In this paper we consider the evolution of a free boundary separating two immiscible viscous fluids with different constant densities. The joint motion of liquids in the solid skeleton is described by Stokes equations coupled with Lamé equations, driven by the input pressure and the force of gravity.
We prove the existence and uniqueness of classical solutions global in time, and we emphasize the study of the properties of the moving boundary separating the two fluids.
Keywords
free boundary problemsStokes and Lamé equationsMuskat problem
1 Introduction
This paper follows our previous paper [1], where we considered the evolution of a free boundary separating two immiscible viscous fluids in a single capillary of an absolutely rigid solid body. Here we consider the same flow in a single capillary \(Q_{f}\subset Q\) of an elastic solid body.
In dimensionless variables the evolution of a flow is driven by the input pressure and the force of gravity. More precisely, in this problem we have to find the velocity \(\mathbf{u}^{f}(\mathbf{x},t)\), the pressure \(p_{f}(\mathbf{x},t)\) and the density \(\rho_{f}(\mathbf{x},t)\) of the non-homogeneous liquid in \(Q_{f}\), and the displacements \(\mathbf{u}^{s}(\mathbf{x},t)\) and the pressure \(p_{s}(\mathbf{x},t)\) of the elastic skeleton in \(Q_{s}=Q\backslash\overline{Q_{f}}\) from the following system of differential equations:
\(\mu=\mathrm{const}\) is the viscosity of the liquids, \(\lambda=\mathrm{const}\) is the Lamé coefficient, e is the given vector, \(\rho_{s}\) is the density of the solid body, and \(\mathbb{I}\) is the unit tensor.
The mass and momentum conservation laws dictate the coincidence of velocities and normal tensions in the liquid and solid components,
where \(p^{+}(\mathbf{x})\) is a given function, \(S_{f}^{\pm}= S^{\pm}\cap\partial Q_{f}\), \(S_{s}^{\pm}=S^{\pm}\cap\partial Q_{s}\), and \(\mathbf{e}_{i}\) is the unit vector of the \(x_{i}\)-axis for \(i=1,2\).
To simplify our considerations we pass to the homogeneous boundary conditions at \(S^{\pm}\),
$$ \mathbf{u}^{s}(\mathbf{x},0)=0, \quad\mathbf{x}\in S. $$
(10)
The initial and boundary conditions for the density are equivalent to specifying the surface \(\Gamma_{0}\) that separates two subdomains \(Q_{f}^{\pm}(0)\) initially occupied by different fluids. For the sake of simplicity we suppose that
So, we may expect that the free boundary \(\Gamma(t)\) will not touch the given boundaries \(S^{\pm}\) at least for some time interval \(0< t< T\).
At the boundaries \(S^{\pm}\) for \(0< t< T\) and at initial moment \(t=0\), the density \(\rho_{f}\) is piecewise constant and assumes two positive values characterizing the distinct phases of the flow
The problem treated here is that of finding the velocity \(\mathbf {u}^{f}(\mathbf{x},t)\) and pressure \(p_{f}(\mathbf{x},t)\) of the liquid in pores, the displacement \(\mathbf{u}^{s}(\mathbf {x},t)\) and pressure \(p_{s}(\mathbf{x},t)\) of the solid skeleton, and the density \(\rho_{f}(\mathbf{x},t)\) of the liquid from the above equations and the initial and boundary data. Note that it is nonlinear because of the coupling term \(\mathbf {u}^{f}\cdot\nabla\rho_{f}\) in (2).
It is shown below that the evolution described by the above equations preserves the existence of two subdomains \(Q_{f}^{\pm}(t)\), each occupied by one of the fluids, that are separated at time \(t>0\) by a regular free boundary \(\Gamma(t)\). Thus, the problem studied is equivalent to finding \(\{\mathbf{u}^{f}, p_{f}, \mathbf{u}^{s}, p_{s}\}\), and the moving boundary \(\Gamma(t)\).
Theorems on the existence of generalized solutions to the Navier-Stokes system for non-homogeneous incompressible fluids were obtained in, e.g., [2–9] (without a detailed analysis of the set where the density is discontinuous). The existence and uniqueness of the classical solution to the Stokes equations for a non-homogeneous liquid with Dirichlet data have been proved in [10], and with Neumann data in [1]. The Muskat problem at the microscopic level with corresponding homogenization has been considered in [11].
Finally, we explain our motivation to study this particular problem. It is well known [12] that the Darcy system of filtration, describing the macroscopic flow of a homogeneous incompressible liquid in some bounded domain Q, is a result of homogenization of the Stokes system for an incompressible viscous liquid occupying a periodic pore space \(Q_{\varepsilon}\subset Q\) in an absolutely rigid solid body.
The more complicated macroscopic motion of two immiscible incompressible viscous liquids is governed by the Muskat problem. In this model one looks for the free boundary \(\Gamma(t)\subset Q\), which separates two different domains \(Q^{+}(t)\subset Q\) and \(Q^{-}(t)\subset Q\), \(Q^{+}(t)\cup\Gamma(t)\cup Q^{-}(t)=Q\), occupied by different fluids. In each of the domains \(Q^{\pm}(t)\) the liquid motion is described by its own Darcy system of filtration, and at the free boundary the normal velocities of the liquids coincide with the normal velocity of the free boundary.
Thus, we may expect that, as in the case of the filtration of a single liquid, the Muskat problem should be a homogenization of the initial boundary value problem for the Stokes system with a non-homogeneous liquid,
\(\overline{Q^{+}_{\varepsilon}}(0)\cup\overline{Q^{-}_{\varepsilon }}(0)=\overline{Q_{\varepsilon}}\), μ is the viscosity and ge is the acceleration due to gravity.
But until now this fact has not been proven and it may not be true for an absolutely rigid solid body.
Some indirect arguments confirm this guess.
As a first argument, note that the problem (17)-(19) possesses the evident a priori estimate
In order to pass to the limit in the transport equation (2) for the density \(\rho_{\varepsilon}\), as the size ε of pores goes to zero, one needs at least uniform boundedness of the gradient of the velocity \(\mathbf{u}^{\varepsilon}\):
On the other hand, the Friedrichs-Poincaré inequality in the periodic cell of an absolutely rigid skeleton ([12], equation (1.1.8), p.4) for the velocity,
dictates the unique asymptotic behavior of the viscosity μ as \(\varepsilon\rightarrow0\):
$$ \mu=\mu_{1}\varepsilon^{2}, $$
(23)
where \(\mu_{1}\) and \(C_{2}\), like the constant \(C_{1}\) in the previous estimate, are independent of ε.
Thus, condition (23) and estimate (20) do not guarantee estimate (21), and, consequently, the compactness of the sequence \(\{\mathbf{u}^{\varepsilon}\}\). Without this compactness we cannot pass to the limit in the transport equation for the density \(\rho^{\varepsilon }\) and get the desired result.
The second argument comes from the problem (17)-(19). For simplicity we consider a system of disjoint cylindric capillaries, with parallel axes and the motion of liquids under constant pressures at the ‘entrance’ \(S^{+}\) and ‘exit’ \(S^{-}\) boundaries.
Due to the boundary condition (18), the contact points of the free boundary and the solid skeleton will be permanently fixed at the initial position. Numerical implementations predict the appearance of a water tongue, which grows with time (see Figure 1). The gradual growth of the number of capillaries (Figure 2) leads to homogenization of the liquid motion. The domain occupied by the water tongues at a fixed time becomes under homogenization a mushy region, where the concentration s of water varies from 1 to 0 (Figures 3 and 4).
Figure 1
Numerical simulation: successive positions of the free boundary in a single capillary. Due to the boundary condition (18), the contact points of the free boundary and the solid skeleton will be permanently fixed at the initial position. Numerical implementations predict the appearance of a water tongue, which grows with time.
Figure 2
Numerical homogenization for\(\pmb{t=5.5}\). The gradual growth of the number of capillaries leads to homogenization of the liquid motion.
Figure 3
Homogenization by increasing the number of capillaries. Concentration of water s for increasing times (left to right). The domain occupied by the water tongues at a fixed time becomes under homogenization a mushy region, where the concentration s of water varies from 1 to 0.
Figure 4
The limit of rigorous numerical upscaling. The domain occupied by the water tongues at a fixed time becomes under homogenization a mushy region, where the concentration s of water varies from 1 to 0.
Now, if we return to the Muskat problem, we may see that the solution of the Muskat problem corresponding to the macroscopic joint motion of two different liquids has a very simple structure. The free boundary separates two liquids and moves with a constant velocity (Figure 5).
Figure 5
The solution of the Muskat problem. The free boundary separates two liquids and moves with a constant velocity.
So, we cannot obtain the Muskat problem of the liquid motion in the pore space of an absolutely rigid body as a homogenization of the corresponding initial boundary value problem for a Stokes system with a non-homogeneous liquid.
But if we look for the motion of a non-homogeneous liquid in an elastic solid body (the problem (2)-(6), (8), (10) (13), (14)), then the situation changes. The contact points of the free boundary and solid body begin to move (Figure 6), and homogenization conserves the free boundary which separates the two liquids.
Figure 6
Displacement of oil (\(\pmb{\rho^{+}=1.1}\)) by water (\(\pmb{\rho ^{-}=0.86}\)).(a) In an absolutely rigid solid and (b) in an elastic solid skeleton with the elasticity coefficient \(\lambda=15\). The contact points of the free boundary and solid body begin to move, and homogenization conserves the free boundary which separates the two liquids.
The aim of this paper is to show that the problem (2)-(6), (8), (10) (13) and (14) for an elastic solid body has a solution with a smooth free boundary, which divides the two liquids.
2 The main result
Throughout the article, we use the customary notation of function spaces and norms (see, e.g., [13], pp.4-7). Thus, for \(1< q<\infty\)
Next we introduce the space of functions with non-integer derivatives. To do this straightforwardly we consider the half-spaces
equations (8) almost everywhere in\(Q\times(0,T)\), boundary conditions (4), (13), and initial conditions (10) and (14) in the usual sense, and boundary conditions (3) and (6) in the sense of distributions as an integral identity
for almost all\(0< t< T\)and for any smooth solenoidal functionsφvanishing at\(\mathbf{x}\in S^{0}\).
(ii) The free boundary\(\Gamma(t)\)is a surface of class\(C^{1,\alpha}\)at each time\(t\in[0,T) \), and the normal velocity\(V_{n}(\mathbf{x},t)\)of the free boundary in the direction of its normalnat positionxis uniformly bounded,
for any smooth functionsψ, vanishing at\(t=T\)and\(\mathbf {x}\in S^{\pm}\).
The timeTof the existence of the classical solution depends on the behavior of the free boundary\(\Gamma(t)\). Namely, let\(\delta^{\pm}(t)\)be the distance between\(\Gamma(t)\)and the boundary\(S^{\pm}\)and\(\delta(t)=\min(\delta^{-}(t),\delta ^{+}(t))\). Then\(\delta(t)>0\)for all\(0< t< T\)and\(\delta(t)\rightarrow0\)as\(t\rightarrow T\).
of finding \(\mathbf{u}^{f,\varepsilon}\), \(p^{\varepsilon}_{f}\), \(\rho^{\varepsilon}\), \(\mathbf{u}^{s,\varepsilon}\), \(p^{\varepsilon}_{s}\) has at least one classical solution.
To solve the problem (29), (30) we use the Schauder fixed point theorem [14].
Namely, let \(\mathcal{M}\) be the set of all continuous functions
for given \(\widetilde{\rho}\in\mathcal{M}\) has a unique weak solution \(\{\mathbf{u}^{f}, p_{f}, \mathbf{u}^{s}, p_{s}, \rho=\Phi (\widetilde{\rho})\}\).
The properties of the mollifier \(\textbf{M}^{(2)}_{\varepsilon}\) and continuity equation for u imply the continuity equation for \(\mathbf{v}^{\varepsilon}\):
$$\nabla\cdot\mathbf{v}^{\varepsilon}=0, \quad\mathbf{x}\in Q_{f}, 0< t< T. $$
3.1.2
To prove the solvability of (29), (30) we show that the operator Φ is completely continuous and according to Schauder’s fixed point theorem it has at least one fixed point in \(\mathcal{M}\).
3.1.3
Finally, we prove that the modified problem (29), (30) has a unique solution.
3.2
In this part of the proof we derive uniform bounds for the solutions of the modified problem (29), (30).
More precisely, we first derive
3.2.1
\(L_{2}\)-estimates for the solutions of the modified problem (29), (30),
and using the Fourier transform’s techniques we find
3.2.2
uniform estimates for the solutions of the problem (29), (30) in Hölder’s spaces.
This part of the proof contains a lot of technical details and is very difficult to follow. Unfortunately, the linear problem that arises is completely novel and requires special consideration. The standard method for classical differential equations consists of:
(1) a Fourier transform of the original problem,
(2) exact representation of the solution of the corresponding linear problem in new variables, and
(3) inverse transformation and derivation of the exact representation of the solution in the original variables.
In our case the linear problem in new variables for the Fourier transform of the solution is still complicated and has no exact representation. This is why we estimate only a Fourier transform of the solution and after that use Parseval’s equality to get estimates for the solution in the original variables.
3.3
Finally we derive uniform estimates for the densities and prove the existence of a smooth surface separating the parts of the domain occupied by the two different fluids.
In what follows, by C we denote constants depending only on \(C^{0}\), \(\rho^{\pm}\), and \(\rho_{s}\).
3.1 Solvability of the modified problem (29), (30)
Definition 1
We say that a set of functions \(\{\mathbf{u}^{f,\varepsilon}, p^{\varepsilon}_{f}, \mathbf{u}^{s,\varepsilon}, p^{\varepsilon}_{s}, \rho^{\varepsilon }\}\)
for almost all \(t\in(0,T)\), and for arbitrary smooth functions \(\boldsymbol {\varphi}(\mathbf{x})\), vanishing at \(S^{0}\), and the problem (30) in the usual sense.
3.1.1 The solvability of the problem (33) for given ρ̃
Lemma 1
Under the same conditions of Theorem2.1the problem (33) for givenρ̃has a unique weak solution,
First of all, note that due to linearity of the problem it suffices to find corresponding a priori estimates.
To prove the first estimate in (36) we multiply the Stokes equation for \(\mathbf{u}^{f}\) by \(\mathbf{u}^{f}\) and integrate by parts over domain \(Q_{f}\), multiply the Lamé equation for \(\mathbf{u}^{s}\) by \(\frac{\partial\mathbf {u}^{s}}{\partial t}\), integrate by parts over domain \(Q_{s}\), and sum results.
To get the second estimate in (36) we differentiate the Stokes equation for \(\mathbf{u}^{f}\) and the Lamé equation for \(\mathbf{u}^{s}\) with respect to time, multiply the first expression by \(\mathbf{u}^{f}\) and integrate by parts over domain \(Q_{f}\times(0,t_{0})\), multiply the second expression by \(\frac{\partial\mathbf{u}^{s}}{\partial t}\) and integrate by parts over domain \(Q_{s}\times(0,t_{0})\), and sum results:
It is easy to see that \(\mathbf{u}\in W^{1}_{2}(Q)\), \(\mathbf{u}(\mathbf{x},t)=0\) for \(\mathbf{x}\in S^{0}\) (see the boundary condition in (31)), and
3.1.2 Solvability of the modified problem (29), (30)
Lemma 2
Under the same conditions of Theorem2.1the problem (29), (30) has a unique weak solution.
Proof
For given ρ̃ we may find the solution \(\mathbf {u}^{f}=\Phi_{1}(\widetilde{\rho})\) of the problem (33), then solve the initial boundary value problem (34) and find \(\rho=\Phi_{2}(\mathbf{u}^{f})=\Phi(\widetilde{\rho})\) such that
The first estimate follows from the maximum principle and shows that Φ transforms \(\mathcal{M}\) into itself, and the smoothness of ρ follows from existence theorems for parabolic equations with smooth coefficients ([13], p.320).
So, if we prove the continuity of the operator Φ, then Φ would be completely continuous due to (41). Finally, the Schauder fixed point theorem [14] permits us to find a fixed point of the operator Φ and solve the problem (29), (30).
The continuity of the linear operator \(\Phi_{1}\)
which proves the complete continuity of the operator Φ and the solvability of the problem (29).
To prove the uniqueness of the problem (29), (30) we suppose that there exist two different solutions \((\mathbf{u}^{f,\varepsilon}_{i}, \mathbf{u}^{s,\varepsilon }_{i}, \rho^{\varepsilon}_{i})\), \(i=1,2\).
Then the difference \(\{\mathbf{u}^{f}, \mathbf{u}^{s}, \rho\}\), \(\mathbf{u}^{f}=\mathbf{u}^{f,\varepsilon}_{1}-\mathbf {u}^{f,\varepsilon}_{2}\), \(\mathbf{u}^{s}=\mathbf{u}^{s,\varepsilon}_{1}-\mathbf {u}^{s,\varepsilon}_{2}\), \(\rho=\rho^{\varepsilon}_{1}-\rho^{\varepsilon}_{2}\), satisfies the following initial boundary value problem:
Now we multiply the dynamic equation for \(\mathbf{u}^{f}\) by \(\mathbf{u}^{f}\) and integrate by parts over domain \(Q_{f}\times(0,t_{0})\), the dynamic equation for \(\mathbf{u}^{s}\) by \(\frac{\partial\mathbf{u}^{s}}{\partial t}\) and integrate by parts over domain \(Q_{s}\times(0,t_{0})\) the equation for ρ by ρ and integrate by parts over domain \(Q_{f}\times(0,t_{0})\), and sum all results:
Under the conditions of Theorem2.1let\(\mathbf {u}^{f,\varepsilon}\)be the solution of the problem (29). Then\(\mathbb{P}_{f}(\mathbf{u}^{f,\varepsilon},p^{\varepsilon}_{f})\in L_{\infty} ((0,T);L_{2}(Q_{f}) )\),
and \(\mathbb{P}_{f}(\mathbf{u}^{f,\varepsilon },p^{\varepsilon}_{f})\in L_{\infty} ((0,T);L_{2}(Q_{f}) )\).
Coming back to (47) we conclude that \(\mathbb{P}_{f}(\mathbf{u}^{f,\varepsilon },p^{\varepsilon}_{f})\in L_{\infty} ((0,T);W^{1}_{2}(Q_{f}) )\), and (47) is equivalent to the Stokes equation
The right-hand side \(\mathbf{F}=\mathbf{f}+{\rho} ^{\varepsilon } \mathbf{e}\) of the differential equation belongs to \(L_{\infty}(G)\). Therefore we may use the same arguments as in [1] and conclude that for any \(\Omega\subset Q_{f}\)
Let \(\zeta^{(\delta)}(\mathbf{x})\) be infinitely smooth functions such that \(\zeta^{(\delta)}(\mathbf{x})=1\) for \(\mathbf{x} \in\Omega^{(2\delta)}\), and \(\zeta^{(\delta )}(\mathbf{x})=0\) for \(\mathbf{x} \in Q\backslash\Omega^{(\delta)}\).
The functions \(\mathbf{u}^{f,\varepsilon,\delta}=\mathbf{u}^{f,\varepsilon }\zeta^{(\delta)}\), \(p_{f}^{\varepsilon,\delta}=p^{\varepsilon}_{f}\zeta^{(\delta)}\), \(\mathbf{u}^{s,\varepsilon,\delta}=\mathbf{u}^{s,\varepsilon }\zeta^{(\delta)}\), and \(p_{s}^{\varepsilon,\delta}=p_{s}^{\varepsilon}\zeta^{(\delta)}\) satisfy in \(\mathbb{R}^{2}\) for \(t>0\) the following linear problem:
For the sake of simplicity we denote all constants independent of ε as C (or \(C(\delta)\)), and omit for the moment the indices ε and δ.
Now we reduce (53) to homogeneous differential equations by introducing new functions \(\{\mathbf{w}^{f}, r_{f}, \mathbf{w}^{s}, r_{s}\}\) as a solution to the following problem:
To define the functions \(c ^{f}_{p}\), \(c ^{f}_{v}\), \(c ^{s}_{p}\), and \(c ^{s}_{v}\), we use the boundary conditions (59):
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned} &c ^{s}_{v}+ \frac{1}{2\lambda|\xi|} c ^{s}_{p}= \frac{\mu}{\lambda} c ^{f}_{v}-\frac{1}{2 \lambda|\xi|} c ^{f}_{p}, \\ &c ^{s}_{v}+\frac{3}{2 \lambda|\xi|} c ^{s}_{p}=- \frac{\mu}{\lambda}c ^{f}_{v}+ \frac{3}{2 \lambda|\xi|} c ^{f}_{p}, \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(62)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned} &\frac{\partial c ^{s}_{v}}{\partial t}+ \frac{1}{2 \lambda|\xi|} \frac{\partial c ^{s}_{p}}{\partial t}= - c ^{f}_{v}+\frac{1}{2 \mu|\xi|} c ^{f}_{p}+i \frac{|\xi|}{\xi} \widehat{ \varphi}_{1}, \\ &\frac{\partial c ^{s}_{v}}{\partial t}=c ^{f}_{v}+\widehat{ \varphi}_{2},\quad c ^{s}_{v}(\xi,0)=c ^{s}_{p}(\xi,0)=0. \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(63)
The first system (62) gives us values \(c ^{s}_{v}\) and \(c ^{s}_{p}\) as a combination of \(c ^{f}_{v}\) and \(c ^{f}_{p}\):
$$ c ^{s}_{v}=2 \frac{\mu}{\lambda} c ^{f}_{v}-\frac{3}{2 \lambda|\xi|} c ^{f}_{p}, \qquad c ^{s}_{p}=-2 \mu|\xi| c ^{f}_{v}+2 c ^{f}_{p}. $$
(64)
Taking into account (63) and (64) we define \(c ^{-}_{v}\) and \(c ^{-}_{r}\) from the Cauchy problem for the following system of ordinary differential equations:
$$ \begin{aligned} &\frac{\partial c ^{f}_{v}}{\partial t}=-4 \frac{\lambda}{\mu} c ^{f}_{v}+ \frac{3 \lambda}{4 \mu^{2} |\xi|} c ^{f}_{p}+ 3 i \frac{\lambda|\xi| }{\mu\xi} \widehat{ \varphi}_{1}-\frac{\lambda }{\mu} \widehat{\varphi}_{2}, \\ &\frac{\partial c ^{f}_{p}}{\partial t}=-6 \lambda|\xi| c ^{f}_{v}+2 \frac{\lambda}{\mu} c ^{f}_{p}+ 4 i \xi\widehat{ \varphi}_{1}-2 \lambda|\xi| \widehat{\varphi}_{2}, \\ &c ^{f}_{v}(\xi,0)=c ^{f}_{p}( \xi,0)=0. \end{aligned} $$
(65)
The last equation is equivalent to the Cauchy problem for the second order ordinary differential equation with coefficient \(k^{2}=32 \frac{\lambda}{\mu}\) independent of ξ:
$$ \begin{aligned} &\frac{\partial^{2} c ^{f}_{v}}{\partial t^{2}}-k^{2} c ^{f}_{v}= 3 \frac{\lambda}{\mu} \widehat{ \varphi}_{2}+ \frac{\partial\widehat{\varphi}_{1}}{\partial t}-4 \frac{\lambda}{\mu} \widehat{ \varphi}_{1}, \\ &c ^{f}_{v}(\xi,0)=0,\qquad \frac{\partial c ^{f}_{v}}{\partial t}(\xi,0)= 3 i \frac{\lambda|\xi| }{\mu\xi} \widehat{\varphi}_{1}(\xi,0)- \frac{\lambda}{\mu} \widehat{\varphi}_{2}(\xi,0). \end{aligned} $$
Note that \(\widehat{w}^{k}_{i}(\xi,0,0)\), \(z^{j,i}_{l}\) and \(g^{j,i}_{l}\) are known functions, and the functions \(z^{j,i}_{l}\) and \(g^{j,i}_{l}\) are infinitely smooth in t.
Gathering all these issues one has for \(j=f,s\) and \(l=1,2\)
Coming back to the previous notations i taking into account (54) and the definitions of \(\mathbf{v} ^{j,\varepsilon,\delta}\) and \(\mathbf{w} ^{j,\varepsilon,\delta}\), we get from (70) for \(l=2\)
Now we repeat all this with the function \(\zeta^{(2\delta)}\) and domain \(\Omega^{(2\delta)}\): \(\zeta^{(2\delta)}(\mathbf{x})=1\) for \(\mathbf{x} \in\Omega ^{(4\delta)}\), and \(\zeta^{(2\delta)}(\mathbf{x})=0\) for \(\mathbf{x} \in Q\backslash\Omega^{(2\delta)}\).
Let \(\Gamma^{\varepsilon}(t)\subset Q_{f}\) be a smooth surface obtained by moving the initial position \(\Gamma(0)\) along the trajectories of the velocity field \(\mathbf {v}^{\varepsilon}\):
Note that \(q_{i}\equiv0\) near the boundaries \(S^{\pm}\), and \(S^{0}\). This follows from the supposition on the behavior of the boundary \(\Gamma^{\varepsilon}(t)\), and the choice of the time T.
Multiplying the equation for \(q_{i}\) by \(\frac{q_{i}}{(q_{i}^{2}+\delta^{2})^{\frac{1}{2}}}\) and integrating by parts over Q we arrive at the equality
for \(y=\sum_{i=1}^{2}\int_{Q}(q_{i}^{2}+\delta^{2})^{\frac {1}{2}}\,dx\).
The Gronwall inequality provides estimates (77) for \(q_{i}, i=1,2\), and the transport equation (30) provides estimate (77) for the time derivative of \(\rho^{\varepsilon}\). □
Passage to non-smooth initial data, existence of a regular free boundary, existence of the maximal time interval and uniqueness of the solution are proved in the same way as in the previous papers [10] and [1].
Declarations
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the referee for his/her careful reading of the manuscript and the useful suggestions and comments.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Yachay Tech University, San Miguel de Urcuqui, Ecuador
(2)
Belgorod National Research University, Belgorod, Russia
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