A fourth-order elliptic Riemann type problem in R
           3
          
         
        
        $\mathbb{R}^{3}$

Longfei Gu

doi:10.1186/s13661-016-0656-x

Research
Open Access

A fourth-order elliptic Riemann type problem in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$

Longfei Gu¹Email author

Boundary Value Problems20162016:143

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-016-0656-x

Received: 18 March 2016
Accepted: 29 July 2016
Published: 5 August 2016

Abstract

This article is concerned with a fourth-order elliptic equation i.e., $(\Delta^{2}-\kappa^{2}\Delta)[u]=0$ ($\kappa>0$) coupled by Riemann boundary value conditions in Clifford analysis. In the framework of a Clifford algebra $\operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3})$, we obtain factorizations of the fourth-order elliptic equation and construct the explicit expressions of higher-order kernel functions. Some integral representation formulas and properties of the null solution of the fourth-order elliptic equations in Clifford analysis are presented. Based on these integral representation formulas, the boundary behavior of some singular integral operators, and the Clifford analytic approach, we prove that the fourth-order elliptic Riemann type problem in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ is solvable. The explicit representation formula of the solution is also established.

Keywords

Clifford analysis
Riemann type problem
fourth-order elliptic equations
micro-electro-mechanical systems

MSC

30G35
45J05

1 Introduction

Fourth-order elliptic equations have become a very important and useful area of mathematics over the last few decades, which is caused both by the intensive development of the theory of partial differential equations and their applications in various fields of physics and engineering such as theory of elasticity, micro-electro-mechanical systems, bi-harmonic systems, and so on. We refer to [1–10]. Recently the fourth-order elliptic equations

$$ B\Delta^{2}[u]-T\Delta[u]=0 \quad (B>0, T>0), $$

arise in the modeling of micro-electro-mechanical systems; see [5, 6]. The equations combining bi-harmonic equations with harmonic equations can be rewritten as

$$ \bigl(\Delta^{2}-\kappa^{2}\Delta\bigr)[u]=0, $$

(1.1)

with $\kappa=\sqrt{\frac{T}{B}}$.

The Riemann type problem is one of the famous problems in complex analysis and Clifford analysis; see [2–4, 11–23]. It is natural and important to study fourth-order elliptic equations coupled by the Riemann boundary conditions in $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ ($n\geq3$). In general, two methods are used to deal with higher-order boundary value problems. One approach is to transform the boundary value problems for k-regular functions and poly-harmonic functions into equivalent boundary value problems for regular functions in Clifford analysis by the Almansi type decomposition theorem [15]. The other is to make use of higher-order integral representation formulas and a Clifford algebra approach [3, 4, 10]. Obviously, the first method fails to solve a system of the fourth-order elliptic equation i.e., $(\Delta^{2}-\kappa^{2}\Delta)u=0$, coupled by the Riemann boundary conditions. Using the second method, we need to investigate factorizations of the fourth-order elliptic operator in the framework of a Clifford algebra. Furthermore, we will construct higher-order kernels. The key idea is to choose an appropriate framework of the Clifford algebra. A lot of boundary value problems for some functions with the Clifford algebra $\operatorname{Cl}(V_{n,0})$ ($n\geq3$) have been studied; for example, see [2, 3, 11–13, 15, 16, 24]. However, we fail to obtain factorizations of the fourth-order elliptic equation $(\Delta^{2}-\kappa^{2}\Delta)u=0$ ($\kappa>0$) using the Clifford algebra $\operatorname{Cl}(V_{n,0})$. In this article, using a Clifford algebra $\operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3})$, we get the decomposition of the fourth-order elliptic operator i.e., $(\Delta^{2}-\kappa^{2}\Delta)$, and, moreover, construct higher-order kernel functions, which is different from [17, 25] due to choosing different Clifford algebra.

The article is organized as follows. In Section 2, we recall some basic facts about the Clifford analysis needed in the sequel. In Section 3, in the framework of the Clifford algebra $\operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3})$, we construct the explicit expressions of the kernel functions and obtain some integral representation formulas, we study some properties of null solutions for the fourth-order elliptic equations $(\Delta^{2}-\kappa^{2}\Delta)u=0$, for instance, the mean value formula, the Painlevé principle, and so on. Section 4, on the basis of the above results, considers a Riemann boundary value problem for the fourth-order elliptic equation.

2 Preliminaries and notations

Let $V_{3,3}$ be an 3-dimensional real linear space with basis $\{ e_{1}, e_{2}, e_{3}\}$, $\operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3})$ be the Clifford algebra over $V_{3,3}$ and the 8-dimensional real linear space with basis

$$ \bigl\{ e_{A}, A=\{l_{1},\ldots,l_{r}\}\in \mathcal{P}N, 1\leq l_{1}< \cdots < l_{r}\leq3\bigr\} , $$

where N stands for the set $\{1, 2, 3\}$ and $\mathcal{P}N$ denotes the family of all order-preserving subsets of N in the above way. We denote $e_{\emptyset}$ by $e_{0}$ and $e_{A}$ by $e_{l_{1}\cdots l_{r}}$ for $A=\{l_{1},\ldots,l_{r}\}\in \mathcal{P}N$. The product on $\operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3})$ is defined by

$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} e_{A}e_{B}=(-1)^{n((A\cap B)\setminus N)}(-1)^{P(A,B)}e_{A\Delta B}, & \text{if }A, B\in\mathcal {P}N, \\ \lambda\mu=\sum_{A,B\in\mathcal{P}N}\lambda_{A}\mu _{B}e_{A}e_{B}, & \text{if }\lambda=\sum_{A\in\mathcal{P}N}\lambda_{A}e_{A}, \mu=\sum_{B\in\mathcal{P}N}\mu_{B}e_{B}, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

where $n(A)$ is the cardinal number of the set A, the number $P(A,B)=\sum_{j\in B}P(A,j)$, $P(A,j)=n\{i,i\in A,i>j\}$, the symmetric difference set $A\Delta B$ is order-preserving in the above way, and $\lambda_{A}\in\mathbb{R}$ is the coefficient of the $e_{A}$-component of the Clifford number λ. It follows from the multiplication rule above that $e_{0}$ is the identity element written now as 1 and, in particular, $e_{i}e_{j}+e_{j}e_{i}=2\delta_{ij}$, $i, j=1,2,3$. Thus $\operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3})$ is a real linear, associative, but non-commutative algebra. An involution is defined by

$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} \overline{e}_{A}=(-1)^{\frac{n(A)(n(A)+3)}{2}}e_{A}, & \text{if }A\in \mathcal{P}N, \\ \overline{\lambda}=\sum_{A\in\mathcal{P}N}\lambda_{A}\overline {e}_{A}, & \text{if }\lambda=\sum_{A\in\mathcal{P}N}\lambda_{A}e_{A}. \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

(2.1)

The norm of λ is defined by $\|\lambda\|=(\sum_{A\in \mathcal{P}N}|\lambda_{A}|^{2})^{\frac{1}{2}}$. Throughout this article, suppose that Ω is an open bounded non-empty subset of $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ with a Lyapunov boundary ∂Ω, we denote $\Omega^{+}=\Omega$, $\Omega^{-}=\mathbb{R}^{3}\setminus\overline{\Omega}$. We now introduce the Dirac operator $D=\sum_{i=1}^{3}e_{i}\frac {\partial}{\partial x_{i}}$. In particular, we have $DD=\Delta$ where Δ is the Laplacian over $\mathbb{R}^{3}$. A function $u:\Omega\mapsto \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3})$ is said to be left monogenic if it satisfies the equation $D[u](\mathbf{x})=0$ for each $\mathbf{x}\in\Omega$. A similar definition can be given for right monogenic functions.

Denote

$$ z_{j}=x_{j}e_{0}-x_{1}e_{1}e_{j}, \quad j=2,3, $$

and

$$ V_{l_{1},\ldots,l_{p}}(\mathbf{x})=\frac{1}{p!}\sum_{\pi (l_{r},\ldots,l_{p})}z_{l_{1}} \cdots z_{l_{p}}, $$

where $(l_{1},\ldots,l_{p})\in\{2,3\}^{p}$, the sum is taken over all permutations with repetition of the sequence $(l_{1},\ldots,l_{p})$. In particular we define $V_{l_{1},\ldots,l_{p}}(\mathbf{x})=1$ for $p=0$ and $V_{l_{1},\ldots,l_{p}}(\mathbf{x})=0$ for $p<0$.

Lemma 2.1

[26]

Let $C_{j,p}$ and $V_{l_{1},\ldots,l_{p}}(\mathbf{x})$ be as above, then for $j\in\mathbf{N}^{*}$,

$$ D\bigl[C_{j,p}\mathbf{x}^{j}V_{l_{1},\ldots,l_{p}}( \mathbf {x})\bigr]=C_{j-1,p}\mathbf{x}^{j-1}V_{l_{1},\ldots,l_{p}}( \mathbf{x}), $$

(2.2)

where $\mathbf{x}=\sum_{i=1}^{3}x_{i}e_{i}$,

$$ C_{j,p}=\left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} 1, & j=0, \\ \frac{1}{2^{[\frac{j}{2}]}([\frac{j}{2}])!\prod_{\mu=0}^{[\frac {j-1}{2}]}(3+2p+2\mu)}, & j\in\mathbf{N}^{*}=\mathbf {N}\setminus\{0\}. \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

In the following, we define

$$ \Lambda(r,u)\triangleq\max_{\|\mathbf{x}\|\leq r}\bigl\{ \bigl\Vert u(\mathbf {x})\bigr\Vert \bigr\} ,\qquad M(r,u)\triangleq\max_{\|\mathbf{x}\|=r}\bigl\{ \bigl\Vert u(\mathbf{x})\bigr\Vert \bigr\} . $$

Lemma 2.2

[4, 27]

Let $D[u]=0$ in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ and $\liminf_{r\rightarrow\infty }\frac{M(r, u)}{r^{m}}=L<\infty$, $m\in\mathbf{N}^{*}$. Then

$$ u(\mathbf{x})=\sum_{p=0}^{m} \sum_{(l_{1},\ldots ,l_{p})}V_{l_{1},\ldots,l_{p}}(\mathbf{x})C_{l_{1},\ldots,l_{p}}. $$

(2.3)

For more information as regards the properties of Dirac operators and left monogenic functions can be found in [2, 3, 27–29].

3 Some integral representation formulas in Clifford analysis

The fourth-order elliptic partial differential operator $\Delta ^{2}-\kappa^{2}\Delta$, for $\kappa>0$, corresponds to the fourth-order elliptic equation:

$$ \bigl(\Delta^{2}-\kappa^{2}\Delta\bigr)[u]=0. $$

(3.1)

Using the multiplication rule on the Clifford algebra $\operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3})$, equation (3.1) may also be written as

$$DDL_{\kappa}L_{-\kappa}[u]=DDL_{-\kappa}L_{\kappa}[u]=L_{-\kappa }L_{\kappa}DD[u]=L_{\kappa}L_{-\kappa}DD[u]=0, $$

where $L_{\kappa}=D+\kappa$ and $L_{-\kappa}=D-\kappa$.

Lemma 3.1

[7, 8]

Let

$$ E(\kappa, \mathbf{x})=\frac{1}{4\pi\kappa^{2}}\frac{e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf {x}\|}-1}{\|\mathbf{x}\|}. $$

(3.2)

Then the kernel function $E(\kappa, \mathbf{x})$ is the fundamental solution to (3.1) in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$.

Let

$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l} H_{1}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})=\frac{1}{4\pi}\frac{\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{x}\| ^{3}}, \\ H_{2}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})=-\frac{1}{4\pi}\frac{1}{\|\mathbf{x}\|}, \\ H_{3}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})=\frac{1}{4\pi\kappa^{2}} [(\frac{\mathbf {x}}{\|\mathbf{x}\|^{3}} +\kappa\frac{1}{\|\mathbf{x}\|})(e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{x}\|}-1)+\kappa \frac{\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{x}\|^{2}}e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{x}\|} ], \\ H_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})=-E(\kappa, \mathbf{x})=-\frac{1}{4\pi\kappa ^{2}}\frac{e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{x}\|}-1}{\|\mathbf{x}\|}, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

(3.3)

and

$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l} E_{1}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})=\frac{1}{4\pi} [\frac{\mathbf{x}}{\| \mathbf{x}\|^{3}} +\kappa\frac{\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{x}\|^{2}}+\kappa\frac{1}{\|\mathbf {x}\|} ]e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{x}\|}, \\ E_{2}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})=-\frac{1}{4\pi}\frac{e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{x}\| }}{\|\mathbf{x}\|}, \\ E_{3}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})=\frac{1}{4\pi\kappa^{2}} [\frac{\mathbf {x}}{\|\mathbf{x}\|^{3}}(e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{x}\|}-1) +\kappa\frac{\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{x}\|^{2}}e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{x}\| } ], \\ E_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})=-E(\kappa, \mathbf{x})=-\frac{1}{4\pi\kappa ^{2}}\frac{e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{x}\|}-1}{\|\mathbf{x}\|}, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

(3.4)

where $\kappa>0$, $\mathbf{x}\in\mathbb{R}^{3}\setminus\{0\}$.

Lemma 3.2

Let $H_{i}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})$ and $E_{i}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})$ be as in (3.3) and (3.4), $i=1,2,3,4$. Then

$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l} L_{-\kappa}[H_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})]=[H_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf {x})]L_{-\kappa}=H_{3}(\kappa, \mathbf{x}), \\ L_{\kappa}[H_{3}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})]=[H_{3}(\kappa, \mathbf {x})]L_{\kappa}=H_{2}(\kappa, \mathbf{x}), \\ L_{-\kappa}[E_{2}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})]=[E_{2}(\kappa, \mathbf {x})]L_{-\kappa}=E_{1}(\kappa, \mathbf{x}), \\ L_{\kappa}[E_{1}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})]=[E_{1}(\kappa, \mathbf {x})]L_{\kappa}=0, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

and

$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l} D[E_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})]=[E_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})]D=E_{3}(\kappa, \mathbf{x}), \\ D[E_{3}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})]=[E_{3}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})]D=E_{2}(\kappa, \mathbf{x}), \\ D[H_{2}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})]=[H_{2}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})]D=H_{1}(\kappa, \mathbf{x}), \\ D[H_{1}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})]=[H_{1}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})]D=0, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

here $\kappa>0$, $\mathbf{x}\in\mathbb{R}^{3}\setminus\{0\}$.

Remark 3.3

Let

$$ H_{3}^{*}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})= \frac{1}{4\pi\kappa^{2}} \biggl[\biggl(\frac {\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{x}\|^{3}} -\kappa\frac{1}{\|\mathbf{x}\|}\biggr) \bigl(e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{x}\|}-1\bigr)+\kappa \frac{\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{x}\|^{2}}e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{x}\|} \biggr] $$

(3.5)

and

$$ E_{1}^{*}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})= \frac{1}{4\pi} \biggl[\frac{\mathbf{x}}{\| \mathbf{x}\|^{3}} +\kappa\frac{\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{x}\|^{2}}-\kappa \frac{1}{\|\mathbf {x}\|} \biggr]e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{x}\|}. $$

(3.6)

When $H_{3}^{*}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})$, $E_{1}^{*}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})$ replace $H_{3}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})$, $E_{1}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})$ in (3.3), (3.4), respectively, we have the following results:

$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l} L_{\kappa}[H_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})]=[H_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf {x})]L_{\kappa}=H^{*}_{3}(\kappa, \mathbf{x}), \\ L_{-\kappa}[H^{*}_{3}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})]=[H^{*}_{3}(\kappa, \mathbf {x})]L_{-\kappa}=H_{2}(\kappa, \mathbf{x}), \\ L_{\kappa}[E_{2}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})]=[E_{2}(\kappa, \mathbf {x})]L_{\kappa}=E^{*}_{1}(\kappa, \mathbf{x}), \\ L_{-\kappa}[E^{*}_{1}(\kappa, \mathbf{x})]=[E^{*}_{1}(\kappa, \mathbf {x})]L_{-\kappa}=0. \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

(3.7)

Let Ω be an open non-empty subset of $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ with a Lyapunov boundary, $u(\mathbf{x})=\sum_{A}e_{A}u_{A}(\mathbf{x})$, where $u_{A}(\mathbf{x})$ are real functions. $u(\mathbf{x})$ is called a Hölder continuous function on Ω̅ if the following condition is satisfied:

$$ \bigl\Vert u(\mathbf{x}_{1})-u(\mathbf{x}_{2})\bigr\Vert = \biggl[\sum_{A}\bigl\Vert u_{A}(\mathbf{x}_{1})-u_{A}( \mathbf{x}_{2})\bigr\Vert \biggr]^{\frac{1}{2}}\leq C\Vert \mathbf{x}_{1}-\mathbf{x}_{2}\Vert ^{\alpha}, $$

where, for any $\mathbf{x}_{1}, \mathbf{x}_{2}\in\overline{\Omega}$, $\mathbf{x}_{1}\neq\mathbf{x}_{2}$, $0<\alpha\leq1$, C is a positive constant independent of $\mathbf{x}_{1}$, $\mathbf{x}_{2}$.

Lemma 3.4

Let $f, g\in C^{1}(\Omega, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3}))\cap C(\overline{\Omega}, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3}))$. Then

$$\begin{aligned} \int _{\partial\Omega}f\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}g =& \int _{\Omega }[f]L_{\kappa}g\,dV+ \int _{\Omega}fL_{-\kappa}[g]\,dV \\ =& \int _{\Omega}[f]L_{-\kappa}g\,dV+ \int _{\Omega}fL_{\kappa }[g]\,dV, \end{aligned}$$

where dV denotes Lebesgue volume measure, dσ stands for $\operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3})$-valued 2-differential form.

Proof

From Stokes’ theorem in Clifford analysis in [29], the results can be directly proved. □

Theorem 3.5

Suppose that Ω is an open bounded non-empty subset of $\mathbb {R}^{3}$ with a Lyapunov boundary ∂Ω, $u\in C^{4}(\Omega, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3}))\cap C^{3}(\overline{\Omega}, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3}))$. Then

$$\begin{aligned}& \sum_{i=1}^{3}(-1)^{i-1} \int _{\partial\Omega}H_{i}(\kappa , \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma_{\mathbf{y}}D^{i-1}[u](\mathbf{y}) \\& \qquad {}- \int _{\partial\Omega}H_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma _{\mathbf{y}}L_{-\kappa}\Delta[u](\mathbf{y}) \\& \qquad {}+ \int _{\Omega}H_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}) \bigl(\Delta ^{2}-\kappa^{2}\Delta\bigr)[u](\mathbf{y})\,dV \\& \quad = \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} u(\mathbf{x}), & \mathbf{x}\in\Omega, \\ 0, & \mathbf{x}\in\mathbb{R}^{3}\setminus\overline{\Omega}, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . \end{aligned}$$

(3.8)

where $H_{i}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})$ ($i=1,2,3,4$) are as in (3.3).

Proof

Let $\mathbf{x}\in\mathbb{R}^{3}\setminus\overline{\Omega}$. Using Lemma 3.4 and Lemma 3.2, we get

$$\begin{aligned}& \int _{\Omega}H_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}) \bigl(\Delta^{2}-\kappa^{2}\Delta\bigr)[u](\mathbf{y})\,dV \\& \quad = \int _{\Omega}H_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}- \mathbf{x})L_{\kappa }[L_{-\kappa}\Delta u](\mathbf{y})\,dV \\& \quad = \int _{\partial\Omega}H_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}) \,d \sigma_{\mathbf{y}}L_{-\kappa}\Delta[u](\mathbf{y}) \\& \qquad {} - \int _{\Omega} \bigl[H_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}- \mathbf{x})\bigr]L_{-\kappa}\cdot L_{-\kappa }\Delta[u](\mathbf{y})\,dV \\& \quad = \int _{\partial\Omega}H_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}) \,d \sigma_{\mathbf{y}}L_{-\kappa}\Delta[u](\mathbf{y}) \\& \qquad {} - \int _{\Omega} H_{3}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}) L_{-\kappa}\Delta[u](\mathbf{y})\,dV. \end{aligned}$$

(3.9)

Assume

$$ I_{1}= \int _{\Omega} H_{3}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}) L_{-\kappa}\Delta[u](\mathbf{y})\,dV. $$

Applying Lemma 3.4 and Lemma 3.2 once again, we continue to calculate the integral $I_{1}$ and get

$$\begin{aligned} I_{1} =& \int _{\partial\Omega} H_{3}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma_{\mathbf{y}}\Delta [u](\mathbf{y}) - \int _{\Omega} \bigl[H_{3}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}) \bigr]L_{\kappa}\cdot\Delta[u](\mathbf {y})\,dV \\ =& \int _{\partial\Omega} H_{3}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma_{\mathbf{y}}\Delta [u](\mathbf{y}) - \int _{\Omega} H_{2}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}) \Delta[u](\mathbf{y})\,dV \\ =& \int _{\partial\Omega} H_{3}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma_{\mathbf{y}}\Delta [u](\mathbf{y}) - \int _{\partial\Omega} H_{2}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma_{\mathbf{y}}D[u](\mathbf {y}) \\ &{} + \int _{\Omega} \bigl[H_{2}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}) \bigr]D\cdot D[u](\mathbf{y})\,dV \\ =& \int _{\partial\Omega} H_{3}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma_{\mathbf{y}}\Delta [u](\mathbf{y}) - \int _{\partial\Omega} H_{2}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma_{\mathbf{y}}D[u](\mathbf {y}) \\ &{}+ \int _{\partial\Omega} H_{1}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma_{\mathbf{y}}u(\mathbf{y}), \end{aligned}$$

(3.10)

From (3.9) and (3.10), in this case, the result follows.

Now, let $\mathbf{x}\in\Omega$ and take $r>0$ such that $B(\mathbf{x}, r)\subset\Omega$. Invoking the previous case, we may write

$$\begin{aligned}& \sum_{i=1}^{3}(-1)^{i-1} \int _{\partial(\Omega\setminus B(\mathbf{x}, r))}H_{i}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma_{\mathbf {y}}D^{i-1}[u](\mathbf{y}) \\& \quad {} - \int _{\partial(\Omega\setminus B(\mathbf{x}, r))}H_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma_{\mathbf{y}}L_{-\kappa}\Delta[u](\mathbf {y}) \\& \quad {} + \int _{\Omega\setminus B(\mathbf{x}, r)}H_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}) \bigl(\Delta^{2}-\kappa^{2}\Delta\bigr)[u](\mathbf{y})\,dV=0. \end{aligned}$$

(3.11)

Here we take the limits for $r\rightarrow0$. As regards the weak singularity of $H_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})$, it follows that

$$\begin{aligned}& \lim_{r\rightarrow0} \int _{\Omega\setminus B(\mathbf{x}, r)}H_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}) \bigl(\Delta^{2}-\kappa^{2}\Delta \bigr)[u](\mathbf{y})\,dV \\& \quad = \int _{\Omega}H_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}) \bigl(\Delta ^{2}-\kappa^{2}\Delta\bigr)[u](\mathbf{y})\,dV. \end{aligned}$$

(3.12)

Furthermore we write

$$\begin{aligned}& \sum_{i=1}^{3}(-1)^{i-1} \int _{\partial(\Omega\setminus B(\mathbf{x}, r))}H_{i}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma_{\mathbf {y}}D^{i-1}[u](\mathbf{y}) \\& \qquad {}- \int _{\partial(\Omega\setminus B(\mathbf{x}, r))}H_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma_{\mathbf{y}}L_{-\kappa }\Delta[u](\mathbf{y}) \\& \quad =\sum_{i=1}^{3}(-1)^{i-1} \int _{\partial\Omega }H_{i}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma_{\mathbf {y}}D^{i-1}[u](\mathbf{y}) \\& \qquad {}- \int _{\partial\Omega}H_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf {x})\,d \sigma_{\mathbf{y}}L_{-\kappa}\Delta[u](\mathbf{y}) \\& \qquad {}-\sum_{i=1}^{3}(-1)^{i-1} \int _{\partial B(\mathbf {x}, r)}H_{i}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma_{\mathbf {y}}D^{i-1}[u](\mathbf{y}) \\& \qquad {}+ \int _{\partial B(\mathbf{x}, r)}H_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma_{\mathbf{y}}L_{-\kappa}\Delta[u](\mathbf{y}). \end{aligned}$$

(3.13)

We denote

$$\begin{aligned} I_{2} \triangleq&-\sum_{i=1}^{3}(-1)^{i-1} \int _{\partial B(\mathbf{x}, r)}H_{i}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma_{\mathbf {y}}D^{i-1}[u](\mathbf{y}) \\ &{}+ \int _{\partial B(\mathbf{x}, r)}H_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma_{y}L_{-\kappa}\Delta[u](\mathbf{y}). \end{aligned}$$

Applying the Stokes formula and the Lebesgue differentiation theorem, we have

$$ \lim_{r\rightarrow0} I_{2}=-u(\mathbf{x}). $$

(3.14)

Combining (3.11) with (3.12)-(3.14), we get the desired result. □

Theorem 3.6

Suppose that Ω is an open bounded non-empty subset of $\mathbb {R}^{3}$ with a Lyapunov boundary ∂Ω, $u\in C^{4}(\Omega, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3}))\cap C^{3}(\overline{\Omega}, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3}))$. Then

$$\begin{aligned}& \int _{\partial\Omega}E_{1}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma _{\mathbf{y}}u(\mathbf{y}) - \int _{\partial\Omega}E_{2}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma _{\mathbf{y}}L_{-\kappa}[u](\mathbf{y}) \\& \qquad {}+ \int _{\partial\Omega}E_{3}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf {x})\,d \sigma_{\mathbf{y}}L_{\kappa}L_{-\kappa}[u](\mathbf{y}) \\& \qquad{} - \int _{\partial\Omega}E_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma _{\mathbf{y}}DL_{\kappa}L_{-\kappa}[u](\mathbf{y}) \\& \qquad {}+ \int _{\Omega}E_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\Delta \bigl(\Delta -\kappa^{2}\bigr)[u](\mathbf{y})\,dV \\& \quad = \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} u(\mathbf{x}), &\mathbf{x}\in\Omega, \\ 0, & \mathbf{x}\in\mathbb{R}^{3}\setminus\overline{\Omega}, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . \end{aligned}$$

(3.15)

where $E_{i}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})$ ($i=1,2,3,4$) are as in (3.4).

Proof

The result can be similarly proved to Theorem 3.5. □

Applying Theorems 3.5 and 3.6, we directly have the following results.

Theorem 3.7

Suppose that Ω is an open bounded non-empty subset of $\mathbb {R}^{3}$ with a Lyapunov boundary ∂Ω, $u\in C^{4}(\Omega, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3}))\cap C^{3}(\overline{\Omega}, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3}))$, and $(\Delta^{2}-\kappa^{2}\Delta)[u]=0$ in Ω. Then

$$\begin{aligned}& \sum_{i=1}^{3}(-1)^{i-1} \int _{\partial\Omega}H_{i}(\kappa ,\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma_{\mathbf{y}}D^{i-1}[u](\mathbf{y}) \\& \qquad {}- \int _{\partial\Omega}H_{4}(\kappa,\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma _{\mathbf{y}}L_{-\kappa}\Delta[u](\mathbf{y}) \\& \quad = \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} u(\mathbf{x}), & \mathbf{x}\in\Omega, \\ 0, & \mathbf{x}\in\mathbb{R}^{3}\setminus\overline{\Omega}, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . \end{aligned}$$

(3.16)

where $H_{i}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})$ ($i=1,2,3,4$) are as in (3.3).

Theorem 3.8

Suppose that Ω is an open bounded non-empty subset of $\mathbb {R}^{3}$ with a Lyapunov boundary ∂Ω, $u\in C^{4}(\Omega, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3}))\cap C^{3}(\overline{\Omega}, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3}))$, and $(\Delta^{2}-\kappa^{2}\Delta)[u]=0$ in Ω. Then

$$\begin{aligned}& \int _{\partial\Omega}E_{1}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma _{\mathbf{y}}u(\mathbf{y}) - \int _{\partial\Omega}E_{2}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma _{\mathbf{y}}L_{-\kappa}[u](\mathbf{y}) \\& \qquad {}+ \int _{\partial\Omega}E_{3}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf {x})\,d \sigma_{\mathbf{y}}L_{\kappa}L_{-\kappa}[u](\mathbf{y}) \\& \qquad {}- \int _{\partial\Omega}E_{4}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma _{\mathbf{y}}DL_{\kappa}L_{-\kappa}[u](\mathbf{y}) \\& \quad = \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} u(\mathbf{x}), & \mathbf{x}\in\Omega, \\ 0, & \mathbf{x}\in\mathbb{R}^{3}\setminus\overline{\Omega}, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . \end{aligned}$$

(3.17)

where $E_{i}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})$ ($i=1,2,3,4$) are as in (3.4).

In this article, as usual dS denotes the Lebesgue surface measure. Using Theorem 3.7 or 3.8, we have the following result.

Corollary 3.9

Suppose that $(\Delta^{2}-\kappa^{2}\Delta)[u](\mathbf{x})=0$ in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$. Then

$$\begin{aligned} u(\mathbf{x}) =&\frac{1+\kappa R}{4\pi R^{2}(1+\kappa R+\frac{\kappa^{2} R^{2}}{3})} \int _{\partial B(\mathbf{x}, R)} u(\mathbf{y})\,dS \\ &{}+\frac{\kappa^{2}}{4\pi R(1+\kappa R+\frac{\kappa^{2}R^{2}}{3})} \int _{B(\mathbf{x}, R)}u(\mathbf{y})\,dV +\frac{\frac{1}{\kappa^{2}}+\frac{R}{\kappa}+\frac{R^{2}}{3}-\frac {e^{\kappa R}}{\kappa^{2}}}{1+\kappa R+\frac{\kappa^{2}R^{2}}{3}}\Delta [u]( \mathbf{x}). \end{aligned}$$

Proof

For arbitrary $\mathbf{x}\in\mathbb{R}^{3}$, Theorem 3.7 and Stokes’ formula imply

$$\begin{aligned} u(\mathbf{x}) =&\frac{1}{4\pi R^{2}} \int _{\partial B(\mathbf{x}, R)}u(\mathbf{y})\,dS +\frac{1}{4\pi R} \int _{B(\mathbf{x}, R)}\Delta[u](\mathbf{y})\,dV \\ &{}+\biggl(\frac{e^{-\kappa R}-1}{4\pi\kappa^{2}R^{2}}+\frac{e^{-\kappa R}}{4\pi \kappa R}\biggr) \int _{\partial B(\mathbf{x}, R)}\Delta[u](\mathbf {y})\,dS \\ &{}+\frac{e^{-\kappa R}-1}{4\pi\kappa^{2}R} \int _{B(\mathbf{x}, R)}\Delta^{2}[u](\mathbf{y})\,dV. \end{aligned}$$

(3.18)

Using the mean value formula for harmonic functions and the condition $(\Delta^{2}-\kappa^{2}\Delta)[u]=0$, from (3.18), we have

$$\begin{aligned} u(\mathbf{x}) =&e^{-\kappa R}\frac{1+\kappa R}{4\pi R^{2}} \int _{\partial B(\mathbf{x}, R)}u(\mathbf{y})\,dS +e^{-\kappa R} \frac{\kappa^{2}}{4\pi R} \int _{B(\mathbf{x}, R)}u(\mathbf{y})\,dV \\ &{}+\biggl(\frac{1-e^{\kappa R}}{\kappa^{2}}+\frac{R}{\kappa}+\frac {R^{2}}{3} \biggr)e^{-\kappa R}\Delta[u](\mathbf{x}) \\ &{}-\biggl(1-e^{\kappa R}+\kappa R+\frac{R^{2}\kappa^{2}}{3}\biggr)e^{-\kappa R}u( \mathbf{x}). \end{aligned}$$

(3.19)

Thus the result follows. □

Theorem 3.10

Suppose that $(\Delta^{2}-\kappa^{2}\Delta)[u]=0$ in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ and $\lim_{r\rightarrow\infty}\frac{\Lambda(r,u)}{r^{m}}=l<\infty$, $m\in\mathbf{N}^{*}$. Then

$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l} \liminf_{r\rightarrow\infty}\frac{M(r, D[u])}{r^{m-1}}< \infty, \\ \Delta[u](\infty)=0, \\ L_{\pm\kappa}\Delta[u](\infty)=0. \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

(3.20)

Proof

For arbitrary $\mathbf{x}\in\mathbb{R}^{3}$, by Corollary 3.9, we have

$$\begin{aligned} \Delta[u](\mathbf{x}) =&\frac{1+\kappa R+\frac{\kappa^{2}R^{2}}{3}}{\frac {1}{\kappa^{2}}+\frac{R}{\kappa}+\frac{R^{2}}{3}-\frac{e^{\kappa R}}{\kappa^{2}}}u(\mathbf{x}) \\ &{}- \frac{(1+\kappa R)}{4\pi R^{2}(\frac{1}{\kappa^{2}}+\frac{R}{\kappa }+\frac{R^{2}}{3}-\frac{e^{\kappa R}}{\kappa^{2}})} \int _{\partial B(\mathbf{x}, R)} u(\mathbf{y})\,dS \\ &{}-\frac{\kappa^{2}}{4\pi R(\frac{1}{\kappa^{2}}+\frac{R}{\kappa}+\frac {R^{2}}{3}-\frac{e^{\kappa R}}{\kappa^{2}})} \int _{B(\mathbf{x}, R)}u(\mathbf{y})\,dV. \end{aligned}$$

(3.21)

Taking $R=\|\mathbf{x}\|$ in (3.21), we obtain

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\Vert \Delta[u](\mathbf{x})\bigr\Vert \leq&\biggl\vert \frac{1+\kappa\|\mathbf{x}\|+\frac {\kappa^{2}\|\mathbf{x}\|^{2}}{3}}{\frac{1}{\kappa^{2}} +\frac{\|\mathbf{x}\|}{\kappa}+\frac{\|\mathbf{x}\|^{2}}{3}-\frac {e^{\kappa\|\mathbf{x}\|}}{\kappa^{2}}}\biggr\vert \bigl\Vert u(\mathbf{x})\bigr\Vert \\ &{}+\biggl\vert \frac{1+\kappa\|\mathbf{x}\|}{\frac{1}{\kappa^{2}}+\frac{\| \mathbf{x}\|}{\kappa}+\frac{\|\mathbf{x}\|^{2}}{3}-\frac{e^{\kappa\| \mathbf{x}\|}}{\kappa^{2}}}\biggr\vert \max_{\|\mathbf{y}\|\leq2\|\mathbf{x}\|} \bigl\{ \bigl\Vert u(\mathbf{y})\bigr\Vert \bigr\} \\ &{}+\biggl\vert \frac{\kappa^{2}\|\mathbf{x}\|^{2}}{\frac{3}{\kappa^{2}}+\frac {3\|\mathbf{x}\|}{\kappa}+\|\mathbf{x}\|^{2}-3\frac{e^{\kappa\|\mathbf {x}\|}}{\kappa^{2}}}\biggr\vert \max_{\|\mathbf{y}\|\leq2\|\mathbf{x}\|} \bigl\{ \bigl\Vert u(\mathbf{y})\bigr\Vert \bigr\} . \end{aligned}$$

(3.22)

Denoting $\|\mathbf{x}\|=r$, we get from (3.22)

$$\begin{aligned} \max_{\|\mathbf{x}\|=r}\bigl\{ \bigl\Vert \Delta[u]( \mathbf{x})\bigr\Vert \bigr\} \leq& \biggl\vert \frac{1+\kappa r+\frac{\kappa^{2}r^{2}}{3}}{\frac{1}{\kappa^{2}} +\frac{r}{\kappa}+\frac{r^{2}}{3}-\frac{e^{r\kappa}}{\kappa^{2}}} \biggr\vert \max_{\|\mathbf{x}\|=r}\bigl\{ \bigl\Vert u(\mathbf{x})\bigr\Vert \bigr\} \\ &{}+\biggl\vert \frac{1+r\kappa}{\frac{1}{\kappa^{2}}+\frac{r}{\kappa}+\frac {r^{2}}{3}-\frac{e^{r\kappa}}{\kappa^{2}}}\biggr\vert \max_{\|\mathbf{y}\|\leq2r} \bigl\{ \bigl\Vert u(\mathbf {y})\bigr\Vert \bigr\} \\ &{}+\biggl\vert \frac{\kappa^{2}r^{2}}{\frac{3}{\kappa^{2}}+\frac{3r}{\kappa }+r^{2}-3\frac{e^{r\kappa}}{\kappa^{2}}}\biggr\vert \max_{\|\mathbf{y}\|\leq2r} \bigl\{ \bigl\Vert u(\mathbf {y})\bigr\Vert \bigr\} . \end{aligned}$$

(3.23)

The inequality (3.23) can be rewritten as

$$\begin{aligned} M\bigl(r,\Delta[u]\bigr) \leq&\biggl\vert \frac{r^{m}+\kappa r^{m+1}+\frac{\kappa ^{2}r^{m+2}}{3}}{\frac{1}{\kappa^{2}} +\frac{r}{\kappa}+\frac{r^{2}}{3}-\frac{e^{r\kappa}}{\kappa^{2}}} \biggr\vert \frac{M(r,u)}{r^{m}} \\ &{}+\biggl\vert \frac{r^{m}+r^{m+1}\kappa}{\frac{1}{\kappa^{2}}+\frac{r}{\kappa }+\frac{r^{2}}{3}-\frac{e^{r\kappa}}{\kappa^{2}}}\biggr\vert \frac{\Lambda(2r,u)}{r^{m}} \\ &{}+\biggl\vert \frac{\kappa^{2}r^{m+2}}{\frac{3}{\kappa^{2}}+\frac{3r}{\kappa }+r^{2}-3\frac{e^{r\kappa}}{\kappa^{2}}}\biggr\vert \frac{\Lambda(2r,u)}{r^{m}}. \end{aligned}$$

(3.24)

In view of (3.23) and $\lim_{r\rightarrow\infty}\frac {\Lambda(r,u)}{r^{m}}=l<\infty$, when $r\rightarrow\infty$, we get $\Delta[u](\infty)=0$.

Using Lemma 3.13 in [19] and $(\Delta-\kappa^{2})\Delta[u](\mathbf{x})=0$, we obtain

$$ L_{-\kappa}\Delta[u](\infty)=0 $$

(3.25)

and

$$ L_{\kappa}\Delta[u](\infty)=0. $$

(3.26)

From (3.25) and (3.26), we further obtain $D^{3}[u](\infty)=0$.

We finally verify the remaining of the result of the theorem. For all $\mathbf{x}\in\mathbb{R}^{3}$, from Theorem 3.7, Lemma 3.2, Remark 3.3, and Stokes’ formula it follows that

$$\begin{aligned} D[u](\mathbf{x}) =&\frac{1}{4\pi} \int_{\partial B(\mathbf{x}, R)}\frac {\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{3}}\,d\sigma_{\mathbf {y}}D[u]( \mathbf{y}) \\ &{}+\frac{1}{4\pi} \int_{\partial B(\mathbf{x},R)}\frac{1}{\|\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}\|}e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}\,d \sigma_{\mathbf {y}}\Delta[u](\mathbf{y}) \\ &{}+\frac{1}{4\pi\kappa^{2}} \int_{\partial B(\mathbf{x}, R)}\frac{\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{3}} \bigl(e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}-1\bigr)\,d \sigma_{\mathbf {y}}D^{3}[u](\mathbf{y}) \\ &{}+\frac{1}{4\pi\kappa} \int_{\partial B(\mathbf{x}, R)}\frac{\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{2}}e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}\|}\,d \sigma_{\mathbf{y}} D^{3}[u](\mathbf{y}) \\ =&\frac{3}{4\pi R^{3}} \int_{\partial B(\mathbf{x},R)}\,d\sigma_{\mathbf {y}}u(\mathbf{y}) + \frac{1}{4\pi R^{3}} \int_{B(\mathbf{x},R)}(\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\Delta [u](\mathbf{y})\,dV \\ &{}+\frac{e^{-\kappa R}}{4\pi R} \int_{\partial B(\mathbf{x},R)}\,d\sigma _{\mathbf{y}}\Delta[u](\mathbf{y}) \\ &{}+\frac{3(e^{-\kappa R}-1)}{4\pi\kappa^{2}R^{3}} \int_{\partial B(\mathbf {x},R)}\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}\Delta[u](\mathbf{y}) \\ &{}+\frac{e^{-\kappa R}-1}{4\pi R^{3}} \int_{B(\mathbf{x},R)}(\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x})\Delta[u](\mathbf{y})\,dV \\ &{}+\frac{3e^{-\kappa R}}{4\pi\kappa R^{2}} \int_{\partial B(\mathbf {x},R)}\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}\Delta[u](\mathbf{y}) \\ &{}+\frac{\kappa e^{-\kappa R}}{4\pi R^{2}} \int_{B(\mathbf{x},R)}(\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x})\Delta[u](\mathbf{y})\,dV \\ =&\frac{3}{4\pi R^{3}} \int _{\partial B(\mathbf{x},R)}\,d\sigma _{\mathbf{y}}u(\mathbf{y}) +\biggl( \frac{1+R\kappa}{4\pi R^{3}}\biggr)e^{-\kappa R} \int _{B(\mathbf {x},R)}(\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\Delta[u](\mathbf{y})\,dV \\ &{}+\biggl[\frac{e^{-\kappa R}}{4\pi R}+\frac{3(e^{-\kappa R}-1)}{4\pi\kappa ^{2}R^{3}}+\frac{3e^{-\kappa R}}{4\pi\kappa R^{2}}\biggr] \int_{\partial B(\mathbf{x},R)}\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}\Delta[u](\mathbf{y}). \end{aligned}$$

(3.27)

Taking $R=\|\mathbf{x}\|$ in (3.27), in view of the maximum principle of the modified Helmholtz equation in [7, 18], it immediately follows that

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\Vert D[u](\mathbf{x})\bigr\Vert \leq&24 \frac{\Lambda(2\Vert \mathbf{x}\Vert ,u)}{\Vert \mathbf {x}\Vert } +\frac{e^{-\kappa \Vert \mathbf{x}\Vert }}{3}\Vert \mathbf{x}\Vert M\bigl(2\Vert \mathbf{x}\Vert ,\Delta[u]\bigr) \\ &{}+\kappa\frac{e^{-\kappa \Vert \mathbf{x}\Vert }}{3}\Vert \mathbf{x}\Vert ^{2}M\bigl(2 \Vert \mathbf{x}\Vert ,\Delta[u]\bigr) +e^{-\kappa \Vert \mathbf{x}\Vert }\Vert \mathbf{x} \Vert M\bigl(2\Vert \mathbf{x}\Vert ,\Delta[u]\bigr) \\ &{}+\frac{3(1-e^{-\kappa \Vert \mathbf{x}\Vert })}{\kappa^{2}\Vert \mathbf{x}\Vert } M\bigl(2\Vert \mathbf{x}\Vert ,\Delta[u]\bigr)+ \frac{3e^{-\kappa \Vert \mathbf{x}\Vert }}{\kappa }M\bigl(2\Vert \mathbf{x}\Vert ,\Delta[u]\bigr). \end{aligned}$$

(3.28)

Denoting $\|\mathbf{x}\|=r$, we conclude from (3.28)

$$\begin{aligned} M\bigl(r,D[u]\bigr) \leq&24\frac{\Lambda(2r,u)}{r}+e^{-\kappa r} \biggl(\frac{4r}{3}+\frac {\kappa r^{2}}{3}+\frac{3}{\kappa}\biggr)M\bigl(2r, \Delta[u]\bigr) \\ &{} +\frac{3(1-e^{-\kappa r})}{\kappa^{2} r}M\bigl(2r,\Delta[u]\bigr). \end{aligned}$$

(3.29)

Then by (3.29), we have

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{M(r,D[u])}{r^{m-1}} \leq&24\cdot\frac{\Lambda(2r,u)}{r^{m}} + \frac{e^{-\kappa r}}{r^{m-1}}\biggl(\frac{4r}{3}+\frac{\kappa r^{2}}{3}+\frac {3}{\kappa} \biggr)M\bigl(2r,\Delta[u]\bigr) \\ &{}+\frac{3(1-e^{-\kappa r})}{\kappa^{2} r^{m}}M\bigl(2r,\Delta[u]\bigr). \end{aligned}$$

(3.30)

Applying the maximum principle of the modified Helmholtz equation and the condition $\lim_{r\rightarrow\infty}\frac{\Lambda(r,u)}{r^{m}}=l<\infty$, we have $\liminf_{r\rightarrow\infty}\frac {M(r,D[u])}{r^{m-1}}<\infty$. The proof is completed. □

Next, denote some integral operators as follows:

$$\begin{aligned}& (\mathcal{F}u) (\mathbf{x})\triangleq\sum_{i=1}^{3}(-1)^{i-1} \int _{\partial\Omega} H_{i}(\kappa,\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma_{\mathbf {y}}D^{i-1}[u](\mathbf{y}) \\& \hphantom{(\mathcal{F}u)(\mathbf{x})\triangleq{}}{}- \int_{\partial\Omega}H_{4}(\kappa,\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma _{\mathbf{y}}L_{-\kappa}\Delta[u](\mathbf{y}),\quad \mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{R}^{3}\setminus\partial\Omega, \end{aligned}$$

(3.31)

$$\begin{aligned}& (\mathcal{S}u) (\mathbf{x})\triangleq\sum_{i=1}^{3}(-1)^{i-1} \int _{\partial\Omega} H_{i}(\kappa,\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma_{\mathbf {y}}D^{i-1}[u](\mathbf{y}) \\& \hphantom{(\mathcal{S}u)(\mathbf{x})\triangleq{}}{}- \int_{\partial\Omega}H_{4}(\kappa,\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma _{\mathbf{y}}L_{-\kappa}\Delta[u](\mathbf{y}), \quad \mathbf{x}\in \partial\Omega, \end{aligned}$$

(3.32)

where $H_{i}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})$ ($i=1,2,3,4$) are as in (3.3) and the above singular integral is taken in the principal sense.

Lemma 3.11

Let Ω be an open, bounded non-empty subset of $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ with Lyapunov boundary ∂Ω, $u(\mathbf{x})\in H^{\alpha}(\partial\Omega, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3}))$, $0<\alpha \leq1$. Then, for $\mathbf{x}\in\partial\Omega$,

$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l} \lim_{\substack{\mathbf{x}\rightarrow\mathbf{x}_{0}\in\partial\Omega\\ \mathbf{x}\in\Omega}} (\mathcal{F}u)(\mathbf{x})=\frac{u(\mathbf{x}_{0})}{2}+(\mathcal {S}u)(\mathbf{x}_{0}), \\ \lim_{\substack{\mathbf{x}\rightarrow\mathbf{x}_{0}\in\partial\Omega\\ \mathbf{x}\in\mathbb{R}^{3}\setminus\overline{\Omega}}} (\mathcal{F}u)(\mathbf{x})=-\frac{u(\mathbf{x}_{0})}{2}+(\mathcal {S}u)(\mathbf{x}_{0}). \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

(3.33)

Proof

Applying the Plemelj formulas with parameter (Theorem 2.3 in [10]), the result follows. □

In the following, we denote

$$ u^{\pm}(\mathbf{x})=\lim_{\substack{\mathbf{y}\rightarrow\mathbf{x}\in \partial\Omega\\ \mathbf{x}\in\Omega^{\pm}}}u( \mathbf{y}), $$

(3.34)

where $\Omega=\Omega^{+}$ and $\Omega^{-}=\mathbb{R}^{3}\setminus \overline{\Omega}$.

Theorem 3.12

Assume that Ω is an open, bounded non-empty subset of $\mathbb {R}^{3}$ with a Lyapunov boundary ∂Ω, $u\in C^{4}(\Omega, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3}))\cap C^{3}(\overline{\Omega}, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3}))$, $u\in C^{4}(\Omega^{-}, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3}))\cap C^{3}(\overline{\Omega} ^{-}, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3}))$ and $u(\mathbf{x})$ satisfies the following conditions:

$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l} (\Delta^{2}-\kappa^{2}\Delta)[u](\mathbf{x})=0, \quad \textit{in }\mathbb {R}^{3}\setminus\partial\Omega, \\ u^{+}({\mathbf{x}})=u^{-}(\mathbf{x})\in H^{\alpha_{1}}(\partial\Omega, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3})), \quad \forall\mathbf{x}\in\partial\Omega, \\ D[u]^{+}({\mathbf{x}})=D[u]^{-}(\mathbf{x})\in H^{\alpha_{2}}(\partial \Omega, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3})), \quad \forall\mathbf{x}\in\partial\Omega, \\ \Delta[u]^{+}({\mathbf{x}})=\Delta[u]^{-}(\mathbf{x})\in H^{\alpha _{3}}(\partial\Omega, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3})), \quad \forall\mathbf{x}\in \partial\Omega, \\ L_{-\kappa}\Delta[u]^{+}(\mathbf{x})=L_{-\kappa}\Delta[u]^{-}(\mathbf {x})\in H^{\alpha_{4}}(\partial\Omega, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3})), \quad \forall \mathbf{x}\in\partial\Omega, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

(3.35)

where $0<\alpha_{i}\leq1$, $i=1,2,3,4$, then $(\Delta^{2}-\kappa ^{2}\Delta)[u]=0$ in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$.

Proof

We only need to prove that for $\forall\mathbf{x}_{0}\in\partial\Omega $, $(\Delta^{2}-\kappa^{2}\Delta)[u]=0$. Taking a constant $r>0$, $B(\mathbf{x}_{0}, r)$ is an open ball with the center at $\mathbf {x}_{0}$ and radius r such that $\Omega\subset B(\mathbf{x}_{0}, r)$. It is clear that $\partial\Omega \cup\partial B(\mathbf{x}_{0}, r)$ is a Lyapunov boundary.

Let

$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l} u(\mathbf{x})=u^{+}({\mathbf{x}})=u^{-}(\mathbf{x}), \\ D[u](\mathbf{x})=D[u]^{+}({\mathbf{x}})=D[u]^{-}(\mathbf{x}), \\ \Delta[u](\mathbf{x})=\Delta[u]^{+}({\mathbf{x}})=\Delta[u]^{-}(\mathbf {x}), \\ L_{-\kappa}\Delta[u](\mathbf{x})=L_{-\kappa}\Delta[u]^{+}(\mathbf {x})=L_{-\kappa}\Delta[u]^{-}(\mathbf{x}), \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

here $\mathbf{x}\in\partial\Omega$. In view of Theorem 3.7, it follows that

$$\begin{aligned}& u(\mathbf{x}_{1})=\sum_{i=1}^{3}(-1)^{i-1} \int _{\partial \Omega}H_{i}(\kappa,\mathbf{y}- \mathbf{x}_{1})\,d\sigma_{\mathbf {y}}D^{i-1}[u](\mathbf{y}) \\& \hphantom{u(\mathbf{x}_{1})={}}{}- \int_{\partial\Omega}H_{4}(\kappa,\mathbf{y}- \mathbf{x}_{1})\,d\sigma _{\mathbf{y}}L_{-\kappa}\Delta[u]( \mathbf{y}), \quad \mathbf {x}_{1}\in\Omega, \end{aligned}$$

(3.36)

$$\begin{aligned}& u(\mathbf{x}_{2})=\sum_{i=1}^{3}(-1)^{i-1} \int_{\partial\Omega \cup\partial B(\mathbf{x}_{0}, r)} H_{i}(\kappa,\mathbf{y}- \mathbf{x}_{2})\,d\sigma_{\mathbf {y}}D^{i-1}[u](\mathbf{y}) \\& \hphantom{u(\mathbf{x}_{2})={}}{}- \int_{\partial\Omega\cup\partial B(\mathbf{x}_{0}, r)}H_{4}(\kappa ,\mathbf{y}- \mathbf{x}_{2})\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}L_{-\kappa}\Delta [u]( \mathbf{y}), \\& \hphantom{u(\mathbf{x}_{2})={}}\mathbf{x}_{2}\in B(\mathbf{x}_{0}, r) \setminus\overline{\Omega}. \end{aligned}$$

(3.37)

Combining (3.36) with (3.37) and using Lemma 3.11, we obtain

$$\begin{aligned}& u^{+}(\mathbf{x}_{0})=\lim_{\mathbf{x}_{1}\rightarrow\mathbf {x}_{0}}u( \mathbf{x}_{1}) \\& \hphantom{u^{+}(\mathbf{x}_{0})}=\frac{u(\mathbf{x}_{0})}{2} +\sum_{i=1}^{3}(-1)^{i-1} \int _{\partial\Omega}H_{i}(\kappa ,\mathbf{y}- \mathbf{x}_{0})\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}D^{i-1}[u](\mathbf{y}) \\& \hphantom{u^{+}(\mathbf{x}_{0})={}}{}- \int_{\partial\Omega}H_{4}(\kappa,\mathbf{y}- \mathbf{x}_{0})\,d\sigma _{\mathbf{y}}L_{-\kappa}\Delta[u]( \mathbf{y}), \end{aligned}$$

(3.38)

$$\begin{aligned}& u^{-}(\mathbf{x}_{0})=\lim_{\mathbf{x}_{2}\rightarrow\mathbf{x}_{0}} u( \mathbf{x}_{0}) \\& \hphantom{u^{-}(\mathbf{x}_{0})}=\frac{u(\mathbf{x}_{0})}{2} +\sum_{i=1}^{3}(-1)^{i-1} \int _{\partial\Omega\cup \partial B(\mathbf{x}_{0}, r)} H_{i}(\kappa,\mathbf{y}- \mathbf{x}_{0})\,d\sigma_{\mathbf {y}}D^{i-1}[u](\mathbf{y}) \\& \hphantom{u^{-}(\mathbf{x}_{0})={}}{}- \int _{\partial\Omega\cup\partial B(\mathbf{x}_{0}, r)}H_{4}(\kappa,\mathbf{y}- \mathbf{x}_{0})\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}L_{-\kappa }\Delta[u]( \mathbf{y}). \end{aligned}$$

(3.39)

From (3.38) and (3.39), we derive

$$\begin{aligned} u(\mathbf{x}_{0}) =&\sum_{i=1}^{3}(-1)^{i-1} \int_{\partial B(\mathbf{x}_{0}, r)} H_{i}(\kappa,\mathbf{y}- \mathbf{x}_{0})\,d\sigma_{\mathbf {y}}D^{i-1}[u](\mathbf{y}) \\ &{}- \int_{\partial B(\mathbf{x}_{0}, r)}H_{4}(\kappa,\mathbf{y}-\mathbf {x}_{0})\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}L_{-\kappa}\Delta[u](\mathbf{y}). \end{aligned}$$

(3.40)

Therefore $\Delta(\Delta-\kappa^{2})[u](\mathbf{x}_{0})=0$, the result follows. □

Theorem 3.13

Let Ω be an open bounded non-empty subset of $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ with Lyapunov boundary ∂Ω, $u\in C^{4}(\Omega^{-}, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3}))\cap C^{3}(\overline{\Omega}^{-}, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3}))$, $(\Delta^{2}-\kappa^{2}\Delta)[u]=0$ in $\Omega^{-}$, and

$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l} u({\mathbf{x}})\in H^{\alpha_{1}}(\partial\Omega, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3})), \\ D[u](\mathbf{x})\in H^{\alpha_{2}}(\partial\Omega, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3})), \\ \Delta[u](\mathbf{x})\in H^{\alpha_{3}}(\partial\Omega, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3})), \\ L_{-\kappa}\Delta[u](\mathbf{x})\in H^{\alpha_{4}}(\partial\Omega, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3})), \\ \lim_{r\rightarrow\infty}\frac{\Lambda(r,u)}{r^{m}}=l< \infty , \quad m\in\mathbf{N}^{*}, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

where $0<\alpha_{i}\leq1$, $i=1, 2, 3, 4$. Then

$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l} \liminf_{r\rightarrow\infty}\frac{M(r, D[u])}{r^{m-1}}< \infty, \\ \Delta[u](\infty)=0, \\ L_{-\kappa}[u]\Delta(\infty)=0,\qquad L_{\kappa}\Delta[u](\infty)=0. \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

Proof

For $\mathbf{y}\in\partial\Omega$, let

$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l} u(\mathbf{y})=-f_{1}(\mathbf{y}), \\ D[u](\mathbf{y})=-f_{2}(\mathbf{y}), \\ \Delta[u](\mathbf{y})=-f_{3}(\mathbf{y}), \\ L_{-\kappa}\Delta[u](\mathbf{y})=-f_{4}(\mathbf{y}). \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

For $\mathbf{x}\in\mathbb{R}^{3}\setminus\partial\Omega$, we get

$$ F(\mathbf{x})=\sum_{i=1}^{4}(-1)^{i-1} \int _{\partial\Omega} H_{i}(\kappa, \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})\,d \sigma_{\mathbf{y}}f_{i}(\mathbf{y}) $$

and

$$ \widetilde{F}(\mathbf{x})=\left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} -F(\mathbf{x}) & \mathbf{x}\in\Omega^{+}, \\ u(\mathbf{x})-F(\mathbf{x}), & \mathbf{x}\in\Omega^{-}, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

in view of Lemma 3.2, it is easy to check that $(\Delta ^{2}-\kappa^{2}\Delta)[\widetilde{F}]=0$ in $\mathbb{R}^{3}\setminus\partial\Omega$, combining Lemma 3.11, we get

$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l} [\widetilde{F}]^{+}(\mathbf{x})=[\widetilde{F}]^{-}(\mathbf{x})\in H^{\tilde{\alpha}_{1}}(\partial\Omega, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3})), \\ D[\widetilde{F}]^{+}(\mathbf{x})=D[\widetilde{F}]^{-}(\mathbf{x})\in H^{\tilde{\alpha}_{2}}(\partial\Omega, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3})), \\ \Delta[\widetilde{F}]^{+}(\mathbf{x})=\Delta[\widetilde{F}]^{-}(\mathbf {x})\in H^{\tilde{\alpha}_{3}}(\partial\Omega, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3})), \\ L_{-\kappa}\Delta[\widetilde{F}]^{+}(\mathbf{x})=L_{-\kappa}\Delta [\widetilde{F}]^{-}(\mathbf{x})\in H^{\tilde{\alpha}_{4}}(\partial \Omega, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3})). \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

Thus $(\Delta^{2}-\kappa^{2}\Delta)[\widetilde{F}]=0$ in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ where we use Theorem 3.12. Obviously, $\lim_{r\rightarrow\infty}\frac{\Lambda(r,\widetilde{F}(\mathbf {x}))}{r^{m}}=l<\infty$, using Theorem 3.10, we arrive at

$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l} \liminf_{r\rightarrow\infty}\frac{M(r, D[\widetilde {F}])}{r^{m-1}}< \infty, \\ \Delta[\widetilde{F}](\infty)=0, \\ L_{-\kappa}\Delta[\widetilde{F}](\infty)=0,\qquad L_{\kappa}\Delta[\widetilde {F}](\infty)=0. \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

(3.41)

For $\mathbf{x}\in\Omega^{-}$,

$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l} D[u](\mathbf{x})=D[\widetilde{F}](\mathbf{x}) \\ \hphantom{D[u](\mathbf{x})={}}{}+\frac{1}{4\pi} \int _{\partial\Omega}\frac{\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}}{\| \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{3}}\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}f_{2}(\mathbf{y}) \\ \hphantom{D[u](\mathbf{x})={}}{}+\frac{1}{4\pi\kappa} \int _{\partial\Omega}[(\frac{\mathbf{y}-\mathbf {x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{3}} +\kappa\frac{\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\| ^{2}}+\kappa\frac{1}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|})e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}\|} -\frac{\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{3}}] \,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}f_{3}(\mathbf{y}) \\ \hphantom{D[u](\mathbf{x})={}}{}+\frac{1}{4\pi\kappa^{2}}\int _{\partial\Omega }[\frac{\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{3}} (e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}-1)+\kappa\frac{\mathbf{y}-\mathbf {x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{2}} e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}]\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}f_{4}(\mathbf {y}), \\ \Delta[u](\mathbf{x})=\Delta[\widetilde{F}](\mathbf{x}) \\ \hphantom{\Delta[u](\mathbf{x})={}}{}+\frac{1}{4\pi}\int _{\partial\Omega} [\frac{\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{3}}+\kappa\frac {\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{2}} +\kappa\frac{1}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}] e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}f_{3}(\mathbf {y}) \\ \hphantom{\Delta[u](\mathbf{x})={}}{}+\frac{1}{4\pi}\int _{\partial\Omega} \frac{e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\| }\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}f_{4}(\mathbf{y}), \\ L_{-\kappa}\Delta[u](\mathbf{x})=L_{-\kappa}\Delta[\widetilde {F}](\mathbf{x}) \\ \hphantom{L_{-\kappa}\Delta[u](\mathbf{x})={}}{}+\frac{1}{4\pi}\int _{\partial\Omega} [\frac{\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{3}}+\kappa\frac {\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{2}} +\kappa\frac{1}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}] e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}f_{4}(\mathbf{y}). \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

(3.42)

Equations (3.41) and (3.42) imply that the result holds. □

4 Riemann type problem for the fourth-order elliptic equation

In this section we will find solutions to

$$\begin{aligned} \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l} (\Delta^{2}-\kappa^{2}\Delta)[u]=0, \quad \text{in }\mathbb {R}^{3}\setminus\partial\Omega, \\ u^{+}(\mathbf{x})=u^{-}(\mathbf{x})A+g_{1}(\mathbf{x}), \quad \mathbf{x}\in\partial\Omega, \\ D[u]^{+}(\mathbf{x})=D[u]^{-}(\mathbf{x})B+g_{2}(\mathbf{x}), \quad \mathbf{x}\in\partial\Omega, \\ \Delta[u]^{+}(\mathbf{x})=\Delta[u]^{-}(\mathbf{x})C+g_{3}(\mathbf{x}),\quad \mathbf{x}\in\partial\Omega, \\ L_{\kappa}\Delta[u]^{+}(\mathbf{x})=L_{\kappa}\Delta[u]^{-}(\mathbf {x})D+g_{4}(\mathbf{x}), \quad \mathbf{x}\in\partial\Omega, \\ \lim_{r\rightarrow\infty}\frac{\Lambda(r,u)}{r^{m}}=l< \infty, \quad m\in\mathbf{N}^{*}, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . \end{aligned}$$

(4.1)

where A, B, C, D are invertible Clifford constants and $g_{1}(\mathbf{x}), g_{2}(\mathbf{x}), g_{3}(\mathbf{x}), g_{4}(\mathbf{x})\in H^{\alpha}(\partial\Omega, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3}))$, $0<\alpha\leq1$, $\kappa>0$.

Theorem 4.1

The Riemann type problem (4.1) is solvable and the solution can be written as

$$ u(\mathbf{x})=\sum_{i=1}^{4}u_{i}( \mathbf{x}), $$

(4.2)

where

$$\begin{aligned}& u_{1}(\mathbf{x})=\left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} \frac{1}{4\pi\kappa^{2}}\int _{\partial\Omega}\frac {e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}-1}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|} \,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}g_{4}(\mathbf{y}), & \mathbf{x}\in\Omega ^{+}, \\ \frac{1}{4\pi\kappa^{2}}\int _{\partial\Omega}\frac {e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}-1}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|} \,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}g_{4}(\mathbf{y})D^{-1}, & \mathbf{x}\in \Omega^{-}, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . \end{aligned}$$

(4.3)

$$\begin{aligned}& u_{2}(\mathbf{x})=\left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} \frac{1}{4\pi\kappa^{2}}\int _{\partial\Omega}(\frac {\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{3}} -\kappa\frac{1}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|})(e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}\|}-1)\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}\tilde{g}_{3}(\mathbf{y}) \\ \quad {}+\frac{1}{4\pi\kappa}\int _{\partial\Omega}\frac {\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{2}} e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}\tilde {g}_{3}(\mathbf{y}), & \mathbf{x}\in\Omega^{+}, \\ \frac{1}{4\pi\kappa^{2}}\int _{\partial\Omega}(\frac {\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{3}} -\kappa\frac{1}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|})(e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}\|}-1)\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}\tilde{g}_{3}(\mathbf {y})C^{-1} \\ \quad {} +\frac{1}{4\pi\kappa}\int _{\partial\Omega}\frac{\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{2}} e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}\tilde {g}_{3}(\mathbf{y})C^{-1}, & \mathbf{x}\in\Omega^{-}, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . \end{aligned}$$

(4.4)

$$\begin{aligned}& u_{3}(\mathbf{x})=\left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} \frac{1}{4\pi}\int _{\partial\Omega}\frac{1}{\| \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}\tilde{g}_{2}(\mathbf {y}) \\ \quad {} +\sum_{p=1}^{m}\sum_{(l_{1},\ldots ,l_{p-1})}C_{1,p-1}\mathbf{x}V_{l_{1},\ldots,l_{p-1}}(\mathbf {x})C_{l_{1},\ldots,l_{p-1}}^{1}, &\mathbf{x}\in\Omega^{+}, \\ \frac{1}{4\pi}\int _{\partial\Omega}\frac{1}{\| \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}\tilde{g}_{2}(\mathbf {y})B^{-1} \\ \quad {} +\sum_{p=1}^{m}\sum_{(l_{1},\ldots ,l_{p-1})}C_{1,p-1}\mathbf{x} V_{l_{1},\ldots,l_{p-1}}(\mathbf{x})C_{l_{1},\ldots,l_{p-1}}^{1}B^{-1}, &\mathbf{x}\in\Omega^{-}, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . \end{aligned}$$

(4.5)

$$\begin{aligned}& u_{4}(\mathbf{x})=\left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} \frac{1}{4\pi}\int _{\partial\Omega}\frac{\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{3}}\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}} \tilde{g}_{1}(\mathbf{y}) \\ \quad {} +\sum_{p=0}^{m}\sum_{(l_{1},\ldots ,l_{p})}V_{l_{1},\ldots,l_{p}}(\mathbf{x})C_{l_{1},\ldots,l_{p}}, &\mathbf{x}\in\Omega^{+}, \\ \frac{1}{4\pi}\int _{\partial\Omega}\frac{\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{3}}\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}} \tilde{g}_{1}(\mathbf{y})A^{-1} \\ \quad {} +\sum_{p=0}^{m}\sum_{(l_{1},\ldots ,l_{p})}V_{l_{1},\ldots,l_{p}}(\mathbf{x})C_{l_{1},\ldots,l_{p}}A^{-1}, &\mathbf{x}\in\Omega^{-}, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . \end{aligned}$$

(4.6)

and

$$\begin{aligned}& \tilde{g}_{3}(\mathbf{x})=g_{3}(\mathbf{x})+ \frac{1}{4\pi} \int _{\partial\Omega} \frac{e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\| }\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}g_{4}( \mathbf{y}) \bigl(-1+D^{-1}C\bigr),\quad \mathbf{x}\in\partial\Omega, \end{aligned}$$

(4.7)

$$\begin{aligned}& \tilde{g}_{2}(\mathbf{x})=\frac{1}{4\pi\kappa^{2}} \int _{\partial\Omega}\frac{\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{3}} \bigl(e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}-1\bigr)\,d \sigma_{\mathbf {y}}g_{4}(\mathbf{y}) \bigl(-1+D^{-1}B\bigr) \\& \hphantom{\tilde{g}_{2}(\mathbf{x})={}}{}+\frac{1}{4\pi\kappa} \int _{\partial\Omega}\frac{\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{2}}e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}\|} \,d \sigma_{\mathbf{y}}g_{4}(\mathbf{y}) \bigl(-1+D^{-1}B\bigr) \\& \hphantom{\tilde{g}_{2}(\mathbf{x})={}}{}-\frac{1}{4\pi\kappa} \int _{\partial\Omega}\frac{\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{3}} e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|} \,d \sigma_{\mathbf{y}} \tilde{g}_{3}(\mathbf{y}) \bigl(-1+C^{-1}B \bigr) \\& \hphantom{\tilde{g}_{2}(\mathbf{x})={}}{}-\frac{1}{4\pi} \int _{\partial\Omega}\biggl(\frac{\mathbf{y}-\mathbf {x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{2}}-\frac{1}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}\biggr) e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|} \,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}} \tilde{g}_{3}(\mathbf{y}) \bigl(-1+C^{-1}B\bigr) \\& \hphantom{\tilde{g}_{2}(\mathbf{x})={}}{}+\frac{1}{4\pi\kappa} \int _{\partial\Omega}\frac{\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{3}}\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}} \tilde{g}_{3}(\mathbf{y}) \bigl(-1+C^{-1}B\bigr) \\& \hphantom{\tilde{g}_{2}(\mathbf{x})={}}{}+g_{2}(\mathbf{x}),\quad \mathbf{x}\in\partial\Omega, \end{aligned}$$

(4.8)

$$\begin{aligned}& \tilde{g}_{1}(\mathbf{x})=\frac{1}{4\pi\kappa^{2}} \int _{\partial\Omega} \frac{e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}-1}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|} \,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}g_{4}( \mathbf{y}) \bigl(-1+D^{-1}A\bigr) \\& \hphantom{\tilde{g}_{1}(\mathbf{x})={}}{}+\frac{1}{4\pi\kappa^{2}} \int _{\partial\Omega}\biggl(\frac{\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{3}}-\kappa\frac{1}{\|\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}\|} \biggr) e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}\tilde {g}_{3}( \mathbf{y}) \bigl(-1+C^{-1}A\bigr) \\& \hphantom{\tilde{g}_{1}(\mathbf{x})={}}{}-\frac{1}{4\pi\kappa^{2}} \int _{\partial\Omega}\biggl(\frac{\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{3}}-\kappa\frac{1}{\|\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}\|} \biggr) \,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}\tilde{g}_{3}(\mathbf{y}) \bigl(-1+C^{-1}A\bigr) \\& \hphantom{\tilde{g}_{1}(\mathbf{x})={}}{}+\frac{1}{4\pi\kappa} \int _{\partial\Omega}\frac{\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{2}}e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}\|} \,d \sigma_{\mathbf{y}}\tilde{g}_{3}(\mathbf{y}) \bigl(-1+C^{-1}A \bigr) \\& \hphantom{\tilde{g}_{1}(\mathbf{x})={}}{}+\frac{1}{4\pi} \int _{\partial\Omega}\frac{1}{\|\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}\|}\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}} \tilde{g}_{2}(\mathbf{y}) \bigl(-1+B^{-1}A\bigr) \\& \hphantom{\tilde{g}_{1}(\mathbf{x})={}}{}+\sum_{p=1}^{m}\sum _{(l_{1},\ldots ,l_{p-1})}C_{1,p-1}\mathbf{x}V_{l_{1},\ldots,l_{p-1}}( \mathbf {x})C_{l_{1},\ldots,l_{p-1}}^{1} \bigl(-1+B^{-1}A\bigr) \\& \hphantom{\tilde{g}_{1}(\mathbf{x})={}}{}+g_{1}(\mathbf{x}),\quad \mathbf{x}\in\partial \Omega. \end{aligned}$$

(4.9)

Proof

Let $u(\mathbf{x})$ be the solution of (4.1) for $\mathbf {x}\in\mathbb{R}^{3}\setminus\partial\Omega$, we denote $\omega(\mathbf{x})=L_{\kappa}\Delta[u](\mathbf{x})$. Then

$$ \omega^{+}(\mathbf{x})=\omega^{-}( \mathbf{x})D+g_{4}(\mathbf{x}), \quad \mathbf{x}\in\partial\Omega. $$

(4.10)

In view of Theorem 3.13, $(\Delta^{2}-\kappa^{2}\Delta )[u](\mathbf{x})=L_{-\kappa}L_{\kappa}\Delta[u](\mathbf{x})=0$, and $\lim_{r\rightarrow\infty}\frac{\Lambda(r,u)}{r^{m}}=l<\infty $, we have

$$ \omega(\mathbf{x})=\left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} \frac{1}{4\pi}\int _{\partial\Omega}[\frac{\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{3}}+ \frac{\kappa(\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\| ^{2}}+\frac{\kappa}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}] e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}g_{4}(\mathbf {y}), & \mathbf{x}\in\Omega^{+}, \\ \frac{1}{4\pi}\int _{\partial\Omega}[\frac{\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{3}}+ \frac{\kappa(\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\| ^{2}}+\frac{\kappa}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}] e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}g_{4}(\mathbf {y})D^{-1}, & \mathbf{x}\in\Omega^{-}. \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

Let

$$ u_{1}(\mathbf{x})=\left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} \frac{1}{4\pi\kappa^{2}}\int _{\partial\Omega}\frac {e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}-1}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|} \,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}g_{4}(\mathbf{y}), &\mathbf{x}\in\Omega ^{+}, \\ \frac{1}{4\pi\kappa^{2}}\int _{\partial\Omega}\frac {e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}-1}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|} \,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}g_{4}(\mathbf{y})D^{-1}, & \mathbf{x}\in \Omega^{-}. \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

(4.11)

It is easy to check that

$$ L_{\kappa}\Delta[u-u_{1}](\mathbf{x})= 0, \quad \text{in }\mathbb{R}^{3}\setminus\partial\Omega. $$

(4.12)

If we denote

$$ \Delta[u](\mathbf{x})-\Delta[u_{1}](\mathbf{x})\triangleq\Theta( \mathbf {x}),\quad \mathbf{x}\in\mathbb{R}^{3}\setminus\partial\Omega, $$

(4.13)

and use boundary value condition

$$ \Delta[u]^{+}(\mathbf{x})=\Delta[u]^{-}( \mathbf{x})C+g_{3}(\mathbf{x}),\quad \mathbf{x}\in\partial\Omega, $$

we conclude

$$ \Theta^{+}(\mathbf{x})=\Theta^{-}(\mathbf{x})C+ \tilde{g}_{3}(\mathbf {x}), \quad \mathbf{x}\in\partial\Omega, $$

(4.14)

here $\tilde{g}_{3}(\mathbf{x})\in H^{\tilde{\alpha}}(\partial \Omega, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3}))$, $0<\tilde{\alpha}\leq1$ is taken from (4.7). It follows that $\Theta(\infty)=0$ from Theorem 3.13. Using (4.12), we get the representation formula

$$ \Theta(\mathbf{x})=\left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} \frac{1}{4\pi}\int _{\partial\Omega}[\frac{\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{3}}+ \frac{\kappa(\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\| ^{2}}-\frac{\kappa}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}] e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}\tilde {g}_{3}(\mathbf{y}), &\mathbf{x}\in\Omega^{+}, \\ \frac{1}{4\pi}\int _{\partial\Omega}[\frac{\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{3}}+ \frac{\kappa(\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x})}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\| ^{2}}-\frac{\kappa}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}] e^{-\kappa\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}\tilde {g}_{3}(\mathbf{y})C^{-1},& \mathbf{x}\in\Omega^{-}. \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

Analogously, we find with $u_{2}(\mathbf{x})$ from (4.4) that

$$ \Delta[u-u_{1}-u_{2}](\mathbf{x})=0, \quad \mathbf{x}\in \mathbb {R}^{3}\setminus\partial\Omega. $$

(4.15)

Denoting $D[u]-D[u_{1}]-D[u_{2}]\triangleq\Xi$, where $\mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{R}^{3}\setminus\partial\Omega$ and using the boundary value condition

$$ D[u]^{+}(\mathbf{x})=D[u]^{-}(\mathbf{x})B+g_{2}( \mathbf{x}), \quad \mathbf{x}\in\partial\Omega, $$

(4.16)

it follows that

$$ \Xi^{+}(\mathbf{x})=\Xi^{-}(\mathbf{x})B+ \tilde{g}_{2}(\mathbf{x}),\quad \mathbf{x}\in\partial\Omega, $$

(4.17)

where $\tilde{g}_{2}(\mathbf{x})\in H^{\tilde{\alpha}}(\partial \Omega, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3}))$, $0<\tilde{\alpha}\leq1$ is taken from (4.8). Again applying Theorem 3.13, we have $\liminf_{r\rightarrow\infty}\frac{M(r,\Xi)}{r^{m-1}}<\infty$. In view of (4.17) and Lemma 2.2, we obtain

$$ \Xi(\mathbf{x})=\left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} \frac{1}{4\pi}\int _{\partial\Omega}\frac{\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{3}}\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}\tilde {g}_{2}(\mathbf{y}) \\ \quad {} +\sum_{p=1}^{m}\sum_{(l_{1},\ldots ,l_{p-1})}V_{l_{1},\ldots,l_{p-1}}(\mathbf{x})C^{1}_{l_{1},\ldots,l_{p-1}}, & \mathbf{x}\in\Omega^{+}, \\ \frac{1}{4\pi}\int _{\partial\Omega}\frac{\mathbf {y}-\mathbf{x}}{\|\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|^{3}}\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}\tilde {g}_{2}(\mathbf{y})B^{-1} \\ \quad {} +\sum_{p=1}^{m}\sum_{(l_{1},\ldots ,l_{p-1})}V_{l_{1},\ldots,l_{p-1}}(\mathbf{x})C^{1}_{l_{1},\ldots ,l_{p-1}}B^{-1}, & \mathbf{x}\in\Omega^{-}. \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

(4.18)

Finally, we use

$$ u_{3}(\mathbf{x})=\left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} \frac{1}{4\pi}\int _{\partial\Omega}\frac{1}{\| \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}\tilde{g}_{2}(\mathbf {y}) \\ \quad {}+\sum_{p=1}^{m}\sum_{(l_{1},\ldots ,l_{p-1})}C_{1,p-1}\mathbf{x}V_{l_{1},\ldots,l_{p-1}}(\mathbf {x})C_{l_{1},\ldots,l_{p-1}}^{1}, &\mathbf{x}\in\Omega^{+}, \\ \frac{1}{4\pi}\int _{\partial\Omega}\frac{1}{\| \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}\|}\,d\sigma_{\mathbf{y}}\tilde{g}_{2}(\mathbf {y})B^{-1} \\ \quad {}+\sum_{p=1}^{m}\sum_{(l_{1},\ldots ,l_{p-1})}C_{1,p-1}\mathbf{x} V_{l_{1},\ldots,l_{p-1}}(\mathbf{x})C_{l_{1},\ldots,l_{p-1}}^{1}B^{-1}, &\mathbf{x}\in\Omega^{-}. \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

(4.19)

We arrive at

$$ D[u-u_{1}-u_{2}-u_{3}]=0, \quad \mathbf{x}\in \mathbb {R}^{3}\setminus\partial\Omega. $$

Defining

$$ u(\mathbf{x})-u_{1}(\mathbf{x})-u_{2}(\mathbf{x})-u_{3}( \mathbf {x})\triangleq\Upsilon(\mathbf{x}), \quad \mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{R}^{3}\setminus\partial\Omega. $$

(4.20)

According to the boundary value condition

$$ u^{+}(\mathbf{x})=u^{-}(\mathbf{x})A+g_{1}( \mathbf{x}), \quad \mathbf{x}\in\partial\Omega, $$

we get

$$ \Upsilon^{+}(\mathbf{x})=\Upsilon^{-}(\mathbf{x})A+\tilde {g}_{1}(\mathbf{x}), \quad \mathbf{x}\in\partial\Omega, $$

(4.21)

where $\tilde{g}_{1}(\mathbf{x})\in H^{\tilde{\alpha}}(\partial \Omega, \operatorname{Cl}(V_{3,3}))$, $0<\tilde{\alpha}\leq1$, is as in (4.7). It is clear that $\liminf_{r\rightarrow\infty}\frac{M(r,\Upsilon )}{r^{m}}<\infty$. Using Lemma 2.2, we get

$$ \Upsilon(\mathbf{x})=u_{4}(\mathbf{x}). $$

On the other hand, we can directly prove that (4.2) is the solution of (4.1). The proof is completed. □

Declarations

Acknowledgements

Research was supported by NNSF of China (Nos. 11401287 and 11301248), the AMEP and DYSP of Linyi University.

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)

Department of Mathematics, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, 276005, P.R. China

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A fourth-order elliptic Riemann type problem in \(\mathbb{R}^{3}\)

Abstract

Keywords

MSC

1 Introduction

2 Preliminaries and notations

Lemma 2.1

Lemma 2.2

3 Some integral representation formulas in Clifford analysis

Lemma 3.1

Lemma 3.2

Remark 3.3

Lemma 3.4

Proof

Theorem 3.5

Proof

Theorem 3.6

Proof

Theorem 3.7

Theorem 3.8

Corollary 3.9

Proof

Theorem 3.10

Proof

Lemma 3.11

Proof

Theorem 3.12

Proof

Theorem 3.13

Proof

4 Riemann type problem for the fourth-order elliptic equation

Theorem 4.1

Proof

Declarations

Acknowledgements

Authors’ Affiliations

References

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