Boundary Value Problems

Impact Factor 0.819

Boundary Value Problems Cover Image
Research
Open Access

Study of a class of arbitrary order differential equations by a coincidence degree method

Boundary Value Problems20172017:111

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-017-0841-6

©  The Author(s) 2017

Received: 8 May 2017

Accepted: 18 July 2017

Published: 3 August 2017

Abstract

In this manuscript, we investigate some appropriate conditions which ensure the existence of at least one solution to a class of fractional order differential equations (FDEs) provided by
$$\textstyle\begin{cases} -{}^{C}\mathbf{D}^{q} z(t)=\theta (t,z(t)); \quad t\in \mathfrak{J}=[0,1], q\in (1, 2], \\ z(t)\vert _{t=0}=\phi (z),\qquad z(1)=\delta{}^{C}\mathbf{D}^{p} z(\eta ),\quad p, \eta \in (0,1). \end{cases} $$
The nonlinear function \(\theta :\mathfrak{J}\times \mathbf{R} \rightarrow \mathbf{R}\) is continuous. Further, \(\delta \in (0, 1)\) and \(\phi \in C(\mathfrak{J},\mathbf{R})\) is a non-local function. We establish some adequate conditions for the existence of at least one solution to the considered problem by using Grönwall’s inequality and a priori estimate tools called the topological degree method. We provide two examples to verify the obtained results.

Keywords

fractional order differential equations Caputo derivative condensing operator Grönwall’s inequality topological degree method

MSC

34A08 35R11

1 Introduction

The applications of non-integer order differential equations are increasing day by day in various areas of research. These applications can be traced out in many disciplines of science including technology and engineering. To see the recent applications of the mentioned area in various fields like physics, mechanics, chemical science, biological dynamics, material engineering, theory of control, signal and image propagation, communication and transform, economical problems and optimization theory, etc.; the reader is referred to [1–5]. Non-integer order differential equations provide a strong tool for the description of memory and hereditary properties of various materials and processes; see [6]. One of the key reasons of taking interest in fractional differential equations by the researchers is the presence of greater degree of freedom of fractional differential operator. In fact the fractional derivative is a global operator instead of classical derivative which is local in nature; see [7]. In the last few decades, various aspects of fractional differential equations have been investigated like existence theory, stability and numerical analysis, etc. One of the attractive areas of research is the existence theory of solutions for FDEs. In the last few decades, the aforesaid area has been extensively investigated by using various techniques of classical analysis, for further explanations, we refer the reader to [8–14]. It is well known that the standard Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative fails to provide the required physical interpretation for boundary value problems (BVPs) and initial value problems (IVPs) in most of the cases. However, these requirements of interpreting the initial and boundary conditions can better be fulfilled by the use of Caputo non-integer order derivatives. Existence theory of solutions or positive solutions to multi-points boundary value problems using different types of fixed point theorems like as Banach theorem of contraction type, Schaefer and Leray-Schauder theorem of fixed point is studied in detail [15–21]. Moreover, the existence of solutions to FDEs using coincidence degree theory for a contraction operator is studied in [22–28]. Recently the existence of a center stable manifold for planar fractional damped equations has been investigated. For the required solution, the authors in [29] constructed a suitable Lyapunov-Perron operator by giving the asymptotic behavior of the Mittag-Leffler function. Then they obtained an interesting center stable manifold result to prove center stable manifold theorem for planar fractional damped equations involving two Caputo fractional derivatives. In a similar manner, the authors of [30], studied finite time stability and existence theory of delay type differential equations of fractional order by using classical analysis. Wang et al. [26] investigated the existence theory and proved some conditions for uniqueness and derived some data dependency results of solutions using topological degree technique by considering some classes of non-local Cauchy problems including BVPs and impulsive Cauchy problems (ICPs) to FDEs. Chen et al. [27], obtained the existence results by coincidence degree theory to the following BVP involving a p-Laplacian operator:
$$\textstyle\begin{cases} {}^{C}\mathbf{D}_{0+}^{q} \phi_{p} \bigl({}^{C}\mathbf{D}_{0+}^{p}z(t) \bigr)= \theta \bigl(t,z(t), {}^{C}\mathbf{D}_{0+}^{p}z(t) \bigr), \\ {}^{C}\mathbf{D}_{0+}^{p}z(t)\vert _{t=0}= {{}^{C}}\mathbf{D}_{0+}^{p}z(1)=0, \end{cases} $$
where \({}^{C}\mathbf{D}_{0+}^{q}\) and \({}^{C}\mathbf{D}_{0+}^{p}\) represent non-integer order derivatives in the Caputo sense, \(p,q\in (0, 1]\), \(p+q\in (1, 2]\). Tang et al. [28] applied the aforesaid degree theory and established results for the following two point BVP of non-integer order p-Laplace DEs:
$$\textstyle\begin{cases} {}^{C}\mathbf{D}_{0+}^{q} \phi_{p} \bigl({}^{C}\mathbf{D}_{0+}^{p}z(t) \bigr)= \theta \bigl(t,z(t),{}^{C}\mathbf{D}_{0+}^{p}z(t) \bigr), \\ z(t)\bigl\vert _{t=0}=0, \qquad {}^{C}\mathbf{D}_{0+}^{p}z(t) \bigr\vert _{t=0}= {}^{C} \mathbf{D}_{0+}^{p}z(1), \end{cases} $$
where \({}^{C}\mathbf{D}_{0+}^{q}\) and \({}^{C}\mathbf{D}_{0+}^{p}\) are non-integer order derivatives of Caputo type, \(p, q\in (0, 1]\), \(p+q\in (1, 2]\). The mentioned theory of degree type has been studied recently in many papers; see [31–34].
The current manuscript is inspired from the aforesaid work. Our aim is to investigate the existence and uniqueness of at least one solution by applying the coincidence degree theory for a condensing mapping to the three-points BVP supplied as
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} -{}^{C}\mathbf{D}^{q} z(t)= \theta \bigl(t,z(t)\bigr);\quad t\in \mathfrak{J}, q \in (1, 2], \\ z(t)\vert _{t=0}=\phi (z),\qquad z(1)=\delta{}^{C} \mathbf{D}^{p} z(\eta ). \end{cases} $$
(1)
The manuscript is organize as explained below.

Section 2 is concerned with some background material and lemmas required for the main results. In Section 3, the problem under consideration of FDEs is transformed to its equivalent Fredholm integral equation. Then the required theory devoted to the aims of this paper is developed via using coincidence degree of condensing maps and using the standard singular Grönwall inequality. At the end, an example is provided for justification of the established results.

2 Background material

This section contains basics materials and preliminaries related to of non-integer order calculus and degree theory of topological type. For further details, we refer to [2–5, 35–38].

The space consisting of all continuous functions \(\mathfrak{J}\rightarrow \mathbf{R}\) is a Banach space endowed with a norm \(\lVert z \rVert_{\mathbf{Z}}=\sup \{\lvert z(t)\rvert :t\in \mathfrak{J} \}\). For simplicity, we denote the defined space by \(\mathbf{Z}=C(J, \mathbf{R})\).

Definition 2.1

Let \(z \in C(\mathbf{R}^{+}, \mathbf{R})\) be a function. Then the non-integer order integral of order \(q\in \mathbf{R_{+}}\) of the function \(z(t)\) is defined as
$$\mathbf{I}_{a+}^{q} z(t)=\frac{1}{\Gamma (q)} \int_{a}^{t}\frac{z( \tau )}{(t-\tau )^{q-1}}\,d\tau , $$
provided that integral on the right is pointwise defined on \((0, \infty )\).

Definition 2.2

The Caputo type non-integer order derivative of a function \(z: \mathbf{R}^{+}\rightarrow \mathbf{R}\) is defined by
$${}^{C}\mathbf{D}_{a+}^{q} z(t)=\frac{1}{\Gamma (m-q)} \int_{a}^{t} (t- \tau )^{m-q-1}z^{(m)}( \tau )\,d\tau , $$
where \(m=[q]+1\) and \([q]\) represents the integer part of q.

For further details on fractional derivatives and integrals; see [2–5].

Lemma 2.1

[35]

The unique solution of FDE of order \(q>0\)
$${}^{C}\mathbf{D}^{q} z(t)=0,\quad q\in (m-1, m], $$
is given as
$$z(t)=e_{0}+e_{1}t+e_{2}t^{2}+\cdots+e_{m-1}t^{m-1}, \quad \textit{where } e_{i} \in \mathbf{R}, i=0,1,2,\dots , m-1. $$

Theorem 2.3

[35]

The given FDE
$${{}^{C}}\mathbf{D}^{q} z(t)=\delta (t),\quad q\in (m-1, m], $$
has a solution given by
$$z(t)=\mathbf{ I}^{q}\delta (t)+e_{0}+e_{1}t+e_{2}t^{2}+\cdots+e_{m-1}t ^{m-1}, $$
for arbitrary \(e_{i}\in \mathbf{R}\), \(i=0,1,2,\dots ,m-1\).

Next, we present some important definitions, propositions and theorems from [36]. For the Banach space Z, with \(\mathbf{C} \in P(\mathbf{Z})\) represents the collection of all bounded sets.

Definition 2.4

The measure with non-compactness of Kuratowski type \(\beta : \mathbf{C}\rightarrow \mathbf{R}_{+}\) as given by
$$\beta (\mathbf{B})= \min \{d>0\}, $$
where \(\mathbf{B}\in \mathbf{C}\) inserts a finite cover with a sets of diameter ≤d.

Proposition 2.1

The measure of Kuratowski type denoted by β satisfies the following properties:
  1. (i)

    the set B is relatively compact if and only if \(\mathbf{B}\in \mathbf{C}\) has Kuratowski measure zero;

     
  2. (ii)

    β is a seminorm, because it satisfies \(\beta ( \lambda \mathbf{B})=\lvert \lambda \rvert \beta (\mathbf{B})\), \(\lambda \in \mathbf{R}\) and \(\beta (\mathbf{B}_{1}+\mathbf{B}_{2})\leq \beta (\mathbf{B}_{1})+\beta (\mathbf{B}_{2})\);

     
  3. (iii)

    \(\beta (\mathbf{B}_{1})\leq \beta (\mathbf{B}_{2})\) for \(\mathbf{B}_{1}\subset \mathbf{B}_{2}\) and \(\beta (\mathbf{B}_{1} \cup \mathbf{B}_{2})=\sup \{\beta (\mathbf{B}_{1}),\beta (\mathbf{B} _{2})\}\);

     
  4. (iv)

    \(\beta (\operatorname{conv}\mathbf{B})=\beta (\mathbf{B})\);

     
  5. (v)

    \(\beta (\bar{\mathbf{B}})=\beta (\mathbf{B})\).

     

Definition 2.5

Assume that the function \(\mathcal{F}:\Omega \rightarrow \mathbf{Z}\) is a continuous and bounded mapping for \(\Omega \subset \mathbf{Z}\). Then \(\mathcal{F}\) is β-Lipschitz if there exists \(\mathcal{K} \geq 0\) such that
$$\beta \bigl(\mathcal{F}(\mathbf{B})\bigr)\leq \mathcal{K} \beta (\mathbf{B}), \quad \text{for all } \mathbf{B}\subset \Omega \mbox{ bounded}. $$
Also if \(\mathcal{K}<1\), then \(\mathcal{F}\) is said to be a strict β-contraction.

Definition 2.6

The function \(\mathcal{F}\) is β-condensing if
$$\beta \bigl(\mathcal{F}(\mathbf{B})\bigr)< \beta (\mathbf{B}),\quad \mbox{for every } \mathbf{B}\subset \Omega \mbox{ bounded with } \beta ( \mathbf{B})>0. $$
In other words, \(\beta (\mathcal{F}(\mathbf{B}))\geq \beta ( \mathbf{B})\) implies \(\beta (\mathbf{B})=0\).

Here, we represent the family of all strict β-contraction mappings \(\mathcal{F}:\Omega \rightarrow \mathbf{Z}\) by \(\Theta \mathbf{C}_{\beta }(\Omega )\). Further, denoting the family of all β-condensing mappings \(\mathcal{F}:\Omega \rightarrow \mathbf{Z}\) by \(\mathbf{C}_{\beta }(\Omega )\).

Remark 1

Each \(\mathcal{F}\in \mathbf{C}_{\beta }(\Omega )\) is β-Lipschitz with constant \(\mathcal{K}=1\), where \(\Theta \mathbf{C}_{\beta }( \Omega )\subset \mathbf{C}_{\beta }(\Omega )\).

Moreover, if there exists \(\mathcal{K}>0\), then \(\mathcal{F}:\Omega \rightarrow \mathbf{Z}\) is said to be Lipschitz if and only if
$$\bigl\lVert \mathcal{F}(z)-\mathcal{F}(\bar{z}) \bigr\rVert \leq \mathcal{K} \lvert z-\bar{z}\rvert ,\quad \mbox{for every } z, \bar{z} \in \Omega . $$
Also \(\mathcal{F}\) is strict contraction if and only if \(\mathcal{K}<1\).

The provided propositions are necessarily required for our analysis throughout this paper.

Proposition 2.2

Consider \(\mathcal{F},\mathcal{G}:\Omega \rightarrow \mathbf{Z} \) to be β-Lipschitz operators and there exist two constants \(\mathcal{K}\) and \(\mathcal{K}^{\prime}\), respectively, then their sum \(\mathcal{F}+\mathcal{G}:\Omega \rightarrow \mathbf{Z}\) is also β-Lipschitz with constant \(\hat{\mathcal{K}}=\mathcal{K}+ \mathcal{K}^{\prime}\).

Proposition 2.3

The operator \(\mathcal{F}\) is β-Lipschitz with constant \(\mathcal{K}=0\). Then the same operator \(\mathcal{F}:\Omega \rightarrow \mathbf{Z}\) is compact.

Proposition 2.4

If an operator \(\mathcal{F}:\Omega \rightarrow \mathbf{Z}\) is Lipschitz with constant \(\mathcal{K}\). Then the same operator \(\mathcal{F}\) will also be β-Lipschitz with the same constant \(\mathcal{K}\).

Theorem 2.7

We recall some basic properties of proposed degree theory from Isaia [37].

Let for the family of admissible triplets given by
$$\begin{aligned} \digamma =&\bigl\{ (\mathcal{I}-\mathcal{F},\Omega , z):\Omega \subset \mathbf{Z} \textit{ be an open and bounded set},\mathcal{F} \in \mathbf{C}_{\beta }\bar{( \Omega )}, \\ & z \in \mathbf{Z} \setminus (\mathcal{I}-\mathcal{F}) (\partial \Omega ) \bigr\} , \end{aligned}$$
there exists a function \(\deg :\digamma \rightarrow \mathbf{Z}\) of one degree which has the following properties.
  1. (D1)

    Normalization: \(\deg (I,\Omega ,z)=1\) at each \(z\in \Omega \);

     
  2. (D2)
    additivity on domain: For each pair of disjoint open sets \(\Omega_{1}, \Omega_{2}\subset \Omega \) and each \(z\notin (I- \mathcal{F})(\bar{(\Omega )}\setminus (\Omega_{1} \cup \Omega_{2}))\), we have
    $$\deg (\mathfrak{I}-\mathcal{F},\Omega ,z)=\deg (\mathcal{I}- \mathcal{F}\Omega , \Omega_{1},z)+\deg (\mathcal{I}-\mathcal{F},\Omega _{2},z); $$
     
  3. (D3)
    invariance property under homoptopy: \(\deg (\mathcal{I}-H(t,z), \Omega , z)\) is independent of \(t\in \mathfrak{J}\) for each continuous and bounded mapping \(H:\mathfrak{J}\times \bar{\Omega }\rightarrow \mathbf{Z}\) which satisfies
    $$\beta \bigl(H(\mathfrak{J}\times \mathbf{B})\bigr)< \beta (\mathbf{B}),\quad \textit{for all } \mathbf{B}\subset \bar{\Omega } \textit{ with } \beta (\mathbf{B})>0 $$
    and every continuous function \(z:\mathfrak{J}\rightarrow \mathbf{Z}\) which satisfies
    $$z\neq z-H(t,z), \quad \textit{for all } t\in \mathfrak{J}, \textit{for every } z\in \partial \Omega ; $$
     
  4. (D4)
    existence: \(\deg (\mathcal{I}-\mathcal{F},\Omega ,z) \neq 0\) yields
    $$z\in (\mathcal{I}-\mathcal{F}) (\Omega ); $$
     
  5. (D5)

    excision: \(\deg (\mathcal{I}-\mathcal{F},\Omega ,z)= \deg (\mathcal{I}-\mathcal{F},\Omega_{1},z)\) for each open set \(\Omega_{1} \subset \Omega \) and for all \(z\notin (\mathcal{I}- \mathcal{F})(\bar{\Omega } \setminus \Omega_{1})\).

     

Theorem 2.8

Assume that \(\mathcal{F}:\mathbf{Z}\rightarrow \mathbf{Z}\) is a β-condensing operator and
$$\Theta =\{ z\in \mathbf{Z}: \textit{there exists } \lambda \in \mathfrak{J} \textit{ with } z=\lambda \mathcal{F}z\}\subset \mathbf{Z} $$
is a bounded set and there exists a real number \(r>0\) with \(\Theta \subset \mathbf{B}_{r}(0)\). Then
$$\deg \bigl(\mathcal{I}-\lambda \mathcal{F}, \mathbf{B}_{r}(0),0 \bigr)=1, \quad \textit{for all } \lambda \in \mathfrak{J}. $$
Therefore, the operator \(\mathcal{F}\) has at least one fixed point and the set of fixed points of \(\mathcal{F}\) lies in \(\mathbf{B}_{r}(0)\).

Theorem 2.9

[38]

Let \(z\in \mathbf{Z}\) satisfies the following inequality:
$$ \bigl\lvert z(t)\bigr\rvert \leq \hat{a}+\hat{b} \int_{0}^{t} (t-\tau )^{q-1} \bigl\lvert z(s) \bigr\rvert ^{\lambda }\,d\tau +\hat{c} \int_{0}^{t} (T-\tau )^{q-1} \bigl\lvert z( \tau )\bigr\rvert ^{\lambda }\,d\tau ,\quad q\in (0,1]. $$
(2)
Here \(0<\lambda <1-\frac{1}{r}\) for some \(r\in (1, \frac{1}{1-q})\) and \(\hat{a}, \hat{b}, \hat{c}\in (0, \infty )\) are constants. Then we have
$$\bigl\lvert z(t) \bigr\rvert \leq (\hat{a}+1) e^{\mathcal{M}T}. $$

3 Existence of at least one solution to BVP (1)

The purpose of this section is concerning to establish the required theory for existence of at least one solutions to the BVP (1).

Lemma 3.1

For \(\omega \in L^{1}(\mathfrak{J}, \mathbf{R})\), the solution of the linear BVP of FDEs
$$ \begin{aligned} & {}^{C}\mathbf{D}^{q} z(t)+\omega (t)=0;\quad t\in \mathfrak{J}, q \in (1, 2], \\ & u(t)\vert _{t=0}=\phi (z),\qquad z(1)= \delta{}^{C} \mathbf{D}^{p} z(\eta ), \end{aligned} $$
(3)
is given as
$$z(t)=\phi (z) (1-td)+ \int_{0}^{1} \mathcal{H}(t,\tau )\omega (\tau )\,d\tau , $$
where \(\mathcal{H}(t,s)\) is the Green’s function given by
$$ \mathcal{H}(t,\tau )= \textstyle\begin{cases} \frac{td (1-\tau )^{q-1}}{\Gamma (q)}- \frac{1(t-\tau )^{q-1}}{\Gamma (q)}-\frac{\delta t d(\eta -\tau )^{q-p-1}}{\Gamma (q-p)};\quad 0\leq \tau \leq t \leq \eta \leq 1, \\ \frac{td(1-\tau )^{q-1}}{\Gamma (q)}-\frac{\delta t d(\eta -\tau )^{q-p-1}}{ \Gamma (q-p)};\quad 0\leq t\leq \tau \leq \eta \leq 1, \\ \frac{td(1-\tau )^{q-1}}{\Gamma (q)}-\frac{(t-\tau )^{q-1}}{\Gamma (q)} ;\quad 0\leq \eta \leq \tau \leq t \leq 1, \\ \frac{td(1-\tau )^{q-1}}{\Gamma (q)};\quad 0\leq \eta \leq t\leq \tau \leq 1. \end{cases} $$
(4)

Proof

Consider equation (3) with the associated given boundary conditions; applying \(\mathbf{I}^{q}\) on \(-{}^{C}\mathbf{D}^{q} z(t)= \omega (t)\) and thanks to Theorem 2.3, we have
$$ z(t)=-\mathbf{I}^{q} (t)+e_{0}+e_{1}t $$
(5)
for some \(e_{0},e_{1}\in \mathbf{R}\). From the non-local condition \(z(t)_{t=0}=\phi (z)\) implies that \(e_{0}=\phi (z)\) and \(z(1)= \delta {}^{C}\mathbf{D}^{p} u(\eta )\) yields \(e_{1}=d [ \mathbf{I}^{q} \omega (1)-\delta \mathbf{I}^{q-p}\omega (\eta )-\phi (z) ] \), where \(d=\frac{\Gamma (2-p)}{\Gamma (2-p)-\delta \eta^{1-p}}>1\). It implies that
$$ z(t)=-\mathbf{I}^{q} \omega (t)+td \mathbf{I}^{q} \omega (1)-\delta td \mathbf{I}^{q-p} \omega ( \eta )+(1-td)\phi (z). $$
(6)
Thus we get a solution z in the form
$$z(t)=\phi (z) (1-td)+ \int_{0}^{1} \mathcal{H}(t,\tau )\omega (\tau )\,d\tau , $$
where the kernel \(\mathcal{H}(t,\tau )\) is the Green’s function and is given as (4). □

Lemma 3.2

A function \(z\in \mathbf{Z}\) will be the solution of the fractional integral equation (6) if and only if z is a solution of (1).

Proof

The proof is obvious. □

To derive formally the required results as regards the data dependence and existence of at least one of solutions to the proposed BVP (1), we state the following hypotheses:
(\(A_{1}\)): 
For arbitrary \(u,v\in \mathbf{Z}\) and if there exists a constant \(\mathcal{K}_{\phi } \in [0,1)\), then one has
$$\bigl\lvert \phi (z)-\phi (\bar{z})\bigr\rvert \leq \mathcal{K}_{\phi } \lVert z- \bar{z} \rVert_{\mathbf{Z}}; $$
(\(A_{2}\)): 
for constants \(\mathcal{C}_{\phi }\), \(q_{1} \in [0,1)\) and \(\mathcal{M}_{\phi }>0\), we have the following growth condition:
$$\bigl\lvert \phi (z)\bigr\rvert \leq \mathcal{C}_{\phi } \lVert z \rVert_{\mathbf{Z}} ^{q_{1}}+\mathcal{M}_{\phi },\quad \mbox{for each } z\in \mathbf{Z}; $$
(\(A_{3}\)): 
in the same fashion, for constants \(\mathcal{C}_{ \theta }\), \(q_{2} \in [0,1)\) and \(\mathcal{M}_{\theta }>0\), we have the following growth condition:
$$\bigl\lvert \theta (t,z(t))\bigr\rvert \leq \mathcal{C}_{\theta } \lVert z \rVert_{\mathbf{Z}}^{q_{2}}+\mathcal{M}_{\theta }. $$
To show that equation (6) has at least one solution \(z\in \mathbf{Z}\) based on assumptions (\(A_{1}\))-(\(A_{3}\)), we define the operators by
$$\mathcal{F}:\mathbf{Z}\rightarrow \mathbf{Z} $$
as follows:
$$(\mathcal{F}z) (t)=(1-td)\phi (z),\quad d>1 $$
and \(\mathcal{G}:\mathbf{Z}\rightarrow \mathbf{Z}\) is defined by
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned} (\mathcal{G}z) (t) ={}&\frac{td}{\Gamma (q)} \int_{0}^{1}(1-s)^{q-1} \theta \bigl(\tau , z(\tau )\bigr)\,d\tau-\frac{1}{\Gamma (q)} \int_{0}^{t}(t-\tau )^{q-1}\theta \bigl(\tau , z( \tau )\bigr)\,d\tau \\ &{} -\frac{1}{\Gamma (q-p)} \int_{0}^{\eta }(\eta -\tau )^{q-p-1} \theta \bigl(\tau , z(\tau )\bigr)\,d\tau , \end{aligned} \\& \mathbf{T}:\mathbf{Z}\rightarrow \mathbf{Z}, \qquad \mathbf{T}z=\mathcal{F}z+ \mathcal{G}z. \end{aligned}$$
Obviously, the operator T is well defined because the function θ is continuous. So, we can write (6) as an operator equation given by
$$ z=\mathbf{T}z=\mathcal{F}z+\mathcal{G}z. $$
(7)
Here by the existence of a solution to equation (1), we mean the existence of a fixed point for operator T as defined afore and satisfying equation (7).

Lemma 3.3

The operator \(\mathcal{F}: \mathbf{Z}\rightarrow \mathbf{Z}\) is Lipschitz and consequently β-Lipschitz with constant \(\mathcal{K}_{\mathcal{F}}<1\). Moreover, the operator \(\mathcal{F}\) satisfies the following growth condition:
$$ \lVert \mathcal{F}z \rVert \leq \mathcal{Q} \lVert z \rVert_{ \mathbf{Z}}^{q_{1}}+\mathcal{M}_{\phi },\quad \textit{for every } z \in \mathbf{Z}. $$
(8)

Proof

For \(\mathcal{F}\) to be Lipschitz, we consider \(\lvert \mathcal{F}z(t)- \mathcal{F}\bar{z}(t) \rvert \), and apply assumptions (\(A_{1}\)) and (\(A_{2}\)), we have
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\lvert \mathcal{F}z(t)-\mathcal{F}\bar{z}(t) \bigr\rvert =& \bigl\lvert (1-t d) \bigl(\phi \bigl(z(t)\bigr)-\phi \bigl(\bar{z}(t)\bigr) \bigr) \bigr\rvert \\ =& \bigl\lvert (1-t d)\bigr\rvert \big\rvert \bigl(\phi \bigl(z(t)\bigr)-\phi \bigl(\bar{z}(t)\bigr) \bigr) \big\rvert \\ \leq & \bigl\lvert (1-t d)\bigr\rvert \mathcal{K}_{\phi } \lVert z- \bar{z} \rVert_{\mathbf{Z}} \\ \leq & \mathcal{K}_{\mathcal{F}} \lVert z-\bar{z} \rVert_{\mathbf{Z}},\quad \mbox{where } \mathcal{K}_{\mathcal{F}}=\bigl\lvert (1-t d)\bigr\rvert \mathcal{K}_{\phi }< 1. \end{aligned}$$
Hence, we get
$$\lVert \mathcal{F}z-\mathcal{F}\bar{z} \rVert_{\mathbf{Z}} \leq \mathcal{K}_{\mathcal{F}} \lVert z-\bar{z} \rVert_{\mathbf{Z}},\quad \mbox{for every } z\in \mathbf{Z}. $$
Thanks to proposition 2.4, \(\mathcal{F}\) is also β-Lipschitz with the same coefficient \(K_{\mathcal{F}}\).
To derive the growth condition, we consider \((\mathcal{F}z)(t)=(1-td) \phi (z)\), and applying assumption (\(A_{2}\)), we get
$$\begin{aligned} \lVert \mathcal{F}z \rVert \leq \mathcal{Q} \lVert z \rVert_{ \mathbf{Z}}^{q_{1}}+ \mathcal{M}_{\phi }, \quad \mbox{for every } z \in \mathbf{Z}, \end{aligned}$$
where \(\mathcal{Q}=\vert d\vert C_{\phi }\). □

Lemma 3.4

The operator \(\mathcal{G}:\mathbf{Z}\rightarrow \mathbf{Z}\) is continuous. Moreover, it also satisfies the growth condition as
$$ \lVert \mathcal{G}z \rVert_{\mathbf{Z}} \leq \frac{2d+1}{\Gamma (q-p+1)} \bigl( \mathcal{C}_{\theta } \lVert z \rVert_{\mathbf{Z}}^{q_{2}}+ \mathcal{M}_{\theta } \bigr) , $$
(9)
for every \(z\in \mathbf{Z}\).

Proof

Let \(\{z_{m} \}\) be a sequence in the bounded set \(\bar{\mathbf{B}}= \{\lVert z\rVert_{\mathbf{Z}} \leq \kappa : z \in \mathbf{Z}\}\) such that \(z_{m} \rightarrow z\) as \(m\rightarrow \infty \) in \(\bar{ \mathbf{B}}\). We need to show that \(\lVert \mathcal{G}z_{m} - \mathcal{G}z \rVert_{\mathbf{Z}}\rightarrow 0\) as \(m\rightarrow \infty \). Since θ is continuous and \(z_{m}\rightarrow z\), therefore, \(\theta (\tau , z_{m}(\tau ))\rightarrow \theta (\tau , z( \tau ))\) as \(m\rightarrow 0\). Now consider
$$\begin{aligned}& \bigl\lvert (\mathcal{G}z_{m}) (t) -(\mathcal{G}z) (t) \bigr\rvert \\& \quad \leq \frac{t d}{\Gamma (q)} \int_{0}^{1}(1-\tau )^{q-1}\bigl\lvert \theta \bigl(\tau ,z_{m}( \tau )\bigr)- \theta \bigl(\tau , z(\tau ) \bigr)\bigr\rvert \,d\tau \\& \qquad {}+\frac{t \delta d}{\Gamma (q-p)} \int_{0}^{\eta }(\eta -\tau )^{q-p-1} \bigl\lvert \theta \bigl(\tau ,z_{m}(\tau )\bigr)- \theta \bigl(\tau , z( \tau )\bigr)\bigr\rvert \,d \tau \\& \qquad {}+\frac{1}{\Gamma (q)} \int_{0}^{t}(t-\tau )^{q-1}\bigl\lvert \theta \bigl( \tau , z_{m}(\tau )\bigr)- \theta \bigl(\tau , z(\tau ) \bigr)\bigr\rvert \,d\tau . \end{aligned}$$
In view of assumption (\(A_{3}\)) and thanks to the Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem, one has
$$\bigl\lVert (\mathcal{G}z_{m}) (t) -(\mathcal{G}z) (t) \bigr\rVert _{\mathbf{Z}} \rightarrow 0\quad \mbox{as } m\rightarrow \infty , $$
which shows that \(\mathcal{G}\) is continuous. To obtain the growth condition for the nonlinear operator \(\mathcal{G}\), consider
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\lvert (\mathcal{G}z) (t)\bigr\rvert =& \biggl\lvert \frac{t d}{\Gamma (q)} \int_{0}^{1}(1-\tau )^{q-1}\theta \bigl( \tau , z(\tau )\bigr)\,d\tau \\ &{} -\frac{t \delta d}{\Gamma (q-p)} \int_{0}^{\eta }(\eta -\tau )^{q-p-1}\theta \bigl( \tau , z(\tau )\bigr)\,d\tau \\ &{} -\frac{1}{\Gamma (q)} \int_{0}^{t}(t-\tau )^{q-1}\theta \bigl( \tau , z(\tau )\bigr)\,d\tau \biggr\rvert \\ \leq& \frac{2d+1}{\Gamma (q-p+1)} \bigl(\Vert z\Vert _{\mathbf{Z}} ^{q_{2}}+\mathcal{M}_{\theta } \bigr). \end{aligned}$$
Applying assumption (\(A_{3}\)), we obtain the condition (9). □

Lemma 3.5

The operator \(\mathcal{G}:\mathbf{Z}\rightarrow \mathbf{Z}\) is compact. Consequently, \(\mathcal{G}\) is β-Lipschitz with zero constant.

Proof

To prove the required result, we take a bounded set \(\mathbf{D} \subset \bar{B}\subseteq \mathbf{Z}\). Let \(\{z_{m}\}\) be a sequence on \(\mathbf{D}\subset \bar{\mathbf{B}}\), then from (9) for every \(z_{m}\in \mathbf{D}\), we have
$$\lVert \mathcal{G}z_{m} \rVert_{\mathbf{Z}} \leq \frac{2d+1}{\Gamma (q-p+1)} \bigl(\mathcal{C}_{\theta } \lVert z_{m} \rVert_{\mathbf{Z}}^{q_{2}}+ \mathcal{M}_{\theta }\bigr), $$
which implies that \(\mathcal{G}(\mathbf{D})\) is bounded in Z. Next, we will show that \(\{\mathcal{G}z_{m}\}\) is equi-continuous. For this purpose, let \(t_{1}< t_{2} \in (0,1)\), and using these relations \(\delta \eta^{q-p}<1\), \(\frac{1}{\Gamma (q+1)}<\frac{1}{ \Gamma (q-p+1)}\), we have
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\lvert (\mathcal{G}z_{m}) (t_{1})-(\mathcal{G}z) (t_{2}) \bigr\rvert \leq & \frac{(t_{2}-t_{1})d}{\Gamma (q)} \int_{0}^{1}(1-\tau )^{q-1}\bigl\lvert \theta \bigl(\tau , z(\tau )\bigr)\bigr\rvert \,d\tau \\ &{}+ \frac{(t_{2}-t_{1}) \delta d}{\Gamma (q-p)} \int_{0}^{\eta }( \eta -\tau )^{q-p-1}\bigl\lvert \theta \bigl(\tau , z(\tau )\bigr)\bigr\rvert \,d\tau \\ &{}+\frac{1}{\Gamma (q)} \int_{0}^{t_{1}} \bigl( (t_{1}-\tau )^{q-1}-(t _{2}-\tau )^{q-1} \bigr) \bigl\lvert \theta \bigl(\tau , z(\tau )\bigr)\bigr\rvert \,d\tau \\ &{}- \int_{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}(t_{2}-\tau )^{q-1} \bigl\lvert \theta \bigl(\tau , z( \tau )\bigr)\bigr\rvert \,d\tau , \end{aligned}$$
which on simplification takes the form
$$ \bigl\lvert (\mathcal{G}z_{m}) (t_{1}) -( \mathcal{G}z) (t_{2}) \bigr\rvert \leq \frac{( \mathcal{C}_{\theta }\kappa^{q_{2}}+\mathcal{M}_{\theta })}{\Gamma (q-p+1)} \bigl[ (t_{2}-t_{1})2d+\bigl(t_{2}^{q}-t_{1}^{q} \bigr)-2(t_{2}-t_{1})^{q} \bigr] . $$
(10)
The right hand side of the inequality (10) goes to zero as \(t_{2}\rightarrow t_{1}\). Thus, \(\{\mathcal{G}z_{m}\}\) is equi-continuous and also \(\mathcal{G}(\mathbf{D})\) is relatively compact in Z by using the Arzelá-Ascoli theorem. Furthermore, in view of Proposition 2.3, the nonlinear operator \(\mathcal{G}\) is β-Lipschitz with constant zero. □

From now on, we will prove our main results.

Theorem 3.1

Under the hypotheses (\(A_{1}\))-(\(A_{3}\)) equation (1) has at least one solution \(u\in \mathbf{Z}\). Also, the set of solutions for (1) is bounded in Z.

Proof

Thank to Proposition 2.2, the operator T is a strict β-contraction with constant \(\mathcal{K}_{\phi }\). Consider the set
$$\mathbf{S}_{0}=\bigl\{ z\in \mathbf{Z}: \mbox{there exists } \lambda \in [0,1] \mbox{ such that } z=\lambda \mathbf{T}z\bigr\} . $$
We need to show that \(\mathbf{S}_{0}\subset \mathbf{Z}\) is bounded. For this purpose, consider
$$\lvert z \rvert =\lvert \lambda \mathbf{T}z \rvert =\lambda \lvert \mathbf{T}z \rvert \leq \lambda \bigl(\lVert Fz \rVert_{\mathbf{Z}}+ \lVert \mathcal{G}z \rVert_{\mathbf{Z}} \bigr), $$
using (8) and (9), we have
$$\lvert z \rvert \leq \lambda \biggl[ \mathcal{Q} \lVert z \rVert_{\mathbf{Z}}^{q_{1}}+ \mathcal{M}_{\phi }+ \frac{2d+1}{\Gamma (q-p+1)} \bigl(\Vert z\Vert _{\mathbf{Z}}^{q_{2}}+ \mathcal{M}_{\theta } \bigr) \biggr] , $$
which implies using \(\lambda <1\) that
$$ \lVert z \rVert_{\mathbf{Z}} \leq \biggl[ \mathcal{Q} \lVert z \rVert_{\mathbf{Z}}^{q_{1}}+\mathcal{M}_{\phi }+ \frac{2d+1}{\Gamma (q-p+1)} \bigl(\Vert z\Vert _{\mathbf{Z}}^{q_{2}}+ \mathcal{M}_{\theta } \bigr) \biggr] . $$
(11)
Hence, (11) and \(q_{1}, q_{2}\in (0, 1)\) shows that \(\mathbf{S}_{0}\) is bounded in Z. If it is not bounded then assume that \(\Vert z\Vert _{\mathbf{Z}}=\rho \) and consider that \(\rho \rightarrow \infty \). Then from (11), we have
$$ 1 \leq \frac{ [ \mathcal{Q} \lVert z \rVert_{\mathbf{Z}}^{q_{1}}+ \mathcal{M}_{\phi }+\frac{2d+1}{\Gamma (q-p+1)} (\Vert z\Vert _{ \mathbf{Z}}^{q_{2}}+\mathcal{M}_{\theta } ) ] }{\rho }, $$
(12)
where due to assumption
$$\rho \rightarrow \infty \quad \mbox{yields } 1\leq 0. $$
This is impossible, so we take \(\mathbf{S}_{0}\) to be bounded.

Therefore, we conclude that the operator T has at least one fixed point and the set of fixed points is bounded in Z. □

We make the following assumption for discussion of data dependence of solutions:
(\(A_{4}\)): 
There exist constants \(\mathcal{L}_{\theta }>0\), \(\lambda \in [0,1-\frac{1}{r}]\) for some \(r\in (0,1-\frac{1}{1-q})\) such that
$$\bigl\lvert \theta (t,z)-\theta (t,\bar{z}) \bigr\rvert \leq \mathcal{L}_{ \theta }\lvert z-\bar{z} \rvert^{\lambda }, \quad \mbox{for each } t\in \mathfrak{J}, \mbox{and for all } z, \bar{z} \in \mathbf{R}. $$

Theorem 3.2

Assuming that (\(A_{1}\))-(\(A_{6}\)) hold, let \(z(t) \bar{z}(t)\) be the solutions of (FDE) (1) with associated boundary conditions. Then there exists a constant \(\mathcal{M}^{\ast }>0\) such that
$$\bigl\lvert z(t)-\bar{z}(t) \bigr\rvert \leq \mathcal{M}^{\ast } \biggl( \frac{1}{(p(1-q)+1)} \biggr)^{\frac{1}{p}}. $$

Proof

Consider \(\lvert z(t)-\bar{z}(t) \rvert \), and thanks to (\(A_{1}\)), (\(A_{3}\)), and (\(A_{4}\)), we get
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\lvert z(t)-\bar{z}(t) \bigr\rvert \leq& \mathcal{K}_{\phi } \bigl\lvert z(t)- \bar{z}(t) \bigr\rvert + \frac{\mathcal{L}_{\theta }}{\Gamma (q)} \int_{0} ^{t}(t-\tau )^{q-1}\bigl\lvert z( \tau )-\bar{z}(\tau ) \bigr\rvert ^{\lambda }\,d\tau \\ &{} + \frac{ d\mathcal{L}_{\theta }}{\Gamma (q)} \int_{0}^{1}(1- \tau )^{q-1}\bigl\lvert z( \tau )-\bar{z}(\tau ) \bigr\rvert ^{\lambda }\,d\tau \\ &{} +\frac{\delta \mathcal{L}_{\theta } d}{\Gamma (q-p)} \int _{0}^{\eta }(\eta -\tau )^{q-p-1} \bigl\lvert z(\tau )-\bar{z}(\tau ) \bigr\rvert ^{\lambda }\,d\tau . \end{aligned}$$
Upon further simplification and using (2), we get
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\lvert z(t)-\bar{z}(t) \bigr\rvert \leq& \frac{1}{1-\mathcal{K}_{\phi }} \biggl[ \frac{\mathcal{L}_{\theta }}{\Gamma (q)} \int_{0}^{t}(t-\tau )^{q-1} \bigl\lvert z( \tau )-\bar{z}(\tau ) \bigr\rvert ^{\lambda }\,d\tau \biggr] \\ &{} +\frac{1}{1-\mathcal{K}_{\phi }} \biggl[\frac{d \mathcal{L}_{\theta }}{\Gamma (q)} \int_{0}^{1}(1-\tau )^{q-1}\bigl\lvert z( \tau )-\bar{z}(\tau ) \bigr\rvert ^{\lambda }\,d\tau \\ &{} +\frac{\delta \mathcal{L}_{\theta } d}{\Gamma (q-p)} \int _{0}^{\eta }(\eta -\tau )^{q-p-1} \bigl\lvert z(\tau )-\bar{z}(\tau ) \bigr\rvert ^{\lambda }\,d\tau \biggr]. \end{aligned}$$
Hence using (2) and Theorem 2.9, we obtain
$$\lvert z-\bar{z} \rvert \leq \mathcal{M}^{\ast }, $$
where \(\mathcal{M}^{\ast }= e^{\mathcal{M}}\) and
$$\begin{aligned} M =&\frac{1}{1-\mathcal{K}_{\phi }} \biggl[ \frac{\mathcal{L}_{\theta }}{ \Gamma (q)} \int_{0}^{t}(t-\tau )^{q-1}\bigl\lvert z( \tau )-\bar{z}(\tau ) \bigr\rvert ^{\lambda }\,d\tau \biggr] \\ &{}+\frac{1}{1-\mathcal{K}_{\phi }} \biggl[ \frac{d \mathcal{L}_{\theta }}{ \Gamma (q)} \int_{0}^{1}(1-\tau )^{q-1}\bigl\lvert z( \tau )-\bar{z}(\tau ) \bigr\rvert ^{\lambda }\,d\tau \\ &{} +\frac{\delta \mathcal{L}_{\theta } d}{\Gamma (q-p)} \int_{0}^{\eta }(\eta -\tau )^{q-p-1} \bigl\lvert z(\tau )-\bar{z}( \tau ) \bigr\rvert ^{\lambda }\,d\tau \biggr] . \end{aligned}$$
 □
Now, re-write assumption (\(A_{4}\)) as follows.
(\(A_{5}\)): 
For a \(\mathcal{L}_{\theta }>0\), the following relation holds:
$$\bigl\lvert \theta (t,z)-\theta (t,\bar{z}) \bigr\rvert \leq \mathcal{L}_{ \theta }\lvert z-\bar{z }\rvert ,\quad \mbox{for each } t\in \mathfrak{J}, \mbox{and for each } z, \bar{z} \in \mathbf{R}. $$

Theorem 3.3

Assume that the hypotheses (\(A_{1}\))-(\(A_{5}\)) hold, then FDE (1) has a unique solution \(z\in \mathbf{Z}\) if \(\frac{ \mathcal{M}^{\ast }}{1-\mathcal{K}_{\phi }}<1\).

Proof

As we investigated in Theorem 3.1 \(z(t)\in \mathbf{Z}\) is a solution of (1). Let \(\overline{z}(t)\) be another solution of (1). Then, repeating the same procedure as in Theorem 3.2 and using assumptions (\(A_{1}\)), (\(A_{3}\)) and (\(A_{5}\)), we obtain
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\lvert \mathbf{T}z(t)-\mathbf{T}\bar{z}(t) \bigr\rvert \leq& \frac{1}{1- \mathcal{K}_{\phi }} \biggl[ \mathcal{K}_{\phi } \lVert z-\bar{z} \rVert_{\mathbf{Z}}+\frac{\mathcal{L}_{\theta }}{\Gamma (q)} \int_{0} ^{t}(t-\tau )^{q-1}\bigl\lvert z( \tau )-\bar{z}(\tau ) \bigr\rvert ^{\lambda }\,d\tau \biggr] \\ &{} +\frac{1}{1-\mathcal{K}_{\phi }} \biggl[\frac{ \mathcal{L} _{\theta }t d}{\Gamma q} \int_{0}^{1}(1-\tau )^{q-1}\bigl\lvert z_{1}( \tau )-z_{2}(\tau ) \bigr\rvert ^{\lambda }\,d\tau \\ &{} +\frac{\delta d\mathcal{L}_{\theta }}{\Gamma (q-p)} \int _{0}^{\eta }(\eta -s)^{q-p-1} \bigl\lvert z(\tau )-\bar{z}(\tau ) \bigr\rvert ^{\lambda }\,d\tau \biggr], \end{aligned}$$
using the inequality in Theorem 2.9, we get
$$\lVert \mathbf{T}z-\mathbf{T}\bar{z} \rVert_{\mathbf{Z}} \leq \frac{ \mathcal{M}^{\ast }}{1-\mathcal{K}_{\phi }}\lVert z-\bar{z} \rVert_{\mathbf{Z}},\quad t\in \mathfrak{J}, $$
which produces the uniqueness of z. □

4 Illustrative example

Example 1

Take the following FDE subject to the multi-points boundary conditions:
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned} {}^{C} &\mathbf{D}^{q} z(t)=- \frac{\cos (t)}{10+t^{2}\vert z(t)\vert }, \quad t \in \mathfrak{J}, \\ & z(t)\vert _{t=0}=\phi (z)=\sum_{j=1}^{4} \frac{1}{20} \bigl\vert z(\eta_{j})\bigr\vert ,\qquad z(1)= \frac{1}{2} {{}^{C}}\mathbf{D}^{\frac{1}{2}}z \biggl( \frac{1}{2} \biggr). \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(13)
Here, we take \(q=\frac{2}{3}\) and \(\delta =\eta =\frac{1}{2}\), \(\mathcal{K}_{\phi }=\frac{1}{20}\), \(\eta_{j}=\frac{1}{2^{j}}\), \(j=1,2,3,4\). \(r=2\in (1,3)\), \(\lambda =\frac{1}{2}\in [0, 1]\), \(\mathcal{L}_{ \theta }=\mathcal{C}_{\theta }=\frac{1}{10}\), \(\mathcal{C}_{\phi }= \frac{1}{20}\), \(p=\frac{1}{2}\), \(\mathcal{M}_{\phi }=\mathcal{M}_{ \theta }=0\).
By simple computation, \(d=1.5469\), \(\mathcal{Q}=d\mathcal{C}_{\phi }=1.5469 \times \frac{1}{20}=0.07734\). For the considered problem (13) all the data dependence results (A1)-(A5) are satisfied. It is also obvious that the solution z
$$\lVert z \rVert_{\mathbf{Z}} \leq 17.3984, $$
is bounded. Thus due to Theorem 3.1 there exists at least one solution for (13) which is bounded. Along the same line, one can derive the assumptions of Theorem 3.2 and 3.3.

Example 2

Consider the following boundary value problem of FDEs:
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned} {}^{C} &\mathbf{D}^{\frac{5}{3}} z(t)=- \frac{\sin \vert z(t)\vert }{40+\exp (t^{2})}, \quad t\in \mathfrak{J}, \\ & z(t)\vert _{t=0}=\phi (z)=\frac{1}{10}\cos \vert z\vert ,\qquad z(1)=\frac{1}{3} {{}^{C}} \mathbf{D}^{\frac{1}{2}}z \biggl( \frac{1}{3} \biggr). \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(14)
From the given problem (14), we see that \(q=\frac{5}{3}\) and we take \(\delta =\eta =\frac{1}{3}\), \(\mathcal{K}_{\phi }=\frac{1}{10}\). \(r=2\in (1,3)\), \(\lambda =\frac{1}{2}\in [0, 1]\), \(\mathcal{L}_{ \theta }=\mathcal{C}_{\theta }=\frac{1}{41}\), \(\mathcal{C}_{\phi }= \frac{1}{10}\), \(p=\frac{1}{2}\), \(\mathcal{M}_{\phi }=\mathcal{M}_{ \theta }=0\).

Upon computation, we get \(d=1.27739\), \(\mathcal{Q}=d\mathcal{C}_{ \phi }=0.127739\). Thus for the given boundary value problem (14) of FDEs, all the data dependence results (\(A_{1}\))-(\(A_{5}\)) hold.

Further, it is easy to show by using Theorem 3.1 that there exists at least one solution for (14) which is bounded. Also, one can easily derive the assumptions of Theorems 3.2 and 3.3.

5 Concluding remarks

In this paper, we have successfully applied an a priori estimate method known as topological degree method rather than Schauder and Brouwer degree theory. Highly interesting results for the existence of at least one solution have been derived. In the future, we can extend the concerned theory to highly applicable nonlinear problems of applied analysis to investigate them for solutions.

Declarations

Acknowledgements

We are thankful to the reviewers for their useful corrections and suggestions which improved the quality of this paper. This research work has been supported financially by Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan and Cankaya University, Turkey.

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)
Department of Mathematics, University of Malakand
(2)
Department of Mathematics, Cankaya University
(3)
Department of Mathematics, Abdulwali Khan University Mardan

References

  1. Kilbas, AA, Marichev, OI, Samko, SG: Fractional Integrals and Derivatives (Theory and Applications). Gordon & Breach, Switzerland (1993) MATHGoogle Scholar
  2. Miller, KS, Ross, B: An Introduction to the Fractional Calculus and Fractional Differential Equations. Wiley, New York (1993) MATHGoogle Scholar
  3. Podlubny, I: Fractional Differential Equations, Mathematics in Science and Engineering. Academic Press, New York (1999) MATHGoogle Scholar
  4. Hilfer, R: Applications of Fractional Calculus in Physics. World Scientific, Singapore (2000) View ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
  5. Kilbas, AA, Srivastava, HM, Trujillo, JJ: Theory and Applications of Fractional Differential Equations. North-Holland Athematics Studies, vol. 204. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2006) View ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
  6. Wang, JR, Zhou, Y, Fečkan, M: On recent developments in the theory of boundary value problems for impulsive fractional differential equations. Comput. Math. Appl. 64, 3008-3020 (2012) MathSciNetView ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
  7. Haq, F, Shah, K, Khan, A, Shahzad, M, Rahman, G: Numerical solution of fractional order epidemic model of a vector born disease by Laplace Adomian decomposition method. Punjab Univ. J. Math. 49(2), 13-22 (2017) Google Scholar
  8. Benchohra, M, Graef, JR, Hamani, S: Existence results for boundary value problems with nonlinear fractional differential equations. Appl. Anal. 87, 851-863 (2008) MathSciNetView ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
  9. Agarwal, RP, Belmekki, M, Benchohra, M: A survey on semilinear differential equations and inclusions involving Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2009, 981728 (2009) MathSciNetMATHGoogle Scholar
  10. Ahmad, B, Nieto, JJ: Existence results for a coupled system of nonlinear fractional differential equations with three-point boundary conditions. Comput. Math. Appl. 58, 1838-1843 (2009) MathSciNetView ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
  11. Agarwal, RP, Benchohra, M, Hamani, S: A survey on existence results for boundary value problems of nonlinear fractional differential equations and inclusions. Acta Appl. Math. 109, 973-1033 (2010) MathSciNetView ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
  12. Ahmad, B, Nieto, JJ: Existence of solutions for anti-periodic boundary value problems involving fractional differential equations via Leray-Schauder degree theory. Topol. Methods Nonlinear Anal. 35, 295-304 (2010) MathSciNetMATHGoogle Scholar
  13. Li, CF, Luo, XN, Zhou, Y: Existence of positive solutions of the boundary value problem for nonlinear fractional differential equations. Comput. Appl. Math. 59, 1363-1375 (2010) MathSciNetView ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
  14. Balachandran, K, Kiruthika, S, Trujillo, JJ: Existence results for fractional impulsive integrodifferential equations in Banach spaces. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 16, 1970-1977 (2011) MathSciNetView ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
  15. El-Shahed, M, Nieto, JJ: Nontrivial solutions for a nonlinear multi-point boundary value problem of fractional order. Comput. Math. Appl. 59(11), 3438-3443 (2010) MathSciNetView ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
  16. Rehman, M, Khan, RA: Existence and uniqueness of solutions for multi-point boundary value problems for fractional differential equations. Appl. Math. Lett. 23(9), 1038-1044 (2010) MathSciNetView ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
  17. Zhong, W, Lin, W: Nonlocal and multiple-point boundary value problem for fractional differential equations. Comput. Math. Appl. 59(3), 1345-1351 (2010) MathSciNetView ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
  18. El-Shahed, M, Shammakh, WM: Existence of positive solutions for m-point boundary value problem for nonlinear fractional differential equation. Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2011, 986575 (2011) MathSciNetView ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
  19. Cui, Z, Yu, P, Mao, Z: Existence of solutions for nonlocal boundary value problems of nonlinear fractional differential equations. Adv. Dyn. Syst. Appl. 7(1), 771-781 (2012) MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  20. Khan, RA: Three-point boundary value problems for higher order nonlinear fractional differential equations. J. Appl. Math. Inform. 31(12), 221-228 (2013) MathSciNetView ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
  21. El-Sayed, AMA, Bin-Taher, EO: Positive solutions for a nonlocal multi-point boundary-value problem of fractional and second order. Electron. J. Differ. Equ. 2013, 64 (2013) MathSciNetView ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
  22. Yang, A, Ge, W: Positive solutions of multi-point boundary value problems of nonlinear fractional differential equation at resonance. J. Korea Soc. Math. Educ. Ser. B Pure Appl. Math. 16, 181-193 (2009) MathSciNetMATHGoogle Scholar
  23. Bai, ZB: On positive solutions of a nonlocal fractional boundary value problem. Nonlinear Anal. 72, 916-924 (2010) MathSciNetView ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
  24. Wang, G, Liu, W, Zhu, S, Zheng, T: Existence results for a coupled system of nonlinear fractional 2m-point boundary value problems at resonance. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2011, 44 (2011). MathSciNetView ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
  25. Han, X, Wang, T: The existence of solutions for a nonlinear fractional multi-point boundary value problem at resonance. Int. J. Differ. Equ. 2011, 401803 (2011) MathSciNetMATHGoogle Scholar
  26. Wang, J, Zhou, Y, Wei, W: Study in fractional differential equations by means of topological degree methods. Numer. Funct. Anal. Optim. 33(2), 216-238 (2012) MathSciNetView ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
  27. Chen, T, Liu, W, Hu, Z: A boundary value problem for fractional differential equation with p-Laplacian operator at resonance. Nonlinear Anal. 75, 3210-3217 (2012) MathSciNetView ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
  28. Tang, X, Yan, C, Liu, Q: Existence of solutions of two-point boundary value problems for fractional p-Laplace differential equations at resonance. J. Appl. Math. Comput. 41, 119-131 (2013) MathSciNetView ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
  29. Wang, JR, Fečkan, M, Zhou, Y: Center stable manifold for planar fractional damped equations. Appl. Math. Comput. 296, 257-269 (2017) MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  30. Li, M, Wang, JR: Finite time stability of fractional delay differential equations. Appl. Math. Lett. 64, 170-176 (2017) MathSciNetView ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
  31. Shah, K, Khan, RA: Existence and uniqueness results to a coupled system of fractional order boundary value problems by topological degree theory. Numer. Funct. Anal. Optim. 37(7), 887-899 (2016) MathSciNetView ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
  32. Khan, RA, Shah, K: Existence and uniqueness of solutions to fractional order multi-point boundary value problems. Commun. Appl. Anal. 19, 515-526 (2015) Google Scholar
  33. Shah, K, Ali, A, Khan, RA: Degree theory and existence of positive solutions to coupled systems of multi-point boundary value problems. Bound. Value Probl. 2016, 43 (2016) MathSciNetView ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
  34. Ali, A, Samet, B, Shah, K, Khan, RA: Existence and stability of solution to a toppled systems of differential equations of non-integer order. Bound. Value Probl. 2017, 16 (2017). MathSciNetView ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
  35. Lakshmikantham, V, Leela, S, Vasundhara, J: Theory of Fractional Dynamic Systems. Cambridge Academic Publishers, Cambridge (2009) MATHGoogle Scholar
  36. Deimling, K: Nonlinear Functional Analysis. Springer, New York (1985) View ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
  37. Isaia, F: On a nonlinear integral equation without compactness. Acta Math. 75, 233-240 (2006) MathSciNetMATHGoogle Scholar
  38. Lv, L, Wang, J, Wei, W: Existence and uniqueness results for fractional differential equations with boundary value conditions. Opusc. Math. 31, 629-643 (2011) MathSciNetView ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar

Copyright

© The Author(s) 2017