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Boundary Value Problems
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The method of lower and upper solutions for fourth order equations with the Navier condition

Boundary Value Problems20172017:152

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-017-0887-5

©  The Author(s) 2017

  • Received: 30 May 2017
  • Accepted: 2 October 2017
  • Published:

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to explore the method of lower and upper solutions in order to give some existence results for equations of the form
$$y^{(4)}(x)+(k_{1}+k_{2}) y''(x)+k_{1}k_{2} y(x)=f\bigl(x,y(x)\bigr), \quad x\in(0,1), $$
with the Navier condition
$$y(0) = y(1) = y''(0) = y''(1) = 0 $$
under the condition \(k_{1}<0<k_{2}<\pi^{2}\). The main tool is the Schauder fixed point theorem.

Keywords

  • elastic beam
  • fourth order equations
  • lower and upper solutions
  • Green function

MSC

  • 34B10
  • 34B18

1 Introduction

The aim of this paper is to explore the method of lower and upper solutions in order to give some existence of solutions for equations of the form
$$ y^{(4)}(x)+(k_{1}+k_{2}) y''(x)+k_{1}k_{2} y(x)=f\bigl(x,y(x)\bigr), \quad x\in(0,1), $$
(1.1)
with the Navier condition
$$ y(0) = y(1) = y''(0) = y''(1) = 0. $$
(1.2)
Such boundary value problems appear, as it is well known [1–3], in the theory of hinged beams.
Recently, Vrabel [4] studied problem (1.1), (1.2) under the assumption
(H1): 
\(k_{1}\) and \(k_{2}\) are two constants with
$$ k_{2}< k_{1}< 0. $$
(1.3)
He constructed the Green function for the linear problem
$$ \begin{aligned} &L(y) (x)\equiv y^{(4)}(x)+(k_{1}+k_{2}) y''(x)+k_{1}k_{2} y(x)=0, \quad x \in (0,1), \\ &y(0) = y(1) = y''(0) = y''(1) = 0, \end{aligned} $$
(1.4)
and proved its non-negativity and established the method of lower and upper solutions for (1.1), (1.2).

Definition 1.1

([4])

The function \(\alpha\in C^{4} [0, 1]\) is said to be a lower solution for (1.1), (1.2) if
$$ L\bigl(\alpha(x)\bigr)\leq f\bigl( x,\alpha(x)\bigr)\quad\text{for } x\in(0,1), $$
(1.5)
and
$$ \alpha(0)\leq0,\qquad \alpha(1) \leq0,\qquad \alpha''(0) \geq 0,\qquad \alpha''(1) \geq0. $$
(1.6)
An upper solution \(\beta\in C^{4}[0, 1]\) is defined analogously by reversing the inequalities in (1.5), (1.6).

Theorem A

([4, Theorem 7])

Let (H1) hold. Suppose that for problem (1.1), (1.2) there exist a lower solution α and an upper solution β such that
$$ \alpha(x) \leq\beta(x) \quad\textit{for } x \in[0, 1]. $$
(1.7)
If \(f : [0, 1]\times\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}\) is continuous and satisfies
$$ f(x,u_{1} )\leq f(x,u_{2}) \quad\textit{for } \alpha(x) \leq u_{1} \leq u_{2} \leq\beta(x) \textit{ and } x \in[0,1], $$
(1.8)
then there exists a solution \(y(x)\) for (1.1), (1.2) satisfying \(\alpha(x) \leq y(x)\leq\beta(x)\) for \(0\leq x \leq1\).
Of course the natural question is what would happen if (H1) is replaced with the condition
(H2): 

\(k_{1}<0<k_{2}\).

Roughly speaking, for some kind of second order boundary value problems, it is well known that the existence of a lower solution α and an upper solution β, which are well ordered, that is, \(\alpha\leq\beta\), implies the existence of a solution between them (see [5]). However, the use of lower and upper solutions in boundary value problems of the fourth order, even for the simple boundary conditions (1.2), is heavily dependent on the positiveness properties for the corresponding linear operators, see the counterexample in [5, Remark 3.1].

It is the purpose of this paper to establish the method of lower and upper solutions for fourth order problem (1.1), (1.2) under condition (H2). To do that, we study the positiveness properties of the solutions of the nonhomogeneous linear problems
$$ \begin{aligned} &Ly(x)=0, \quad x\in(0,1), \\ &y(0)=1, \qquad y''(0)=y(1)=y''(1)=0, \end{aligned} $$
(1.9)
and
$$ \begin{aligned} &Ly(x)=0, \quad x\in(0,1), \\ &y''(0)=1, \qquad y(0)=y(1)=y''(1)=0. \end{aligned} $$
(1.10)
Since the general solution of \(Ly=0\) under (H2) is different from that under (H1), we determine the sign of solution of (1.10) via its equivalent second order systems.
In [5], Cabada et al. have extensively studied the positiveness properties of the operator
$$\mathcal{L}y=y^{(4)}-My $$
with the homogeneous boundary value conditions (1.2) as well as the more general nonhomogeneous boundary value conditions, and then applied the positiveness properties in a systematic way to obtain existence theorems in the presence of lower and upper solutions allowing the case where they are not ordered. Obviously, Cabada et al. [5] only dealt with the case that
$$ k_{1}+k_{2}=0 $$
(1.11)
in (1.4) and (1.1).

For the related results on the existence and multiplicity of positive solutions or sign-changing solutions for fourth order problems, see Bai and Wang [6], Chu and O’Regan [7], Cid et al. [8], Drábek and Holubová [9, 10], Hernandez and Manasevich [11], Korman [12], Liu and Li [13], Ma et al. [14–18], Rynne [19, 20], Schröder [3], Webb et al. [21], Yang [22] and Yao [23] and the references therein.

The rest of the paper is arranged as follows. In Section 2, we show that the Green function of (1.4) possesses the positiveness properties under the condition \(k_{1}<0<k_{2}<\pi^{2}\). Finally, in Section 3, we develop the method of lower and upper solutions for (1.1), (1.2) under some monotonic condition on the nonlinearity f, and give some applications of our main results.

2 Green function in the case \(k_{1}<0<k_{2}\)

Let \(E=C[0,1]\) be the Banach space of continuous functions defined on \([0,1]\) with its usual normal \(\Vert \cdot \Vert \). Denote
$$k_{1}=-r^{2}, \qquad k_{2}=m^{2} $$
with some \(r>0\) and \(m>0\). Let us consider
$$ \begin{aligned} &y''''(x)+ \bigl(m^{2}-r^{2}\bigr)y''(x)-r^{2}m^{2}y(x)=0, \quad x\in(0,1), \\ &y(0)=y(1)=y''(0)=y''(1)=0. \end{aligned} $$
(2.1)
Define a linear operator \(L:D(L)\to E\)
$$Ly:=y''''+ \bigl(m^{2}-r^{2}\bigr)y''-r^{2}m^{2}y, \quad y\in D(L), $$
with the domain
$$D(L):=\bigl\{ y\in C^{4}[0,1]:y(0)=y(1)=y''(0)=y''(1)=0 \bigr\} . $$

Firstly, we construct the Green function \(G(x,s)\) for \(Ly=0\).

Define a linear operator
$$L_{1}y:=y''-r^{2}y, \qquad D(L_{1}):=\bigl\{ y\in C^{2}[0,1]:y(0)=y(1)=0\bigr\} . $$
The Green function of \(L_{1}y=0\) is
$$G_{1}(t,s)= \textstyle\begin{cases} \frac{\sinh(rt) \sinh(r(1-s))}{r\sinh r},& 0\leq t\leq s\leq1,\\ \frac{\sinh(rs) \sinh(r(1-t))}{r\sinh r},& 0\leq s\leq t\leq1. \end{cases} $$
Define a linear operator
$$L_{2}y:=y''+m^{2}y,\qquad D(L_{2}):=\bigl\{ y\in C^{2}[0,1]:y(0)=y(1)=0\bigr\} . $$
The Green function of \(L_{2}y=0\) is
$$G_{2}(t,s)= \textstyle\begin{cases} \frac{\sin(mt) \sin(m(1-s))}{m\sin m},& 0\leq t\leq s\leq1,\\ \frac{\sin(ms) \sin(m(1-t))}{m\sin m},& 0\leq s\leq t\leq1. \end{cases} $$
Obviously,
$$Ly=L_{2}\circ L_{1} y, $$
and the Green function of \(Ly=0\) is
$$G(x,s):= \int^{1}_{0}G_{2}(x,t)G_{1}(t,s)\,dt, \quad(x,s)\in[0,1]\times[0,1], $$
which can be explicitly given by
$$ G(x,s)= \textstyle\begin{cases}\frac{1}{m^{2}+r^{2}} [\frac{\sin(mx)\sin(m(s-1))}{m\sin m}+\frac{\sinh(rx)\sinh (r(1-s))}{r\sinh r}],&0\leq x\leq s\leq1,\\ \frac{1}{m^{2}+r^{2}} [\frac{\sin(ms)\sin(m(x-1))}{m\sin m}+\frac{\sinh(rs)\sinh (r(1-x))}{r\sinh r}],&0\leq s\leq x\leq1. \end{cases} $$
(2.2)

Theorem 2.1

Let \(m\in(0, \pi)\) and \(r\in(0, \infty)\). Then
$$G(x,s)\geq0, \quad(x,s)\in[0,1]\times[0,1]. $$

Proof

It is an immediate consequence of the facts that for \(m\in (0, \pi)\),
$$G_{2}(t,s)\geq0,\quad(t,s)\in[0,1]\times[0,1], $$
and for \(r\in(0, \infty)\),
$$G_{1}(t,s)\geq0,\quad(t,s)\in[0,1]\times[0,1]. $$
 □

3 Method of lower and upper solutions

In this section, we will establish the method of lower and upper solutions for (1.1), (1.2) in the case \(k_{1}<0<k_{2}\).

Denote
$$ g_{\alpha}(x)=L\bigl(\alpha(x)\bigr)-f\bigl(x,\alpha(x)\bigr), \qquad g_{\beta}(x)=L\bigl(\beta(x)\bigr)-f\bigl(x,\beta(x)\bigr), \quad x \in[0,1]. $$
(3.1)
Then
$$ g_{\alpha}(x)\leq0, \qquad g_{\beta}(x)\geq0, \quad x\in[0,1]. $$
(3.2)
Now let \(v_{\alpha}(x)\) be the solution of
$$ \begin{aligned} &L v_{\alpha}(x)=0, \quad x\in(0,1), \\ &v_{\alpha}(0)=\alpha(0), \qquad v_{\alpha}(1)=\alpha(1), \qquad v''_{\alpha}(0)=\alpha''(0), \qquad v''_{\alpha}(1)=\alpha''(1). \end{aligned} $$
(3.3)
Then \(v_{\alpha}(x)\) is uniquely determined as
$$ v_{\alpha}(x)= \alpha(0)w(x)+\alpha(1)w(1-x)+\alpha''(0) \chi(x)+\alpha ''(1)\chi(1-x), $$
(3.4)
where \(w(x)\) is the unique solution of the nonhomogeneous problem
$$ L(y)=0, \qquad y(0)=1, \qquad y''(0)=y(1)=y''(1)=0, $$
(3.5)
and it can be explicitly given by
$$ w(x)=\frac{m^{2}}{r^{2}+m^{2}}\frac{\sinh[r(1-x)]}{\sinh r}+\frac {r^{2}}{r^{2}+m^{2}}\frac{\sin[m(1-x)]}{\sin m}, $$
(3.6)
\(\chi(x)\) is the unique solution of the nonhomogeneous problem
$$ L(y)=0,\qquad y(0)=0, \qquad y''(0)=1, \qquad y(1)=y''(1)=0, $$
(3.7)
and it can be explicitly given by
$$\chi(x)=\frac{1}{(r^{2}+m^{2})}\frac{\sinh[r(1-x)]}{\sinh r}-\frac {1}{(r^{2}+m^{2})}\frac{\sin[m(1-x)]}{\sin m}. $$
Let \(v_{\beta}(x)\) be the solution of
$$\begin{aligned} &L v_{\beta}(x)=0, \quad x\in(0,1), \\ &v_{\beta}(0)=\beta(0), \qquad v_{\beta}(1)=\beta(1), \qquad v''_{\beta}(0)=\beta''(0), \qquad v''_{\beta}(1)=\beta''(1). \end{aligned} $$
Then \(v_{\beta}(x)\) is uniquely determined as
$$v_{\beta}(x)= \beta(0)w(x)+\beta(1)w(1-x)+\beta''(0) \chi(x)+\beta ''(1)\chi(1-x). $$

Lemma 3.1

  1. (1)

    Let \(0 < r < \infty\) and \(0< m<\pi\). Then \(w(x)> 0\) for \(x\in(0,1)\).

     
  2. (2)

    Let \(0 < r < \infty\) and \(0< m<\pi\). Then \(\chi(x)< 0\) for \(x\in(0,1)\).

     

Proof

(1) Since \(r(1-x)>0\) and \(-\infty< m(1-x)<\pi\) for \(x\in (0,1)\), it follows from (3.6) that \(w(x)> 0\) for \(x\in(0,1)\).

(2) Obviously, (3.7) is equivalent to the system
$$\begin{aligned}& L_{2}\chi=Z,\quad\chi(0)=0, \chi(1)=0, \end{aligned}$$
(3.8)
$$\begin{aligned}& L_{1}Z=0,\quad Z(0)=1,Z(1)=0. \end{aligned}$$
(3.9)
It is easy to see from (3.9) and the fact \(G_{1}(t,s)>0\) for \((t,s)\in (0,1)\times(0,1)\) that
$$Z(x)>0\quad\text{for } x\in[0,1). $$
Combining this with (3.8) and using the fact \(G_{2}(t,s)>0\) for \((t,s)\in (0,1)\times(0,1)\), we deduce that \(\chi(x)<0\) in \((0, 1)\). □
From Lemma 3.1 and the definitions of \(v_{\alpha}\) and \(v_{\beta}\), it follows that
$$ v_{\alpha}(x)\leq0, \qquad v_{\beta}(x)\geq0,\quad x\in[0,1]. $$
(3.10)
Now, for a lower solution α of (1.1), (1.2), we have the following implications:
$$\begin{aligned} &L(\alpha(x))=f\bigl(x, \alpha(x)\bigr)+g_{\alpha}(x)\\ &\quad \Rightarrow\quad \alpha(x)=v_{\alpha}(x)+ \int^{1}_{0} G(x, s)f\bigl(s, \alpha(s)\bigr)\,ds+ \int^{1}_{0} G(x, s)g_{\alpha}(s)\,ds \\ &\quad \Rightarrow\quad \alpha(x) \leq T\alpha(x)\quad\text{on } [0,1], \end{aligned} $$
and, by a similar way, we obtain \(\beta(x)\geq T\beta(x)\) on \([0, 1]\), where \(T: C[0, 1]\to C^{4}[0, 1]\) is the operator defined by
$$ T\phi(x)= \int^{1}_{0} G(x,s)f\bigl(s, \phi(s)\bigr)\,ds, \quad0 \leq x\leq1, $$
(3.11)
where the Green function G is as in (2.2). It is easy to check that (1.1), (1.2) is equivalent to the operator equation
$$ y=Ty. $$
(3.12)

As a direct consequence of the Schauder fixed point theorem [4, Theorem 5], we have the following lemma.

Lemma 3.2

Let there exist a constant M such that
$$\bigl\vert f(x,y) \bigr\vert \leq M $$
for \((x, y)\in[0, 1]\times\mathbb{R}\). Then (1.1), (1.2) has a solution.

Theorem 3.1

Let \(k_{1}<0<k_{2}<\pi^{2}\). Suppose that for problem (1.1), (1.2) there exist a lower solution α and an upper solution β such that
$$\alpha(x) \leq\beta(x) \quad \textit{for } x \in[0, 1]. $$
If \(f: [0, 1]\times\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}\) is continuous and satisfies
$$ f(x,u_{1}) \leq f(x,u_{2} )\quad\textit{for } \alpha(x) \leq u_{1} \leq u_{2} \leq\beta(x), \textit{ and } x \in[0,1], $$
(3.13)
then there exists a solution \(y(x)\) for (1.1), (1.2) satisfying
$$ \alpha(x)\leq y(x)\leq\beta(x)\quad\textit{for } 0\leq x\leq1. $$
(3.14)

Proof

Define the function F on \([0, 1] \times\mathbb{R}\) by setting
$$F(x,y)= \textstyle\begin{cases} f(x, \beta(x)), &y>\beta(x),\\ f(x,y), &\alpha(x)\leq y\leq\beta(x),\\ f(x, \alpha(x)), &y< \alpha(x). \end{cases} $$
Since F is continuous and bounded on \([0, 1]\times\mathbb{R}\), by Lemma 3.2, there exists a solution y of the problem
$$\begin{aligned} &L(y) = F(x, y), \\ &y(0)=y(1)=y''(0)=y''(1)=0. \end{aligned} $$
We now show that inequality (3.14) is true. We have
$$L \bigl(y(x)-\beta(x) \bigr)=L\bigl(y(x)\bigr)-L\bigl(\beta(x)\bigr)\leq F \bigl(x, y(x)\bigr)-f\bigl(x, \beta (x)\bigr)\leq0. $$
Thus \(L (y(x)-\beta(x) )=h_{1}(x)\leq0\) for \(x\in[0,1]\), that is, from Theorem 2.1 and (3.10)
$$y(x)-\beta(x)=-v_{\beta}(x)+ \int^{1}_{0} G(t,s)h_{1}(s)\,ds\leq0 \quad \text{for } x\in[0,1]. $$
By a similar way,
$$L \bigl(y(x)-\alpha(x) \bigr)=L\bigl(y(x)\bigr)-L\bigl(\alpha(x)\bigr)\geq F \bigl(x, y(x)\bigr)-f\bigl(x, \alpha(x)\bigr)\geq0. $$
Thus \(L (y(x)-\alpha(x) )=h_{2}(x)\geq0\) for \(x\in[0,1]\), that is, from Theorem 2.1 and (3.10)
$$y(x)-\alpha(x)=-v_{\alpha}(x)+ \int^{1}_{0} G(t,s)h_{2}(s)\,ds\geq0 \quad \text{for } x\in[0,1]. $$

Therefore, \(\alpha(x)\leq y(x)\leq\beta(x)\) for \(x\in[0,1]\), and accordingly, y is a solution of (1.1), (1.2). □

Remark 3.1

It is worth remarking that if (3.13) is not valid, then the existence of a lower solution α and an upper solution β with \(\alpha (x)\leq\beta(x)\) in \([0,1]\) cannot guarantee the existence of solutions in the order interval \([\alpha(x), \beta(x)]\). Let us see the counterexample in Cabada et al. [5, Remark 3.1].

Remark 3.2

In the case \(\vert k_{1} \vert > k_{2}\), the assertions of Theorem 3.1 can be deduced from Habets and Sanchez [24, Theorem 4.1].

Remark 3.3

Let us consider the problem
$$ \begin{aligned} &u^{(4)}(x)-4u''(x)+3u(x)=u^{3}+ \sin x, \quad x\in(0,1), \\ &u(0)=u(1)=u''(0)=u''(1)=0. \end{aligned} $$
(3.15)
It is easy to verify that \(f(x,u)=u^{3}+\sin x\), \(k_{1}=-1\) and \(k_{2}=4\), and
$$\alpha(x)\equiv-1, \qquad\beta(x)\equiv1 $$
satisfy all of the conditions in Theorem 3.1. Therefore, (3.15) has a solution u satisfying
$$-1\leq u(x)\leq1,\quad x\in[0,1]. $$

Declarations

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by NSFC (No. 11671322) and NSFC (No. 11361054). The authors are very grateful to the anonymous referees for their valuable suggestions.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Authors’ contributions

RM and JW completed the main study together. RM wrote the manuscript, DY checked the proofs process and verified the calculation. Moreover, all the authors read and approved the last version of the manuscript.

Competing interests

All of the authors of this article claim that together they have no competing interests.

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)
Department of Mathematics, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China

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