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Upper semicontinuity of uniform attractors for nonclassical diffusion equations
Boundary Value Problems volume 2017, Article number: 84 (2017)
Abstract
We study the upper semicontinuity of a uniform attractor for a nonautonomous nonclassical diffusion equation with critical nonlinearity. In particular, we prove that the uniform (with respect to (w.r.t.) \(g\in \Sigma \)) attractor \(\mathcal {A}^{\varepsilon }_{\Sigma }\) (\(\varepsilon \geqslant 0\)) for equation (1.1) satisfies \(\lim_{\varepsilon \to \varepsilon _{0}}\operatorname{dist}_{H_{0}^{1}(\Omega )}(\mathcal {A}^{\varepsilon } _{\Sigma },\mathcal {A}^{\varepsilon _{0}}_{\Sigma })=0\) for any \(\varepsilon _{0}\geqslant 0\).
1 Introduction
This paper is devoted to studying the following nonautonomous nonclassical diffusion equation:
in a bounded domain \(\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^{N}\) (\(N\geqslant 3\)) with smooth boundary ∂Ω and perturbed parameter \(\varepsilon \geqslant 0\).
For the nonlinearity \(f\in C^{1}(\mathbb {R})\), we assume it satisfies the following growth and dissipation conditions:
where \(C>0\) and \(\lambda _{1}\) is the first eigenvalue of −Δ on \(H_{0}^{1}(\Omega )\).
For the external force \(g(x,t)\), we assume
where the translation bounded space \(L^{2}_{b}(\mathbb {R};L^{2}(\Omega ))\) is defined by the following norm:
Nonclassical diffusion equations arise in fluid mechanics, solid mechanics, and the theory of heat conduction; they describe that the diffusing species behave as a linearly viscous fluid (see, e.g., [1, 2]). Asymptotic behavior of equations analogous to (1.1) has been investigated in many literature works during the last years (see, e.g., [3–12] and the references therein).
Since equation (1.1) reduces to a usual reaction-diffusion equation when \(\varepsilon =0\), it is natural to examine the limiting behavior of solutions to equation (1.1) when ε goes to 0. This problem has been considered by some authors. In [10], the authors study the existence of global attractors in \(H^{2}(\Omega ) \cap H_{0}^{1}(\Omega )\) (generated by strong solutions), and their upper semicontinuity in \(H_{0}^{1}(\Omega )\) for the autonomous case of equation (1.1) (that is, the external force g is independent of t) with subcritical nonlinearity. In [4], the upper semicontinuity of pullback attractors in \(L^{2}(\Omega )\) for equation (1.1) with subcritical nonlinearity was considered. In [13], the upper semicontinuity of global attractors in \(H^{1}(\mathbb {R}^{n})\) for equation (1.1) defined in unbounded domains with subcritical nonlinearity was considered. As far as we know, there are no results as to the upper semicontinuity of uniform attractors generated by (weak) solutions in \(H_{0}^{1}(\Omega )\) for equation (1.1) with critical nonlinearity.
In order to construct uniform attractors for equation (1.1), it is necessary to define a proper symbol space generated by external force \(g(x,t)\) (see, e.g., [14]). Let \(L^{2}_{w, \mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb {R};L^{2}(\Omega ))\) denote the locally square integrable (in time) space \(L^{2}_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb {R};L^{2}(\Omega ))\) endowed with the locally weak convergence topology. For every \(g_{0}\in L^{2}_{b}(\mathbb {R};L^{2}(\Omega ))\), we define a set of functions obtained by all time shifts of \(g_{0}\) as follows:
The hull of \(g_{0}\), denoted by \(\Sigma =\mathcal {H}(g_{0})\), is defined as a closure of \(\Sigma_{0}\) in the topology of \(L^{2}_{w, \mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb {R};L ^{2}(\Omega ))\) (see, e.g., [14], Section V.4.). We choose Σ as the symbol space for equation (1.1).
From [9, 15], we know that equation (1.1) is globally well-posed in \(H_{0}^{1}(\Omega )\) for every \(\varepsilon \geqslant 0\), \(g\in \Sigma \), the solution operator \(U^{\varepsilon }_{g}(t,\tau )\) forms a process (see (2.1), (2.2)) in \(H_{0}^{1}(\Omega )\) and satisfies the following assumptions (translation identity):
where \(\{T(s)\}_{s\geqslant 0}\) is the translation semigroup on Σ.
The existence of uniform (with respect to (w.r.t.) \(g\in \Sigma \)) attractors in different kinds of phase spaces for equations analogous to equation (1.1) (\(\varepsilon =0\) or \(\varepsilon >0\)) with more general nonlinearities and external forces have been investigated in many literature works (see, e.g., [9, 14–18] and the references therein). We can summarize the following result (see, e.g., [8, 9, 14, 15] and the references therein).
Theorem 1.1
Let (1.2), (1.3) be satisfied. Assume that \(g_{0}\in L^{2} _{b}(\mathbb {R};L^{2}(\Omega ))\) and Σ is the hull of \(g_{0}\) in \(L^{2}_{w,\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb {R};L^{2}(\Omega ))\). For each \(\varepsilon \geqslant 0\), the family of processes \(\{U^{\varepsilon }_{g}(t,\tau )\}, g\in \Sigma \) associated with equation (1.1) possesses a compact uniform (w.r.t. \(g\in \Sigma \)) attractor \(\mathcal {A}_{\Sigma }^{\varepsilon }\) in \(H_{0}^{1}(\Omega )\). Moreover, this attractor satisfies that
where \(\mathcal {B}\) is a uniformly (w.r.t. \(g\in \Sigma \)) absorbing set, which is independent of ε (see Corollary 3.1) and \(\omega _{\tau ,\Sigma }^{\varepsilon }(\mathcal {B})\) is the ω-limit set of \(\mathcal {B}\), \(\mathcal {K}^{\varepsilon }_{g}(s)\) is the kernel section of the process \(\{U^{\varepsilon }_{g}(t,\tau )\}\) at time \(t=s\).
The aim of this paper is to obtain the upper semicontinuity of uniform attractors in \(H_{0}^{1}(\Omega )\) for equation (1.1), especially the nonlinear term f has a critical exponent (see (1.2)). More precisely, the main result of this paper can be stated as follows, which will be proved in Section 3 later.
Theorem 1.2
Let (1.2), (1.3) be satisfied. Assume \(g_{0},\partial _{t}g_{0} \in L^{2}_{b}(\mathbb {R};L^{2}(\Omega ))\) and Σ is the hull of \(g_{0}\) in \(L^{2}_{w,\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb {R};L^{2}(\Omega ))\). Let \(\mathcal {A}^{\varepsilon }_{ \Sigma }\) (\(\varepsilon \geqslant 0\)) be the uniform attractor given by Theorem 1.1, then it satisfies that for every \(\varepsilon _{0}\geqslant 0\),
and
where \(\operatorname{dist}_{H_{0}^{1}}\) denotes the standard Hausdorff semidistance in \(H_{0}^{1}(\Omega )\).
Hereafter, we denote by \(\langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle \) and \(\Vert \cdot \Vert \) the inner product and the norm in \(L^{2}(\Omega )\), respectively. The symbols C and Q stand for a generic positive constant and a generic positive increasing function, respectively. Young’s and Hölder’s inequalities will be applied without explicit mention.
2 Preliminaries
In this section, we recall some basic concepts and results of the theory of uniform attractors, we refer to [14, 19] and the references therein for more details.
Let X be a Banach space and Σ be a parameter set. The set of operators \(\{U_{g}(t,\tau )\}, g\in \Sigma \) is called a family of evolution processes in X with symbol space Σ if, for any \(g\in \Sigma \), it satisfies
Definition 2.1
see [14]
A bounded subset \(\mathcal {B}\) of X is said to be uniformly (w.r.t. \(g\in \Sigma\)) absorbing for the family of processes \(\{U_{g}(t,\tau ) \}, g\in \Sigma \) if, for any \(\tau \in \mathbb {R}\) and any bounded subset \(B\subset X\), there exists \(T=T(B)\geqslant \tau \) such that \(\bigcup_{t\geqslant T}\bigcup_{g\in \Sigma }U_{g}(t,\tau )B\subset \mathcal {B}\).
Definition 2.2
see [14]
A closed set \(\mathcal {A}_{\Sigma }\) of X is said to be a uniform (w.r.t. \(g\in \Sigma\)) attractor of the family of processes \(\{U_{g}(t,\tau )\}, g\in \Sigma \) if
-
(i)
\(\mathcal {A}_{\Sigma }\) is uniformly (w.r.t. \(g\in \Sigma\)) attracting, that is, for any \(\tau \in \mathbb {R}\) and any bounded subset \(B\subset X\), \(\lim_{t\to \infty }\sup_{g\in \Sigma }\operatorname{dist}_{X}(U_{g}(t, \tau )B,\mathcal {B})=0 \)(attracting property);
-
(ii)
\(\mathcal {A}_{\Sigma }\) is contained in any closed uniformly attracting set (minimality property).
Definition 2.3
see [20]
A family of processes \(\{U_{g}(t,\tau )\}, g\in \Sigma \) on X is said to be uniformly (w.r.t. \(g\in \Sigma\)) asymptotically compact if and only if, for any \(\tau \in \mathbb {R}\), \(\{g_{n}\}_{n\in \mathbb{N}}\subset \Sigma \), \(\{t_{n}\}_{n\in \mathbb{N}}\subset [\tau ,\infty )\) with \(t_{n}\to \infty\) (\(n\to \infty\)) and any bounded sequence \(\{x_{n}\}_{n\in \mathbb{N}}\subset X\), the sequence \(\{U_{g_{n}}(t _{n},\tau )x_{n}\}_{n\in \mathbb{N}}\) is relatively compact in X.
Definition 2.4
see [14]
For any bounded subset B of X, the uniform (w.r.t. \(g\in \Sigma\)) ω-limit set \(\omega _{\tau ,\Sigma }(B)\) for the family of processes \(\{U_{g}(t,\tau )\}, g\in \Sigma \) is defined by
Assumption I
Let \(\{T(s)\}_{s\geqslant 0}\) be a family of operators acting on Σ and satisfying
-
(i)
\(T(s)\Sigma =\Sigma\), \(\forall s\geqslant 0\);
-
(ii)
translation identity
$$ U_{g}(t+s,\tau +s)=U_{T(s)g}(t,\tau ),\quad \forall g\in \Sigma , t \geqslant \tau , \tau \in \mathbb {R}, s\geqslant 0. $$
We recall (see, e.g., [14]) that the kernel \(\mathcal {K}\) of the process \(\{U(t,\tau )\}\) acting on X consists of all bounded complete trajectories of \(\{U(t,\tau )\}\), i.e.,
and \(\mathcal {K}(s)=\{u(s)\mid u(\cdot )\in \mathcal {K}\}\) is said to be the kernel section at time \(t=s, s\in \mathbb {R}\).
Definition 2.5
A family of processes \(\{U_{\sigma }(t,\tau )\}, g\in \Sigma \) is said to be \((X\times \Sigma ,X)\)-weakly continuous if, for arbitrary fixed \(t\geqslant \tau \), \(\tau \in \mathbb {R}\), the mapping \((u,g)\to U_{g}(t, \tau )u\) is weakly continuous from \(X\times \Sigma \) to X.
Assumption II
Let Σ be a weakly compact set and \(\{U_{g}(t,\tau )\}, g\in \Sigma \) be \((X\times \Sigma , X)\)-weakly continuous.
Theorem 2.1
Under Assumptions I, II, if \(\{U_{g}(t,\tau )\}\), \(g\in \Sigma \)
-
(i)
has a uniformly (w.r.t. \(g\in \Sigma\)) absorbing set \(\mathcal {B}\);
-
(ii)
is uniformly (w.r.t. \(g\in \Sigma \)) asymptotically compact,
then \(\{U_{g}(t,\tau )\}\), \(g\in \Sigma \) has a compact uniform (w.r.t. \(g\in \Sigma\)) attractor \(\mathcal {A}_{\Sigma }\) satisfying
where \(\mathcal {K}_{g}\) is the kernel section of the process \(U_{g}(t, \tau )\) and \(\mathcal {K}_{g}(s)\) is the kernel section at \(t=s\).
3 Upper semicontinuity of uniform attractors
The following result about the existence and uniqueness of solutions of equation (1.1) can be obtained by the standard Faedo-Galerkin methods, here we only formulate the result.
Theorem 3.1
Let (1.2), (1.3) be satisfied and \(g(x,t)\in L^{2}_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb {R};L ^{2}(\Omega ))\). For any \(\varepsilon \geqslant 0\), \(I=[\tau ,T]\) and \(u_{\tau } \in H_{0}^{1}(\Omega )\), equation (1.1) admits a unique solution u satisfying
Moreover, the solution continuously depends on the initial data in \(H^{1}_{0}(\Omega )\).
By Theorem 3.1, for each \(\varepsilon \geqslant 0\) and \(g\in L ^{2}_{b}(\mathbb {R};L^{2}(\Omega ))\), we define a process as follows:
and the mapping \(U^{\varepsilon }_{g}(t,\tau ):H_{0}^{1}(\Omega )\to H_{0}^{1}(\Omega )\) is continuous.
Lemma 3.1
Let (1.2), (1.3) be satisfied. Assume \(g_{0}\in L^{2}_{b}(\mathbb {R};L ^{2}(\Omega ))\) and Σ is the hull of \(g_{0}\) in \(L^{2}_{w,\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb {R};L ^{2}(\Omega ))\). There exists \(\delta >0\) such that for any \(\tau \in \mathbb {R}\) and any initial data \(u_{\tau }\in H_{0}^{1}(\Omega )\), the solutions of equation (1.1) satisfy: for all \(\varepsilon \geqslant 0\), \(t\geqslant \tau \) and \(g\in \Sigma \),
where \(M_{0}>0\) depends on \(\Vert g_{0} \Vert _{L^{2}_{b}}\), but is independent of ε.
Proof
The proof is classical (see, e.g., [8–10]), we only sketch the main steps of the reasoning. Multiplying the first equation of (1.1) by \(\partial _{t}u+\delta u\) and integrating over Ω, we have
where \(F(u)=\int_{0}^{u}f(s)\,ds\) and \(\delta >0\) is sufficiently small which will be given precisely later.
Observe that
Thus
where
and
Thanks to (1.2) and (1.3), we estimate that
for some positive constants \(\rho <\lambda_{1}\) and \(C_{\rho }\).
Let \(0<\delta \leqslant \frac{1-\rho \lambda _{1}^{-1}}{1+2\lambda _{1}^{-1}}\), then
where \(C_{0}=4\delta C_{\rho }\). Moreover, from (3.7), (3.9), there exist positive constants \(C_{1}\), \(C_{2}\) such that
Hence, by (3.5) and (3.10), we get
Note that [14], Proposition V.4.2, implies that \(\Vert g \Vert _{L^{2} _{b}}\leqslant \Vert g_{0} \Vert _{L^{2}_{b}}, \forall g\in \Sigma \). Applying Gronwall’s inequality to (3.12), we obtain
and this together with (3.11) implies (3.1).
Finally, integrating (3.12) over \([t,t+1]\) with \(\delta =0\) leads to (3.2). □
By Lemma 3.1, we can construct a uniformly (w.r.t. \(g\in \Sigma \), \(\varepsilon \in [0,\infty )\)) absorbing set, which is independent of ε, for the family of processes \(\{U^{\varepsilon }_{g}(t, \tau )\mid g\in \Sigma , \varepsilon \in [0,\infty )\}\).
Corollary 3.1
Under the assumptions of Lemma 3.1, there exists a bounded uniformly (w.r.t. \(g\in \Sigma\) and \(\varepsilon \in [0,\infty )\)) absorbing set \(\mathcal {B}\) of \(H_{0}^{1}(\Omega )\) for the family of processes \(\{U^{\varepsilon }_{g}(t,\tau )\mid g\in \Sigma , \varepsilon \in [0,\infty )\}\) associated with equation (1.1), that is, for any \(\tau \in \mathbb {R}\) and any bounded subset \(B\subset H_{0}^{1}(\Omega )\), there exists \(T=T(B)\geqslant \tau \) such that \(\bigcup_{\varepsilon \geqslant 0} \bigcup_{g\in \Sigma }U^{\varepsilon }_{g}(t,\tau )B\subset \mathcal {B}\) for all \(t\geqslant T\).
Lemma 3.2
Let (1.2), (1.3) be satisfied. Assume \(g_{0},\partial _{t}g_{0} \in L^{2}_{b}(\mathbb {R};L^{2}(\Omega ))\) and Σ is the hull of \(g_{0}\) in \(L^{2}_{w,\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb {R};L^{2}(\Omega ))\). For any \(\tau \in \mathbb {R}\), \(T>\tau \), any initial data \(u_{\tau }\in H_{0}^{1}(\Omega )\) and any \(g\in \Sigma \), the solutions of equation (1.1) satisfy the following estimate:
where Q depends on τ, T, \(\Vert \nabla u_{\tau } \Vert \), \(\Vert g_{0} \Vert _{L^{2}_{b}}\) and \(\Vert \partial _{t}g_{0} \Vert _{L^{2}_{b}}\), but is independent of ε.
Proof
From Lemma 3.1, we observe that
where M depends on Ï„, T, \(\Vert \nabla u_{\tau } \Vert \) and \(\Vert g_{0} \Vert _{L^{2}_{b}}\).
Differentiate the first equation of (1.1) with respect to t and let \(v=\partial _{t}u\), then v satisfies the following equality:
Multiplying (3.15) by v and integrating over Ω, using (1.3), after standard transformations, we obtain
for some \(l\geqslant \lambda _{1}\), where \(G_{\varepsilon }(t)=\Vert v(t) \Vert ^{2}+\varepsilon \Vert \nabla v(t) \Vert ^{2}\).
Multiplying (3.16) by \((t-\tau )^{2}\), we obtain
Then, by Gronwall’s inequality, [14], Proposition V.4.2, (3.14) and noting that
we obtain (3.13) immediately. □
Lemma 3.3
Under the assumptions of Lemma 3.2, for any \(\tau \in \mathbb {R}\), any bounded subsets \(B\subset H_{0}^{1}(\Omega )\) and \(I\subset [0, \infty )\), the following estimate holds true:
where Q depends on t, Ï„, \(\Vert g_{0} \Vert _{L^{2}_{b}}\), \(\Vert \partial _{t}g_{0} \Vert _{L^{2}_{b}}\), \(\vert I \vert \) and \(H_{0}^{1}\)-bounds of B.
Proof
Let \(u_{i}(t)=U_{g}^{\varepsilon _{i}}(t,\tau )u_{i}\) be the solution of problem (1.1) with \(\varepsilon =\varepsilon _{i}\) and the initial data \(u_{i}(\tau )=u _{i}\) (\(i=1,2\)).
Set \(w(t)=u_{1}(t)- u_{2}(t)\), then the following equality holds true:
with the initial data \(w(\tau )=u_{1}-u_{2}\).
Multiplying equation (3.17) by w and integrating over Ω, gives
Observing that
and by (1.3), we have
for some \(l\geqslant \lambda _{1}\).
Collecting (3.18)-(3.20), we arrive at
Thus, by Gronwall’s inequality and noting that \(\lambda _{1}\Vert u \Vert ^{2} \leqslant \Vert \nabla u \Vert ^{2}\), we have
where C depends on t, Ï„ and \(\vert I \vert \).
Now we divide the argument into two cases.
Case 1: \(\varepsilon _{1}\varepsilon _{2}\neq 0\). Without loss of generality, let \(\varepsilon _{1}\geqslant \varepsilon _{2}>0\), from Lemma 3.1 and (3.21), we readily get
where Q depends on t, Ï„, \(\Vert g \Vert _{L^{2}_{b}}\), \(\Vert \partial _{t}g \Vert _{L^{2}_{b}}\) and \(H_{0}^{1}\)-bounds of B.
Case 2: \(\varepsilon _{1}\varepsilon _{2}=0\). Without loss of generality, let \(\varepsilon _{2}=0\), then (3.21) can be simplified as
Multiplying (3.17) by w and using (3.20), we obtain
Hence, on account of Lemmas 3.1, 3.2 and (3.23), similar to (3.22), we find
Combining (3.22) and (3.25), we can get the expected result. □
Proof of Theorem 1.2
If (1.9) is not correct, we can find \(\delta >0\), \(\varepsilon _{0} \geqslant 0\) and \(\{\varepsilon _{n}\}_{n\in \mathbb{N}}\subset [0,\infty )\) with \(\varepsilon _{n}\to \varepsilon _{0}\) such that
Hence, there exists \(\{y_{n}\}_{n\in \mathbb{N}}\subset \mathcal {A}^{\varepsilon _{n}}_{\Sigma }\) such that
Let \(\mathcal {B}\) be the uniformly (w.r.t. \(\sigma \in \Sigma \), \(\varepsilon \in [0, \infty )\)) absorbing set given by Corollary 3.1. Then we can choose \(m>0\) sufficiently large to guarantee that
and
From Theorem 1.1 we know \(\mathcal {A}^{\varepsilon _{n}}_{\Sigma }=\omega ^{\varepsilon _{n}}_{0,\Sigma }(\mathcal {B})\) (\(n\in \mathbb {N}\)). Therefore, there exist sequences \(\{g_{n}\}_{n\in \mathbb{N}}\subset \Sigma \), \(\{x_{n}\} _{n\in \mathbb{N}}\subset \mathcal {B}\) and \(\{t_{n}\}_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \subset \mathbb {R}^{+}\) with \(t_{n}\to \infty \), without loss of generality, we let \(t_{n}\geqslant 2m\) satisfy
Let \(\widetilde{x}_{n}=U_{g_{n}}^{\varepsilon _{n}}(t_{n}-m,0)x_{n}\) and \(g'_{n}=T(t _{n}-m)g_{n}\), by (1.6), (1.7), (3.27) and noticing that \(t_{n}\geqslant 2m\), we have
and
On the other hand, due to Lemma 3.3, we can choose \(N\in \mathbb{N}\) large enough such that
Therefore, from the above analysis we find
which contradicts (3.26).
Next, we prove (1.10). If it is not correct, we can find \(\delta >0\), \(t_{0}\in \mathbb {R}\), \(g\in \Sigma \), \(\varepsilon _{0}\geqslant 0\) and \(\{\varepsilon _{n}\}_{n\in \mathbb{N}}\subset [0,\infty )\) with \(\varepsilon _{n} \to \varepsilon _{0}\) such that
Let \(\mathcal {K}^{\varepsilon }_{g}\) be the kernel of the process \(U^{\varepsilon }_{g}(t, \tau )\). By (3.28), for every \(n\in \mathbb {N}\), there exists a complete trajectory \(u_{n}(\cdot )\in \mathcal {K}_{g}^{\varepsilon _{n}}\) satisfying
and
For every \(s\in \mathbb {R}\), since \(u_{n}(s)\in \mathcal {K}^{\varepsilon _{n}}_{g}(s) \subset \mathcal {A}^{\varepsilon _{n}}_{\Sigma }\), by (1.8), (1.9) and the compactness of \(\mathcal {A}^{\varepsilon _{0}}_{\Sigma }\), there exists \(u(s)\in \mathcal {A}^{\varepsilon _{0}}_{\Sigma }\) such that
Consequently, Lemma 3.3 yields
Combining (3.31) and (3.32), taking \(n\to \infty \) in (3.30), we find
that is, \(u(\cdot )\in \mathcal {K}^{\varepsilon _{0}}_{g}\) and \(u(t)\in \mathcal {K}^{\varepsilon _{0}}_{g}(t)\) (\(\forall t\in \mathbb {R}\) ).
Hence
and this contradicts (3.29). The proof is completed. □
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We would like to thank the referee for invaluable comments and insightful suggestions.
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The first author was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11501096) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2232015D3-36). The third author was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11671075).
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Wang, Y., Li, P. & Qin, Y. Upper semicontinuity of uniform attractors for nonclassical diffusion equations. Bound Value Probl 2017, 84 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-017-0816-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-017-0816-7
MSC
- 37L05
- 35B40
- 35B41
Keywords
- nonautonomous
- nonclassical diffusion equation
- uniform attractor
- upper semicontinuity