Blow-up of solutions to a class of Kirchhoff equations with strong damping and nonlinear dissipation

Qingying Hu; Jian Dang; Hongwei Zhang

doi:10.1186/s13661-017-0843-4

Research
Open Access

Blow-up of solutions to a class of Kirchhoff equations with strong damping and nonlinear dissipation

Qingying Hu¹,
Jian Dang¹ and
Hongwei Zhang¹Email author

Boundary Value Problems20172017:112

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-017-0843-4

Received: 6 March 2017
Accepted: 20 July 2017
Published: 4 August 2017

Abstract

The initial boundary value problem of a class of Kirchhoff equations with strong damping and nonlinear dissipation is considered. By modifying Vitillaro’s argument, we prove a blow-up result for solutions with positive and negative initial energy respectively.

Keywords

Kirchhoff equation
blow-up
strong damping
nonlinear dissipation

1 Introduction

In this paper, we consider the initial boundary value problem of the following nonlinear wave equations of Kirchhoff type:

$$\begin{aligned}& u_{tt}-\omega \Delta u_{t}-M\bigl(\Vert \nabla u\Vert ^{2}\bigr)\Delta u+ h(u _{t})=f(u),\quad x\in \Omega,t>0, \end{aligned}$$

(1.1)

$$\begin{aligned}& u(x, t)=0,\quad x \in \partial \Omega, t>0, \end{aligned}$$

(1.2)

$$\begin{aligned}& u(x, 0)=u_{0}(x), \qquad u_{t}(x, 0)=u_{1}(x),\quad x\in \Omega, \end{aligned}$$

(1.3)

where Ω is a bounded domain in $R^{n}$, $n\ge 1$, with smooth boundary ∂Ω, so that the divergence theorem can be applied, $M(s)=a+bs^{r}$, $h(s)=\vert s\vert ^{m-2}s$, and $f(u)= \vert s\vert ^{p-2}s$. Here $\omega >0$, $a>0$, $b>0$, $r>0$, $m\ge 2$ and $p>2$ are positive constants.

When $M=1$, equation (1.1) becomes a semilinear hyperbolic problem

$$\begin{aligned}& u_{tt}- \Delta u- \omega \Delta u_{t}+ h(u_{t})=f(u), \end{aligned}$$

(1.4)

and many authors have studied the existence and uniqueness of global solution, the blow-up of the solution (see [1–6] and the references therein).

When M is not a constant function, equation (1.1) without the damping and source terms is often called a Kirchhoff-type wave equation; it has first been introduced by Kirchhoff [7] in order to describe the nonlinear vibrations of an elastic string. When $\omega =0$ or $h(u_{t})=0$, the nonexistence of the global solutions of Kirchhoff equations was investigated by many authors (see [8–24] and the references therein). The work of Ono [10, 11] dealt with equation (1.1) with $\omega =0$ and $f(u)=\vert u\vert ^{p-2}u$. When $h(u_{t} ) =- \Delta u_{t}$ or $u_{t}$, Ono showed that the local solutions blow up in finite time with $E(0)\le 0$ by applying the concavity method. Ono also combined the so-called potential well method and concavity method to show blow-up properties with $E(0)>0$. When $h(u_{t} )=\vert u_{t} \vert ^{m-2}u_{t} $, $m>2$, Ono proved that the local solution is not global when $p>\max\{2r+ 2,m\}$ and $E(0)<0$. Wu [13] extended the result of [11, 12] in the case of $h(u_{t} ) =- \Delta u _{t}$ or $u_{t}$ by the energy method and gave some estimates for the life span of solutions. Wu also extended the result of [10] to general $M(s)$ and to the condition that $E(0)\ge 0$ for nonlinear dissipative term $h(u_{t} )=\vert u_{t} \vert ^{m-2}u _{t}$ by Vitillaro’s argument [2]. For more blow-up results of problem (1.1)-(1.3) with $\omega =0$, $h(u_{t} )=\vert u _{t} \vert ^{m-2}u_{t}$ and $f(u)=\vert u\vert ^{p-2}u$ see [14–21].

However, a natural question is whether nonlinear sources can cause finite time blow-up for solutions to problem (1.1)-(1.3) when introducing both the presence of the nonlinear weak damping term $h(u_{t})=\vert u_{t} \vert ^{m-2}u_{t}$ and the linear strong damping term $\Delta u_{t}$ (i.e. $\omega \neq 0$). This question has been addressed for the wave equation (1.4) by Gazzola and Squassina [3] and Yu [4] (see also Graber and Said-Houari [25] for a strongly damped wave equation with dynamic boundary conditions). From the physics point of view, the strong damping term $\Delta u_{t}$ and the nonlinear dissipative damping term $h(u_{t})$ play a dissipative or inhibitive part in the energy accumulation in the configurations, which dissipates energy and drives the system toward stability, while the nonlinear source term $f(u)$ models an external force that amplifies the energy and drives the system to possible solutions that blow up in finite time. It is well known that if $\omega =0$, $h(u_{t})=\vert u_{t}\vert ^{m-2}u_{t}$, $f(u)=\vert u\vert ^{p-2}u$, the solutions of (1.4) with any initial data continue to exist globally ‘in time’ if $m \ge p$ and blow up in finite time if $p > m$ and the initial energy is sufficiently negative or certain positive initial energy (see [1–6] and the references therein). However, introducing both a nonlinear weak damping term $h(u_{t})$ and a linear strong damping term $\Delta u _{t}$ makes the problem very interesting but difficult as well. Indeed, a strong action of dissipative terms could make the existence of global solutions easier, since they play the role of stabilizing terms and their smoothing effect makes the blow-up more difficult [21, 26]. Introducing a strong damping term $\Delta u_{t}$ makes the problem different from the one mentioned in [1]. The most frequently used technique in the proof of blow-up named ‘concavity argument’ is no longer applied, and the techniques in the papers mentioned above also cannot be used directly due to the term $\Delta u_{t}$. Thereby, at present, less results are at present time known for the wave equation with a strong damping term, and there still exist many other unsolved problems; see Gazzola and Squassina [3] for the case $m = 2$ (see also [4–6, 25] and the references therein).

Recently, Autuori et al. [26] studied the blow-up at infinity of polyharmonic Kirchhoff systems with nonlinear damping $h(u_{t})$ and strongly damping of Kelvin-Voigt type. Chen and Liu [27] studied the local, global existence and exponential decay result of the following equation:

$$\begin{aligned}& u_{tt}-M\bigl(\Vert \nabla u\Vert ^{2}\bigr) \Delta u - \Delta u_{t}+ \int_{0} ^{t} g(t-s)\Delta u(s)\,ds+h(u_{t})=f(u), \end{aligned}$$

(1.5)

and they also proved that the energy will grow at least as an exponential function of time when the weak damping term is nonlinear and will blow up when the weak damping term is linear. But they did not find the result of the blow-up solution when the weak damping term is nonlinear.

Motivated by these papers, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the nonexistence result of global solutions of the problem (1.1)-(1.3) with both terms $\Delta u_{t}$ and $h(u_{t})$. More precisely, we shall show global nonexistence results of the problem (1.1)-(1.3) by adopting and modifying the method of [2, 17, 26] and combining with potential well theory. We will construct a function $L(t)$ (see Section 3) which is different from that in [2, 5, 17, 26]. The method can also be extended to equation (1.1) with the general function $M(s)$, $h(s)$ and $g(s)$ as in [26], and it can also be extended to equation (1.5) as in [27]. The plan of this article is as follows. In Section 2, some notations, assumptions and preliminaries are introduced and the main results of this article are shown in Section 3.

2 Preliminaries

In this section, we give some assumptions and preliminary results in order to state the main results of this article. Throughout this article, the following notations are used for precise statements: $L^{p}(\Omega)$ $(1< p<\infty)$ denotes the usual space of all $L^{p}$-functions on Ω with norm $\Vert u\Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega)}= \Vert u\Vert _{p}$ and the inner product $(u,v)=\int_{\Omega }uv\,dx$. For simplicity, we denote $\Vert u\Vert _{L^{2}(\Omega)}= \Vert u \Vert $. The constants C used in this paper are positive generic constants, which may be different in various occurrences. For simplicity, we take $\omega =a=b=1$.

First, we present the following assumptions.

(A)

$p>\max\{2(r+1),m\}$ and $1< m< p \le \frac{2(n-1)}{n-2}$ if $n\ge 3$, $1< m< p \le \infty $ if $n=1,2$.

Next, we present the following local existence theorem, which can be founded in [27].

Theorem 2.1

[27]

Suppose that (A) hold, and that $u_{0},u_{1}\in H^{2}\cap H^{1}_{0}$, then the problem (1.1)-(1.3) admits a unique solution

$$u\in C_{w}^{0}\bigl([0,T];H^{2}\cap H^{1}_{0}\bigr)\cap C^{0}\bigl([0,T]; H^{1}_{0}\bigr) \cap C_{w}^{1} \bigl([0,T]; H^{1}_{0}\bigr)\cap C^{1} \bigl([0,T];L^{2}\bigr), $$

and $u_{t} \in L^{2}([0,T];H^{1}_{0})\cap L^{m}([0,T]\times \Omega)$, where the subscript w means weak continuity with respect to t.

Now, for the problem (1.1)-(1.3) we introduce the following function:

$$\begin{aligned}& J(t)=J(u)=\frac{1}{2}\Vert \nabla u \Vert ^{2}+ \frac{1}{2(r+1)}\Vert \nabla u \Vert ^{2(r+1)}- \frac{1}{p} \Vert u\Vert ^{p}_{p}, \end{aligned}$$

(2.1)

and define the energy of the problem (1.1)-(1.3) by

$$\begin{aligned}& E(t)=E(u)=\frac{1}{2}\Vert u_{t} \Vert ^{2}+J(u). \end{aligned}$$

(2.2)

Then we have the following results.

Lemma 2.2

[27]

$E(t)$ is a non-increasing function on $[0,\infty)$ and

$$\begin{aligned} E'(t)=-\Vert u_{t}\Vert ^{m}_{m}- \Vert \nabla u_{t}\Vert ^{2}\le 0. \end{aligned}$$

(2.3)

We denote $\lambda_{1}=B^{-\frac{p}{p-2(r+1)}}$ and $E_{1}=( \frac{1}{2(r+1)}-\frac{1}{p})\lambda_{1}^{2(r+1)}$, where B is the Poincaré constant. From the Poincaré inequality, we get

$$\begin{aligned} E(t) \ge& \frac{1}{2}\Vert \nabla u \Vert ^{2}+ \frac{1}{2(r+1)}\Vert \nabla u \Vert ^{2(r+1)}-\frac{B ^{p}}{p}\Vert \nabla u \Vert ^{p} \\ >&\frac{1}{2(r+1)}\bigl[\Vert \nabla u \Vert ^{2}+\Vert \nabla u \Vert ^{2(r+1)}\bigr]-\frac{B ^{p}}{p}\bigl[\Vert \nabla u \Vert ^{2}+\Vert \nabla u \Vert ^{2(r+1)}\bigr]^{\frac{p}{2(r+1)}} \\ >&G \bigl( \lambda (t)\bigr), \end{aligned}$$

(2.4)

for $t\ge 0$, $G(\lambda (t))= \frac{1}{2(r+1)}\lambda^{2(r+1)}(t)-\frac{B ^{p}}{p}\lambda^{p}(t)$, and $\lambda (t)=[\Vert \nabla u \Vert ^{2}+\Vert \nabla u \Vert ^{2(r+1)}]^{\frac{1}{2(r+1)}}$. It is easy to verify that $G(\lambda)$ has a maximum at $\lambda_{1}=B^{-\frac{p}{p-2(r+1)}}$ and the maximum value is $E_{1}=(\frac{1}{2(r+1)}-\frac{1}{p})\lambda_{1} ^{2(r+1)}$. We see that $G(\lambda)$ increases in $(0,\lambda_{1})$, and it decreases in $(\lambda_{1}, \infty)$, and $G(\lambda)\rightarrow - \infty $ as $\lambda \rightarrow + \infty $.

A similar argument from [2, 13, 15, 27] gives the following result.

Lemma 2.3

Assume that (A) holds, $u_{0},u_{1}\in H^{2}\cap H^{1} _{0}$ and let u be a solution of the problem (1.1)-(1.3) with initial data satisfying $E(0)< E_{1}$ and $\lambda_{0} = [\Vert \nabla u_{0} \Vert ^{2}+\Vert \nabla u_{0} \Vert ^{2(r+1)}]^{\frac{1}{2(r+1)}}\ge \lambda _{1}$. Then there exists a constant $\lambda_{2}>\lambda_{1}$, such that

$$ \Vert \nabla u \Vert ^{2}+\Vert \nabla u \Vert ^{2(r+1)}>\lambda_{2}^{2(r+1)}, \quad \forall t\in [0,T). $$

(2.5)

Proof

Since $E(0)< E_{1}$ and $G(\lambda)$ is a continuous function, there exist $\lambda_{2}'$ and $\lambda_{2}$ with $\lambda_{2}'< \lambda_{1} <\lambda_{2}$ such that $G(\lambda_{2}' )=G( \lambda_{2})=E(0)$, by (2.4), implies

$$ G\bigl(\lambda (0)\bigr)\le E(0)=G(\lambda_{2}). $$

(2.6)

From the assumption, the properties of $G(\lambda)$ and (2.6), we conclude

$$ \lambda (0)\ge \lambda_{2}. $$

(2.7)

If it does not hold, then there exists $t_{0}>0$ such that $\lambda (t _{0})=[\Vert \nabla u(t_{0}) \Vert ^{2}+ \Vert \nabla u (t_{0}) \Vert ^{2(r+1)}]^{ \frac{1}{2(r+1)}}<\lambda_{2}$. If $\lambda_{2}'<\lambda (t_{0})< \lambda_{2}$, according to (2.3) and the properties of $G(\lambda)$, we know that $G(\lambda (t_{0}))>E(0)\ge E(t_{0})$, which contradicts (2.4). If $\lambda (t_{0})<\lambda_{2}'$, then $\lambda (t_{0})<\lambda_{2}'<\lambda_{2}$. Setting $h(t)=\lambda (t)-\frac{ \lambda_{2}+\lambda_{2}'}{2}$, it is clear that $h(t)$ is a continuous function, $h(t_{0})<0$ and $h(0)>0$ ((2.7)). Hence, there exists $t_{1} \in (0,t_{0})$ such that $h(t_{1})=0$, which means that $\lambda (t_{1})=\frac{\lambda_{2}+\lambda_{2}'}{2}$, implying $G(\lambda (t_{1}))>E(0)\ge E(t_{1})$, which contradicts (2.4). Then we conclude the result. □

3 Main results

Now, we give our main results.

Theorem 3.1

Assuming that (A) holds and $u_{0},u_{1}\in H^{2} \cap H^{1}_{0}$, then any solution u of the problem (1.1)-(1.3) with initial data satisfying $E(0)< E_{1}$ and $\Vert \nabla u_{0} \Vert ^{2}+\Vert \nabla u_{0}\Vert ^{2(r+1)}\ge \lambda_{1}^{2(r+1)}$ will blow up in finite time.

Proof

We set

$$ H(t)=E_{2}-E(t),\quad \textit{for }t\ge 0, $$

(3.1)

where $E_{2} \in (E(0),E_{1})$. From (2.3) and (3.1), we get

$$ H'(t)=-E'(t)=\Vert u_{t}\Vert ^{m}_{m}+\Vert \nabla u_{t}\Vert ^{2}> 0; $$

(3.2)

then $H(t)$ is an increasing function and

$$ H(t)\ge H(0)=E_{2}-E(0)>0. $$

(3.3)

On the other hand, by Lemma 2.3, we have

$$\begin{aligned} H(t) < & E_{2}-\frac{1}{2}\biggl[\Vert u_{t} \Vert ^{2}+ \Vert \nabla u \Vert ^{2}+ \frac{1}{r+1}\Vert \nabla u \Vert ^{2(r+1)}\biggr]+\frac{1}{p}\Vert u\Vert ^{p}_{p} \\ < & E_{1}-\frac{1}{2(r+1)}\bigl[ \Vert \nabla u \Vert ^{2}+\Vert \nabla u \Vert ^{2(r+1)}\bigr]+ \frac{1}{p} \Vert u\Vert ^{p}_{p} \\ \le& E_{1}-\frac{1}{2(r+1)}\lambda_{1}^{2(r+1)}+ \frac{1}{p}\Vert u\Vert ^{p} _{p} \\ =&- \frac{1}{p}\lambda_{1}^{2(r+1)}+\frac{1}{p}\Vert u \Vert ^{p}_{p}\leq \frac{1}{p}\Vert u\Vert ^{p}_{p}. \end{aligned}$$

(3.4)

Hence, combining (3.3) and (3.4) with the embedding $H_{0}^{1}\hookrightarrow L^{p}$, we have

$$ 0< H(0)\le H(t)\le \frac{1}{p}\Vert u\Vert ^{p}_{p} \le \frac{B^{p}}{p}\Vert \nabla u \Vert ^{p}. $$

(3.5)

We set

$$G(t)=(u,u_{t})+\frac{1}{2}\Vert \nabla u\Vert ^{2}, $$

and then we define

$$ L(t)=H^{k(1-\alpha)}(t)+\epsilon G(t), $$

(3.6)

where $\alpha, k,\epsilon >0$ are small enough to be chosen later. By the definition of the solution, we have

$$\begin{aligned}& G'(t)=\Vert u_{t}\Vert ^{2}-\Vert \nabla u\Vert ^{2} -\Vert \nabla u\Vert ^{2(r+1)}- \int_{\Omega }\vert u_{t}\vert ^{m-2}u_{t} u\,dx+\Vert u\Vert _{p}^{p}. \end{aligned}$$

(3.7)

Adding the term $p(H(t)-E_{2}+E(t))$ and using the definition of $E(t)$ in (2.2), then (3.7) becomes

$$\begin{aligned} G'(t) \ge& \Vert u_{t}\Vert ^{2}-\Vert \nabla u\Vert ^{2} -\Vert \nabla u\Vert ^{2(r+1)} - \int_{\Omega }\vert u_{t}\vert ^{m-2}u_{t} u\,dx \\ &{}+\frac{p}{2}\biggl[\Vert u_{t}\Vert ^{2}+\Vert \nabla u\Vert ^{2} +\frac{1}{r+1}\Vert \nabla u\Vert ^{2(r+1)}\biggr]+pH(t)-pE _{2} \\ =&\frac{p+2}{2}\Vert u_{t}\Vert ^{2} + \frac{p-2}{2}\bigl\Vert \nabla u(t)\bigr\Vert ^{2} + \frac{p-2(r+1)}{2(r+1)}\Vert \nabla u\Vert ^{2(r+1)} \\ &{}- \int_{\Omega }\vert u_{t}\vert ^{m-2}u_{t} u\,dx +pH(t)-pE_{2}. \end{aligned}$$

(3.8)

By $r>0$ and Lemma 2.3 again, we have

$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{p-2}{2}\bigl\Vert \nabla u(t)\bigr\Vert ^{2} + \frac{p-2(r+1)}{2(r+1)}\Vert \nabla u\Vert ^{2(r+1)}-pE _{2} \\& \quad \ge \frac{p-2(r+1)}{2(r+1)}\bigl[\bigl\Vert \nabla u(t)\bigr\Vert ^{2} +\Vert \nabla u\Vert ^{2(r+1)}\bigr]-pE _{2} \\& \quad \ge \frac{p-2(r+1)}{2(r+1)} \frac{\lambda_{2}^{2(r+1)}-\lambda_{1} ^{2(r+1)}}{\lambda_{2}^{2(r+1)}}\bigl[\bigl\Vert \nabla u(t)\bigr\Vert ^{2} +\Vert \nabla u\Vert ^{2(r+1)}\bigr] \\& \qquad {}+\frac{p-2(r+1)}{2(r+1)}\frac{\lambda_{1}^{2(r+1)}[\Vert \nabla u(t)\Vert ^{2} +\Vert \nabla u\Vert ^{2(r+1)}]}{\lambda_{2}^{2(r+1)}}-pE_{2} \\& \quad \ge \frac{p-2(r+1)}{2(r+1)} \frac{\lambda_{2}^{2(r+1)}-\lambda_{1} ^{2(r+1)}}{\lambda_{2}^{2(r+1)}}\bigl[\bigl\Vert \nabla u(t)\bigr\Vert ^{2} \\& \qquad {} +\Vert \nabla u\Vert ^{2(r+1)}\bigr]+ \frac{p-2(r+1)}{2(r+1)}\lambda_{1}^{2(r+1)}-pE_{2}. \end{aligned}$$

(3.9)

From the fact that $p>2(r+1)$, Lemma 2.3 and $E_{2}< E_{1}$, we see that

$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}&\frac{p-2(r+1)}{2(r+1)} \frac{\lambda_{2}^{2(r+1)}-\lambda_{1}^{2(r+1)}}{ \lambda_{2}^{2(r+1)}}>0, \\ &\frac{p-2(r+1)}{2(r+1)}\lambda_{1}^{2(r+1)}-pE _{2}>\frac{p-2(r+1)}{2(r+1)}\lambda_{1}^{2(r+1)}-pE_{1} =0. \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$

(3.10)

It follows from (3.8), (3.9) and (3.10) that

$$\begin{aligned} G'(t) \ge& \frac{p+2}{2}\Vert u_{t}\Vert ^{2}+\frac{p-2(r+1)}{2(r+1)} \frac{ \lambda_{2}^{2(r+1)}-\lambda_{1}^{2(r+1)}}{\lambda_{2}^{2(r+1)}}\bigl[\bigl\Vert \nabla u(t)\bigr\Vert ^{2} +\Vert \nabla u\Vert ^{2(r+1)}\bigr] \\ &{}- \int_{\Omega }\vert u_{t}\vert ^{m-2}u_{t} u\,dt+pH(t). \end{aligned}$$

(3.11)

From the Hölder inequality, $p>m$ and (3.5), we have

$$\begin{aligned} \biggl\vert \int_{\Omega }\vert u_{t}\vert ^{m-2}u_{t} u\,dt\biggr\vert \leq& \int_{\Omega }\vert u_{t}\vert ^{m-1}\vert u\vert \,dx \\ \leq& \Vert u\Vert _{m}\Vert u_{t}\Vert ^{m-1} _{m} \\ \leq& C\Vert u\Vert ^{1-\frac{p}{m}}_{p} \Vert u\Vert ^{\frac{p}{m}}_{p}\Vert u_{t}\Vert ^{m-1} _{m} \\ \leq& C\Vert u\Vert ^{\frac{p}{m}}_{p} H^{\frac{1}{p}-\frac{1}{m}}(t) \Vert u_{t}\Vert ^{m-1}_{m}. \end{aligned}$$

(3.12)

From (3.5), Young’s inequality and the fact that $\Vert u_{t}\Vert ^{m} _{m}\le H'(t)$, we get

$$\begin{aligned}& \biggl\vert \int_{\Omega }\vert u_{t}\vert ^{m-2}u_{t} u\,dt\biggr\vert \leq C\bigl[\epsilon_{1}^{m} \Vert u \Vert ^{p} _{p} + \epsilon_{1}^{-\frac{m}{m-1}}H'(t) \bigr]H^{-\alpha_{1}}(t), \end{aligned}$$

(3.13)

where $\alpha_{1}=\frac{1}{m}-\frac{1}{p}>0$, $\epsilon_{1}>0$. Now, we take α and k satisfying

$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}&0< \alpha < \min \biggl\{ \alpha_{1},\frac{1}{2}- \frac{1}{p}, \frac{p-m}{p(m-1)}\biggr\} , \\ & \max\biggl\{ \frac{1}{2},1- \alpha_{1}, \frac{1}{r+1}, \frac{p+2}{2p}\biggr\} < k(1-\alpha)< 1, \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$

(3.14)

and then we have

$$ 1-k(1-\alpha)-\alpha_{1}< 0,\qquad 1< \frac{1}{k(1-\alpha)}< r+1,\qquad k(1-\alpha)> \frac{p+2}{2p}. $$

(3.15)

Furthermore, from (3.13) and (3.5), we have

$$\begin{aligned}& \biggl\vert \int_{\Omega }\vert u_{t}\vert ^{m-2}u_{t} u\,dt\biggr\vert \\& \quad \leq C\bigl[\epsilon_{1}^{m} H^{- \alpha_{1}}(0)\Vert u\Vert ^{p}_{p} + \epsilon_{1}^{-\frac{m}{m-1}}H^{1-k(1- \alpha)-\alpha_{1}}(0)H^{k(1-\alpha)-1}(t)H'(t) \bigr]. \end{aligned}$$

(3.16)

By differentiating (3.6), we see from (3.11) and (3.16) that

$$\begin{aligned} L'(t) \ge& \bigl[k(1-\alpha)- \epsilon C \epsilon_{1}^{-\frac{m}{m-1}}H ^{1-k(1-\alpha)-\alpha_{1}}(0)\bigr]H^{k(1-\alpha)-1}(t)H'(t) \\ &{}+\epsilon \frac{p+2}{2}\Vert u_{t}\Vert ^{2}+ \epsilon pH(t)- \epsilon C \epsilon_{1}^{m} H^{-\alpha_{1}}(0)\Vert u\Vert ^{p}_{p} \\ &{}+\epsilon \frac{p-2(r+1)}{2(r+1)} \frac{\lambda_{2}^{2(r+1)}-\lambda _{1}^{2(r+1)}}{\lambda_{2}^{2(r+1)}}\bigl[\bigl\Vert \nabla u(t) \bigr\Vert ^{2} +\Vert \nabla u\Vert ^{2(r+1)}\bigr] . \end{aligned}$$

(3.17)

Letting $\delta =\frac{1}{2}\min \{\frac{p+2}{2}, \frac{p}{2}, \frac{p-2(r+1)}{2(r+1)} \frac{\lambda_{2}^{2(r+1)}-\lambda_{1}^{2(r+1)}}{ \lambda_{2}^{2(r+1)}} \}$ and decomposing $\epsilon pH(t)$ in (3.17) by $\epsilon pH(t)=2\delta \epsilon H(t)+(p-2\delta) \epsilon H(t)$, we find from (3.3) and (3.17) that

$$\begin{aligned} L'(t) \ge& \bigl[k(1-\alpha)- \epsilon C \epsilon_{1}^{-\frac{m}{m-1}}H ^{1-k(1-\alpha)-\alpha_{1}}(0)\bigr]H^{k(1-\alpha)-1}(t)H'(t) \\ &{}+\epsilon \biggl[\frac{2\delta }{p}-C\epsilon_{1}^{m} H^{-\alpha_{1}}(0)\biggr]\Vert u\Vert ^{p} _{p}+\epsilon \biggl[\frac{p+2}{2}-\delta \biggr]\Vert u_{t}\Vert ^{2} \\ &{}+\epsilon \biggl[ \frac{p-2(r+1)}{2(r+1)} \frac{\lambda_{2}^{2(r+1)}- \lambda_{1}^{2(r+1)}}{\lambda_{2}^{2(r+1)}}-\delta \biggr] \bigl[ \bigl\Vert \nabla u(t)\bigr\Vert ^{2} +\Vert \nabla u\Vert ^{2(r+1)}\bigr] \\ &{}+(p-2\delta) \epsilon H(t). \end{aligned}$$

(3.18)

Choosing $\epsilon_{1} >0$ small enough so that $\epsilon_{1}^{m} < \frac{ \delta }{pC}H^{\alpha_{1}}(0)$ and $0<\epsilon < \frac{k(1-\alpha)}{2C}H^{-(1-k(1-\alpha)-\alpha_{1})}(0)\epsilon _{1}^{\frac{m}{m-1}}$, we have from (3.18)

$$\begin{aligned}& L'(t)\ge C\epsilon \bigl( \Vert u\Vert ^{p}_{p}+ \Vert u_{t}\Vert ^{2}+H(t)+ \bigl\Vert \nabla u(t)\bigr\Vert ^{2} +\Vert \nabla u \Vert ^{2(r+1)} \bigr), \end{aligned}$$

(3.19)

for a positive constant C. Therefore, $L(t)$ is a nondecreasing function. Letting ϵ in (3.6) be small enough, we get $L(0) > 0$. Consequently, we obtain $L(t) \ge L(0) > 0$ for $t\ge 0$.

We claim the inequality

$$\begin{aligned}& L'(t)\ge C L(t)^{\frac{1}{k(1-\alpha)}}. \end{aligned}$$

(3.20)

For the proof of (3.20), we consider two alternatives:

(i) If there exists a $t > 0$ so that $G(t) < 0$, then

$$\begin{aligned}& L(t)^{\frac{1}{k(1-\alpha)}}=\bigl[H^{k(1-\alpha)}(t)+\epsilon G(t) \bigr]^{\frac{1}{k(1- \alpha)}}\le H(t). \end{aligned}$$

(3.21)

Thus (3.20) follows from (3.21).

(ii) If there exists a $t > 0$ so that $G(t) \ge 0$, since $1<\frac{1}{k(1- \alpha)}<1+r$ by (3.15), then we deduce from (3.6), the Young inequality, the Hölder inequality and the embedding $L^{p}\hookrightarrow L^{2}$ that

$$\begin{aligned} L(t)^{\frac{1}{k(1-\alpha)}} \le& \biggl[H^{k(1-\alpha)}(t)+\Vert u\Vert ^{\tau }+ \Vert u_{t}\Vert ^{s}+\frac{1}{2} \Vert \nabla u\Vert ^{2}\biggr]^{\frac{1}{k(1-\alpha)}} \\ \le& C\bigl[H(t)+\Vert u\Vert _{p}^{\frac{\tau }{k(1-\alpha)}}+ \Vert u_{t}\Vert ^{\frac{s}{k(1- \alpha)}}+\Vert \nabla u\Vert ^{\frac{2}{k(1-\alpha)}} \bigr], \end{aligned}$$

(3.22)

for $\frac{1}{\tau }+\frac{1}{s}=1$, $\tau >0$, $s>0$. If wee take $s=2k(1-\alpha)$, then $s>1$ by (3.14), and $\frac{s}{k(1- \alpha)}=2$. By (3.15), we have $\frac{\tau }{k(1-\alpha)}=\frac{2}{2k(1- \alpha)-1}< p$, $\frac{2}{k(1-\alpha)}<2(r+1)$. Furthermore, we get

$$ \Vert u_{t}\Vert ^{\frac{s}{k(1-\alpha)}}=\Vert u_{t}\Vert ^{2},\qquad \Vert u\Vert _{p}^{\frac{ \tau }{k(1-\alpha)}}=\Vert u\Vert _{p}^{\frac{2}{2k(1-\alpha)-1}}. $$

(3.23)

Thus from (3.22), (3.23) and (3.5), we have

$$\begin{aligned} L(t)^{\frac{1}{k(1-\alpha)}} \le& C\bigl[H(t)+ \Vert u_{t}\Vert ^{2}+\Vert u\Vert _{p}^{\frac{2}{2k(1- \alpha)-1}-p}\Vert u\Vert _{p}^{p}+\Vert \nabla u\Vert ^{\frac{2}{k(1-\alpha)}-2(r+1)}\Vert \nabla u\Vert ^{2(r+1)}\bigr] \\ \le& C\biggl[H(t)+ \Vert u_{t}\Vert ^{2}+\bigl(pH(0) \bigr)^{\frac{1}{p}(\frac{2}{2k(1-\alpha)-1}-p)}\Vert u\Vert _{p}^{p} \\ &{}+\biggl( \frac{p}{B^{p}}H(0)\biggr)^{\frac{1}{p}(\frac{2}{k(1- \alpha)}-2(r+1))}\Vert \nabla u\Vert ^{2(r+1)}\biggr] \\ \le& C\bigl[H(t)+ \Vert u_{t}\Vert ^{2}+\Vert u\Vert _{p}^{p}+\Vert \nabla u\Vert ^{2(r+1)}\bigr]. \end{aligned}$$

(3.24)

This inequality together with (3.19) implies (3.20).

Then, by integrating both sides of (3.20) over $[0,t]$, it follows that there exists a $T_{0}>0$ so that

$$ \lim_{t \rightarrow T_{0}^{-}} L(t)= \lim_{t \rightarrow T_{0}^{-}} \bigl(H^{k(1-\alpha)}(t)+\epsilon G(t)\bigr)= \infty. $$

(3.25)

This combined with (3.24), (3.21) and (3.5) gives

$$\lim_{t \rightarrow T_{0}^{-}} \bigl(\Vert u\Vert _{p}^{p}+ \Vert \nabla u\Vert ^{2}+\Vert \nabla u\Vert ^{2(r+1)}+ \Vert u_{t}\Vert ^{2}\bigr)=\infty. $$

This theorem is proved. □

Theorem 3.2

Assuming that $u_{0}\in H^{2}\cap H^{1}_{0}$, $u_{1} \in H^{1}_{0}$, and $p >\max\{2(r+1), m\}$, $E(0) < 0$, then the local solution of the problem (1.1)-(1.3) blows up in finite time.

Proof

Setting $H(t) = -E(t)$ instead of $H(t)$ in (3.1) and then applying the same arguments as in Theorem 3.1, we get the desired result. □

Remark 3.3

We point out that the method can also be extended to equation (1.1) with the general function $M(s)$, $h(s)$ and $g(s)$ as in [26], and it can also be extended to equation (1.5) as in [27].

Declarations

Acknowledgements

This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11526077, 11601122).

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)

Department of Mathematics, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China

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