the mobility $m(u)$ degenerates at $u=0$. For example, thin-film flows driven by the surface tension can be modeled by the following fourth-order degenerate parabolic equations:

For the simplified thin-film equation $u_{t}+(u^{n} u_{xxx})_{x}=0$, Bernis and Friedman [6] gave the first result to the existence and nonnegativity of weak solutions. Bertozzi and Pugh [7] have studied the existence in the distributional sense and the long time decay for the model of the thin-film equation with a second-order diffusion term. Boutat et al. [8] studied a generalized thin-film equation with period boundary in multidimensional space. Furthermore, Liang [9] has investigated the existence of the weak solutions and strong solutions with the initial function near a steady state solution. For other results, the reader may refer to [10–14] and [15].

In this paper, we study the following viscous thin-film equation with a singular diffusion:

where $\varOmega =(-1, 1)^{N}$, $Q_{T}=\varOmega \times(0, T)$. n, A, α, and ν are all constants with $n, \alpha, \nu>0$.

For convenience, we introduce some notations:

• C is denoted as a positive constant and may change from line to line.

• $\varOmega =(-1, 1)^{N}$, $\varGamma _{j}=\partial \varOmega \cap\{x_{j}=-1\}$, $\varGamma _{j+N}=\partial \varOmega \cap\{x_{j}=1\}$.

• $H_{\mathrm{per}}^{m}(\varOmega )$ is the periodic Sobolev space i.e.

  $$H_{\mathrm{per}}^{m}(\varOmega )=\bigl\{ u\in H^{m}(\varOmega )\bigl\vert D^{\xi}u\bigr\vert _{\varGamma _{j}}=D^{\xi}u|_{\varGamma _{j+N}}, j=1, \ldots, N, |\xi|\leq m-1\bigr\} . $$

• The following norms on $H_{\mathrm{per}}^{m}(\varOmega )$ ($m\geq1$) are equivalent:

  $$ \Vert u\Vert _{H^{m}(\varOmega )}, \qquad \Vert u\Vert _{L^{2}(\varOmega )}+\bigl\Vert D^{m} u\bigr\Vert _{L^{2}(\varOmega )}\quad \mbox{and} \quad | \overline{u}|+\bigl\Vert D^{m} u\bigr\Vert _{L^{2}(\varOmega )}, $$

  where $\overline{u}=\frac{1}{2^{N}}\int_{\varOmega }u(x)\,\mathrm{d}x$ (see [8]).

• $C_{\mathrm{per}}^{m}(\overline{\varOmega })=\{u\in C^{m}(\overline {\varOmega })|D^{\xi}u|_{\varGamma _{j}}=D^{\xi}u|_{\varGamma _{j+N}}, j=1, \ldots, N, |\xi|\leq m-1\}$.

• $a_{+}=\max\{a, 0\}$, $a_{-}=\min\{a, 0\}$ for $a\in R$.

Our main result is the following theorem.

Theorem 1

Let $\alpha\in(0, \frac{1}{2}]$, $u_{0}\in H^{1}(\varOmega )$,

Suppose $A\leq0$ or $\alpha\leq1-n$. Then there exist at least one pair of solutions $(u ,w)$ satisfying

1. 1.

   $u\in L^{2}(0, T; H_{\mathrm{per}}^{2}(\varOmega ))\cap C([0, T]; H^{1}(\varOmega ))$, $u^{-\frac{1}{2}}|\nabla u|\in L^{4}(Q_{T})$, $w, u_{t}\in L^{2}(Q_{T})$;

2. 2.

   for any test function $\phi\in C^{1}([0,T]; C_{\mathrm{per}}^{2}(\varOmega ))$, one has

   $$\begin{aligned}& \iint_{Q_{T}}u_{t}\phi\,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}t+ \iint_{Q_{T}}u^{n} w\varDelta \phi\,\mathrm{d}x\, \mathrm{d}t \\& \quad {}+n \iint_{Q_{T}}u^{n-1}\nabla uw\nabla\phi\,\mathrm{d}x\, \mathrm{d}t -A \iint_{Q_{T}}\frac{\nabla u\nabla\phi}{u^{\alpha}}\,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}t=0, \\& \iint_{Q_{T}}w\phi\,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}t=- \iint_{Q_{T}}\varDelta u\phi\, \mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}t+\nu \iint_{Q_{T}}u_{t}\phi\,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}t. \end{aligned}$$

The following lemmas are needed in the paper.

Lemma 1

(Bernis, see [8])

Let $u\in H_{\mathrm{per}}^{2}(\varOmega )$ be a nonnegative function. There exists a constant $\mu>0$ such that the following inequality holds:

Lemma 2

(Aubin-Lions, see [16])

Let X, B, and Y be Banach spaces and assume $X\hookrightarrow B\hookrightarrow Y$ with compact imbedding $X\hookrightarrow B$.

1. (1)

   Let $\mathfrak{F}$ be bounded in $L^{p}(0, T; X)$ where $1\leq p<\infty$, and $\frac{\partial\mathfrak{F}}{\partial t}=\{\frac{\partial f}{\partial t}: f\in\mathfrak{F}\}$ be bounded in $L^{1}(0, T;Y)$. Then $\mathfrak{F}$ is relatively compact in $L^{p}(0, T; B)$.

2. (2)

   Let $\mathfrak{F}$ be bounded in $L^{\infty}(0, T; X)$, and $\frac{\partial\mathfrak{F}}{\partial t}=\{\frac{\partial f}{\partial t}: f\in\mathfrak{F}\}$ be bounded in $L^{r}(0, T;Y)$ where $r>1$. Then $\mathfrak{F}$ is relatively compact in $C([0, T]; B)$.

Lemma 3

(see [17] or [18])

Let V be a real, separable, reflexive Banach space and H is a real, separable, Hilbert space. $V\hookrightarrow H$ is continuous and V is dense in H. Then $\{u\in L^{2}(0, T; V)|u_{t}\in L^{2}(0, T; V')\}$ is continuously imbedded in $C([0, T]; H)$.

The paper is arranged as follows. The existence of solutions to the approximate problem will be proved in Section 2. In Sections 3 and 4, we will take the limit for small parameters $\delta\rightarrow0$ and $\varepsilon\rightarrow0$, respectively.

This section is devoted to studying the following approximate problem:

for $0<\delta<\varepsilon<1$ and $u_{+}=\max\{u, 0\}$.

Lemma 4

Let $u_{0\delta\varepsilon}\in H_{\mathrm{per}}^{1}(\varOmega )$, $\alpha>0$, and $0< n<2$. Then there exist at least a pair of solutions $(u, w)$ to (2) satisfying

1. 1.

   $u\in L^{2}(0, T; H_{\mathrm{per}}^{3}(\varOmega ))\cap C([0, T]; H_{\mathrm {per}}^{2}(\varOmega ))$, $u_{t}\in L^{2}(Q_{T})$, $w\in L^{2}(0, T; H_{\mathrm {per}}^{1}(\varOmega ))$, and $u(x, 0)=u_{0}$;

2. 2.

   for any test function $\phi\in L^{2}(0, T; H_{\mathrm{per}}^{1}(\varOmega ))$, one has

   $$\begin{aligned}& \iint_{Q_{T}}u_{t}\phi\,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}t+ \iint_{Q_{T}}(u_{+}+\delta )^{n}\nabla w \nabla w\phi\,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}t \\& \quad {} -A \iint_{Q_{T}} \biggl(\frac{(u_{+}+\delta)^{n}\nabla u}{(u_{+}+\varepsilon )^{n+\alpha}(1+\varepsilon|\nabla u|^{2})} \biggr)\nabla\phi\,\mathrm {d}x\,\mathrm{d}t=0, \\& \iint_{Q_{T}}w\phi\,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}t=- \iint_{Q_{T}}\varDelta u\phi\, \mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}t+\nu \iint_{Q_{T}}u_{t}\phi\,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}t. \end{aligned}$$

Proof

We will apply the Galerkin method to obtain the existence of solutions. Let $\{\phi_{i}\}_{i=1,2,3,\ldots}$ be the eigenfunctions of the Laplace operator $-\varDelta \phi_{i}=\lambda_{i}\phi_{i}$ with periodic boundary value conditions. Moreover, those eigenfunctions are orthogonal in $H^{1}$ and $L^{2}$ spaces and we can normalize $\phi_{i}$ such that $(\phi_{i}, \phi_{j})=\delta_{ij}=\bigl \{\scriptsize{ \begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} 1, & i=j, \\ 0, & i\neq j, \end{array}} \bigr.$ where we define $\lambda_{1}=0$, $\phi_{1}=1$, and $(\cdot, \cdot)$ denotes the scalar product of the $L^{2}$ space.

Let M denote a positive integer and define $w^{M}(x,t)=\sum_{i=1}^{M}d_{i}(t)\phi_{i}(x)$, $u^{M}(x,t)= \sum_{i=1}^{M}c_{i}(t)\phi_{i}(x)$, $u^{M}(x, 0)=\sum_{i=1}^{M}(u_{0}, \phi_{i})\phi_{i}$. For $j=1, \ldots, M$, we consider the following system of ordinary differential equations:

The ODE existence theorem yields the local unique existence of this initial value problem since the right hand side depends on $c_{i}$ continuously. In order to show the global solvability, we take $-\varDelta u^{M}$ as the test function and apply the Young inequality to get

It gives

The mass conservation property $\int_{\varOmega }u^{M}(x,t)\,\mathrm{d}x=\int _{\varOmega }u^{M}_{0}(x)\,\mathrm{d}x$ (by letting $j=1$) ensures that Poincaré’s inequality can be applied. On the other hand, the Gronwall inequality yields

Therefore, we have obtained

The classic $L^{p}$-estimate of the second-order elliptic equations implies

By (8), (10), and Lemma 2, we conclude that there exist a pair of functions $(u, w)$ and a subsequence of $(u^{M}, w^{M})$ such that as $M\rightarrow\infty$,

Moreover, by Lemma 3, (12), (13), and the embedding $H^{2}(\varOmega )\hookrightarrow W^{1, 4}(\varOmega )$, we have

From Vitali’s theorem, we get

Let $T_{M}$ denote the projection from the space $L^{2}(\varOmega )$ to $Span\{ \phi_{1},\ldots,\phi_{M}\}$. By multiplying equation (3) by $T_{M}\phi$ for $\phi\in L^{2}(0, T; H_{\mathrm{per}}^{1}(\varOmega ))$, one has

By (10)-(20), we can perform the limit $M\rightarrow \infty$ in each term of (21)-(22). □

We shall perform the limit $\delta\rightarrow0$ in the section to the solutions obtained by Lemma 4 and we suppose that the initial function $u_{0\delta\varepsilon}\rightarrow u_{0\varepsilon}\in H^{1}(\varOmega )$ as $\delta\rightarrow0$ and $u_{0\varepsilon}\geq0$.

The main result of this section is the following.

Proposition 1

Let

Then there exist at least a pair of functions $(\overline{u}, \overline {w})$ satisfying

1. 1.

   $\overline{w}\in L^{2}(Q_{T})$, $\overline{u}\in L^{2}(0, T; H_{\mathrm {per}}^{2}(\varOmega ))\cap C([0, T]; H_{\mathrm{per}}^{1}(\varOmega ))$, $\overline {u}_{t}\in L^{2}(Q_{T})$, and $\overline{u}(x, 0)=u_{0\varepsilon}$;

2. 2.

   for any test function $\phi\in L^{2}(0, T; C_{\mathrm{per}}^{\infty }(\overline{\varOmega }))$, one has

   $$\begin{aligned}& \iint_{Q_{T}}\overline{u}_{t} \phi\,\mathrm{d}x\, \mathrm{d}t- \iint _{Q_{T}}\overline{u}^{n} \overline{w}\varDelta \phi\, \mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}t -n \iint_{Q_{T}}\overline{u}^{n-1}\overline{w}\nabla \overline{u}\nabla\phi \,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}t \\& \quad {}-A \iint_{Q_{T}}\frac{\overline{u}^{n}\nabla\overline{u}\nabla\phi }{(\overline{u}+\varepsilon)^{n+\alpha}(1+\varepsilon|\nabla\overline {u}|^{2})}\,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}t=0, \\& \iint_{Q_{T}}\overline{w}\phi\,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}t=- \iint _{Q_{T}}\varDelta \overline{u}\phi\,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}t + \nu \iint_{Q_{T}}\overline{u}_{t}\phi\,\mathrm{d}x\, \mathrm{d}t. \end{aligned}$$

In order to prove this proposition, we have to establish some uniform energy estimates independent of δ and thus we introduce a nonnegative convex functional $\varPhi _{\delta}(\cdot )$ (see[8]):

If $0\leq n<2$, $n\neq1$,

If $n=1$,

It is easy to check that $\varPhi _{\delta}\in{W_{\mathrm{loc}}^{2,+\infty}(R)}$, $\varPhi _{\delta}''(\sigma )=\frac{1}{(\sigma_{+}+\delta)^{n}}$.

By applying this functional, we can get the following estimates.

Lemma 5

There exist some constants C independent of δ (may depend on ε) such that

1. 1.

   $\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}\int_{\varOmega }\varPhi (u(x,t))\,\mathrm {d}x+\int_{\varOmega }|w|^{2}\,\mathrm{d}x+\nu\int_{\varOmega }|u_{t}|^{2}\,\mathrm {d}x\leq C$;

2. 2.

   $\|w\|_{L^{2}(Q_{T})}\leq C$, $\|u\|_{L^{2}(0,T; H_{\mathrm{per}}^{2}(\varOmega ))}\leq C$;

3. 3.

   $\|u\|_{L^{\infty}(0,T;H_{\mathrm{per}}^{1}(\varOmega ))}\leq C$;

4. 4.

   $\iint_{Q_{T}}(u_{+}+\delta)^{n}|\nabla w|^{2}\,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm {d}t\leq C$;

5. 5.

   $\|u_{t}\|_{L^{2}(Q_{T})}\leq C$.

Proof

By choosing $\varPhi '(u)$ as the test function in (2), we get

This implies

which yields the results 1-2. Similar to (5), we conclude that

which gives 3 and 4. □

Lemma 6

There exist a pair of functions $(\overline {u}, \overline{w})$ such that, as $\delta\rightarrow0$,

1. 1.

   $u\rightharpoonup\overline{u}$ weakly in $L^{2}(0,T; H_{\mathrm {per}}^{2}(\varOmega ))$;

2. 2.

   $w\rightharpoonup\overline{w}$ weakly in $L^{2}(Q_{T})$;

3. 3.

   $u_{t}\rightarrow\overline{u}_{t}$ weakly in $L^{2}(Q_{T})$;

4. 4.

   $u\rightarrow\overline{u}$ strongly in $L^{2}(0, T; H_{\mathrm {per}}^{1}(\varOmega ))$ and a.e. in $Q_{T}$;

5. 5.

   $u\rightarrow\overline{u}$ strongly in $C([0, T]; L^{2}(\varOmega ))$;

6. 6.

   if $\sup_{\delta\in(0,1)}\int_{\varOmega }\varPhi (u_{0})\,\mathrm{d}x<\infty $, then $\overline{u}\geq0$ in $\overline{Q}_{T}$ and $\sup_{t\leq T}\|u_{-}(t)\|_{L^{2}(\varOmega )}\leq C\delta^{\frac{n}{2}}$ when $n\leq1$;

7. 7.

   $\overline{u}\in L^{2}(0, T; H_{\mathrm{per}}^{2}(\varOmega ))\cap C([0, T]; L^{2}(\varOmega ))$, $\overline{u}_{t}\in L^{2}(Q_{T})$, $\overline{w}\in L^{2}(Q_{T})$.

Proof

The results 1-3 can be obtained from Lemma 5, and Lemma 2 can give 4 and 5. In order to prove 6-7, we integrate (23) over $(0,T)$ to get

If $n<1$, we have

If $n=1$, we have

By performing the limit $\delta\rightarrow0$, we get $\int_{\varOmega }\overline{u}_{-}^{2}(x,t)\,\mathrm{d}x=0$, which implies 6. Besides, the result 7 can be obtained from 1-3 and Lemma 3. □

Proof of Proposition 1

For any function $\phi\in L^{2}(0, T; C_{\mathrm{per}}^{\infty}(\varOmega ))$, Lemma 4 gives

Similar to the proof of (18)-(20) and applying Lemma 5, Lemma 6, and Vitali’s theorem, we can get

If (29) holds for $n<1$, (25)-(30) ensure that the limit $\delta\rightarrow0$ can be performed in (25)-(26) and then we can complete the proof of Proposition 1.

Therefore, we only need to prove

if $n<1$.

From the following three steps, we can prove (29).

Step 1. Define $m(\delta)=\delta+\|u_{-}\|_{C(\overline {Q_{T}})}$ and we have $u+m(\delta)\geq\delta>0$. By applying the Bernis inequality, we get

where C is independent of δ.

Step 2. In this step, we define $U_{\delta}=(u_{+}+\delta )^{n-1}(u+m(\delta))^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and we want to prove that the limit $\lim_{\delta\rightarrow0}\|U_{\delta}-\overline {u}^{n-\frac{1}{2}}\|_{L^{4}(Q_{T})}=0$ holds.

At first, it is obvious that we have

Now we choose

such that $H^{s}(\varOmega )\hookrightarrow W^{1, r}(\varOmega )$ with $\frac{7}{4}< s<2$. By using the Gagliardo-Nirenberg interpolation inequality and Lemma 6, we get

with $\gamma=\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{\frac{N+2}{2N}-\frac{1}{r}}$. It implies

with

Equations (33) and (35) yield

The Lebesgue-dominated theorem yields

Step 3. This step is devoted to the proof of (31). For any positive constant η, one has

From Step 1 and Step 2, we know $\mathtt{I}_{1}\rightarrow0$ as $\delta \rightarrow0$ and by applying Lemma 6, we have $\mathtt{I}_{2}\rightarrow0$ as $\delta\rightarrow0$. For the last term, we have

Therefore, by performing the limit $\eta\rightarrow0$, we get $\mathtt {I}_{3}\rightarrow0$ and then the estimate (31) holds. □

We will perform the last limit $\varepsilon\rightarrow0$ in this section and assume that the initial function $u_{0\varepsilon}$ converges to $u_{0}$ strongly in $L^{2}(\varOmega )$.

By letting $\delta=0$ in the definition of $\varPhi _{\delta}(\cdot)$, we can define $\varPhi _{0}(\cdot)$ as

Lemma 7

In the sense of $\mathcal{D}'(0, T)$, there exists a constant $C_{0}>0$ such that

Proof

From the idea of (23) and the $L^{p}$-estimate, we get

Since $u\rightarrow\overline{u}$ in $C(\overline{Q}_{T})$ as $\delta \rightarrow0$, we have

for any nonnegative function $\phi\in\mathcal{D}'(0, T)$. By applying the limit $\varDelta u\rightharpoonup \varDelta \overline{u}$ in $L^{2}(Q_{T})$ as $\delta\rightarrow0$, one has

Finally, it is easy to check that

Equations (40)-(43) give the result of this lemma. □

Lemma 8

If one of the following conditions holds:

1. (I)

   $\int_{\varOmega }\varPhi _{0}(w_{0})\,\mathrm{d}x<\infty$, $A\leq 0$, and

2. (II)

   $\int_{\varOmega }\varPhi _{0}(w_{0})\,\mathrm{d}x<\infty$, $\alpha \leq1-n$, $n<1$, one has $\overline{u}\in L^{2}(0,T;H_{\mathrm{per}}^{2}(\varOmega ))$, $\overline{w}, \overline{u}_{t}\in L^{2}(Q_{T})$ independent of ε.

Proof

By Lemma 7 and the condition (I), we can prove the result easily.

If the condition (II) holds, Lemma 1 and Lemma 7 give

which yields $\varDelta \overline{u}\in L^{2}(Q_{T})$. Applying the second equation of Proposition 1, we get $\overline{w}\in L^{2}(Q_{T})$. □

Now we are in the position to prove Theorem 1.

Proof of Theorem 1

By Lemma 8, we can show the existence of two functions $u\geq 0$ and w such that, as $\varepsilon\rightarrow0$,

Furthermore, Lemma 3 yields

for $\frac{3}{2}< s<2$. By the Sobolev embedding theorem with the case $N\leq3$, we have $\|\overline{u}\|_{L^{\infty}(Q_{T})}\leq C$ and $\|u\|_{L^{\infty }(Q_{T})}\leq C$.

Step 1. By using (51)-(52) and Vitali’s theorem, we get $\overline{u}^{n}\rightarrow u^{n}$ in $L^{q}(Q_{T})$ for any $q>0$ and thus one has

as $\varepsilon\rightarrow0$ for any test function $\phi\in C^{\infty }([0, T]; C_{\mathrm{per}}^{2}(\overline{\varOmega }))$.

Step 2. In this step, we will prove the limit $\overline {u}^{n-1}\nabla\overline{u}\rightarrow u^{n-1}\nabla u$ in $L^{2}(Q_{T})$.

First of all, the Bernis inequality yields $\iint_{Q_{T}}\vert \frac {\nabla\overline{u}}{\sqrt{\overline{u}}}\vert ^{4}\,\mathrm{d}x\, \mathrm{d}t\leq C$ and then we have

as $\varepsilon\rightarrow0$ with $\varDelta _{0}=\{(x, t)\in Q_{T}|u(x, t)=0\} $. On the other hand, it is easy to get

as $\varepsilon\rightarrow0$. By Vitali’s theorem, we have

Hence, we have

where we define $u^{n-1}\nabla u=0$ on $\varDelta _{0}$.

Step 3. In this step, we prove the limit $F_{\varepsilon}=\frac{\overline{u}^{n}\nabla\overline{u}}{(\overline {u}+\varepsilon)^{n+\alpha}(1+\varepsilon|\nabla\overline {u}|^{2})}\rightarrow u^{-\alpha}\nabla u$ in $L^{2}(Q_{T})$.

If $\alpha\leq\frac{1}{2}$, we have

as $\varepsilon\rightarrow0$. Beside, it is easy to show $F_{\varepsilon}\rightarrow u^{-\alpha }\nabla u$ a.e. in $Q_{T}\backslash \varDelta _{0}$ and Vitali’s theorem yields

as $\varepsilon\rightarrow0$. By (57)-(58), we have

where we define $u^{-\alpha}\nabla u=0$ on $\varDelta _{0}$.

As $\varepsilon\rightarrow0$, the convergence (56) and (46)-(47) give $\iint_{Q_{T}}\overline{u}_{t}\phi\,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}t\rightarrow \iint_{Q_{T}}u_{t}\phi\,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}t$ and $\iint_{Q_{T}}\overline{u}^{n-1}\nabla\overline{u}\overline{w}\nabla\phi \,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}t \rightarrow\iint_{Q_{T}}u^{n-1}\nabla u w\nabla\phi\,\mathrm{d}x\, \mathrm{d}t$. Step 3 yields

Now we can take the limit $\varepsilon\rightarrow0$ in the equality

for any test function $\phi\in C([0, T]; C_{\mathrm{per}}^{2}(\overline {\varOmega }))$. For the initial value, this holds in the sense of $u\in C([0, T]; H_{\mathrm{per}}^{1}(\varOmega ))$. □

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11201045) and the Education Department Science Foundation of Liaoning Province of China.

Affiliations

1. School of Science, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, 116028, P.R. China

   • Xiting Peng
   • , Bo Liang
   • , Min Pang
   •  & Ying Wang

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bo Liang.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

XP and BL completed the main study. MP and YW verified the calculation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Reprints and Permissions