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- Open Access
Nonlinear nonhomogeneous Robin problems with dependence on the gradient
- Yunru Bai1,
- Leszek Gasiński1Email author and
- Nikolaos S. Papageorgiou2
- Received: 19 September 2017
- Accepted: 11 January 2018
- Published: 30 January 2018
Abstract
We consider a nonlinear elliptic equation driven by a nonhomogeneous partial differential operator with Robin boundary condition and a convection term. Using a topological approach based on the Leray–Schauder alternative principle, together with truncation and comparison techniques, we show the existence of a smooth positive solution without imposing any global growth condition on the reaction term.
Keywords
- Nonhomogeneous differential operator
- Robin boundary condition
- Nonlinear regularity theory
- Convection term
- Leray–Schauder alternative theorem
- Positive solution
MSC
- 35J92
- 35P30
1 Introduction
Let \(\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{N}\) be a bounded domain with a \(C^{2}\)-boundary ∂Ω, and let \(1< p<+\infty\). In this paper we study the following nonlinear nonhomogeneous Robin problem with convection:
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} -\operatorname{div}a(Du(z))=f(z,u(z),Du(z))&\mbox{in } \Omega ,\\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial n_{a}}+\beta(z)u(z)^{p-1}=0&\mbox{on } \partial\Omega , u>0. \end{cases} $$
(1.1)
In this problem, \(a\colon\mathbb{R}^{N}\longrightarrow \mathbb{R}^{N}\) is a continuous and strictly monotone map which satisfies certain regularity and growth conditions listed in hypotheses \(H(a)\) below. These hypotheses are mild and incorporate in our framework many differential operators of interest such as the p-Laplacian and the \((p,q)\)-Laplacian (that is, the sum of a p-Laplacian and a q-Laplacian with \(1< q< p<\infty\)). The forcing term has the form of a convection term, that is, it depends also on the gradient of the unknown function. This dependence on the gradient prevents the use of variational methods directly on equation (1.1). In the boundary condition, \(\frac{\partial u}{\partial n_{a}}\) denotes the conormal derivative of u and is defined by extension of the map
to all \(u\in W^{1,p}(\Omega)\), with n being the outward unit normal on ∂Ω. This generalized normal derivative is dictated by the nonlinear Green’s identity (see, e.g., Gasiński and Papageorgiou [1, Theorem 2.4.53, p. 210]) and was used also by Lieberman [2, 3].
$$C^{1}(\overline{\Omega})\ni u\longmapsto \bigl(a(Du),n \bigr)_{\mathbb{R}^{N}} $$
Problems with convection were studied in the past using a variety of methods. We mention the works of de Figueiredo et al. [4], Girardi and Matzeu [5] for semilinear equations driven by the Dirichlet Laplacian; the works of Faraci et al. [6], Huy et al. [7], Iturriaga et al. [8] and Ruiz [9] for nonlinear equations driven by the Dirichlet p-Laplacian; and the works of Averna et al. [10], Faria et al. [11] and Tanaka [12] for equations driven by the Dirichlet \((p,q)\)-Laplacian. Finally, we mention also the recent work of Gasiński and Papageorgiou [13] for Neumann problems driven by a differential operator of the form \(\operatorname{div}(a(u)Du)\).
In this paper, in contrast to the aforementioned works, we do not impose any global growth condition on the convection term. Instead we assume that \(f(z,\cdot,y)\) admits a positive root (zero) and all the other conditions refer to the behavior of the function \(x\longmapsto f(z,x,y)\) near zero locally in \(y\in\mathbb{R}^{N}\). Our approach is topological based on the Leray–Schauder alternative principle.
2 Mathematical background—hypotheses
In the analysis of problem (1.1) we will use the following spaces:
By \(\Vert \cdot \Vert \) we denote the norm of the Sobolev space \(W^{1,p}(\Omega )\) defined by
The Banach space \(C^{1}(\overline{\Omega})\) is an ordered Banach space with positive (order) cone given by
This cone has a nonempty interior
which contains the set
In fact \(D_{+}\) is the interior of \(C_{+}\) when \(C^{1}(\overline{\Omega})\) is equipped with the relative \(C(\overline{\Omega})\)-norm topology.
$$W^{1,p}(\Omega)\quad(1< p< \infty),\qquad C^{1}(\overline{ \Omega})\mbox{ and } L^{q}(\partial\Omega )\quad(1\leqslant q \leqslant\infty). $$
$$\Vert u \Vert = \bigl( \Vert u \Vert _{p}^{p}+ \Vert Du \Vert _{p}^{p} \bigr)^{\frac{1}{p}}\quad\forall u\in W^{1,p}(\Omega). $$
$$C_{+}= \bigl\{ u\in C^{1}(\overline{\Omega}): u(z)\geqslant0\mbox{ for all } z\in\overline{\Omega} \bigr\} . $$
$$\operatorname{int}C_{+} = \biggl\{ u\in C_{+}: u(z)>0 \mbox{ for all } z\in\Omega, \frac {\partial u}{\partial n} |_{\partial\Omega \cap u^{-1}(0)}< 0 \mbox{ if } \partial\Omega \cap u^{-1}(0)\ne\emptyset \biggr\} $$
$$D_{+}= \bigl\{ u\in C_{+}: u(z)>0 \mbox{ for all } z\in\overline {\Omega} \bigr\} . $$
On ∂Ω we consider the \((N-1)\)-dimensional Hausdorff (surface) measure \(\sigma(\cdot)\). Using this measure, we can define the boundary Lebesgue spaces \(L^{q}(\partial\Omega )\) (\(1\leqslant q\leqslant\infty\)) in the usual way. We have that there exists a unique continuous linear map \(\gamma _{0}\colon W^{1,p}(\Omega)\longrightarrow L^{p}(\partial\Omega )\) known as the trace map such that
So, the trace map \(\gamma_{0}\) extends the notion of boundary values to any Sobolev function. We have
The trace map \(\gamma_{0}\) is compact into \(L^{q}(\partial\Omega )\) for all \(q\in[1,\frac{(N-1)p}{N-p})\) if \(p< N\) and into \(L^{q}(\partial\Omega )\) for all \(q\in[1,\infty)\) if \(p\geqslant N\). In what follows, for the sake of notational simplicity, we drop the use of the trace map \(\gamma_{0}\). The restrictions of all Sobolev functions on ∂Ω are understood in the sense of traces.
$$\gamma_{0}(u)= u |_{\partial\Omega }\quad\forall u\in W^{1,p}( \Omega)\cap C(\overline{\Omega}). $$
$$\mathrm{im}\, \gamma_{0} = W^{\frac{1}{p'},p}(\partial\Omega )\qquad \biggl(\frac {1}{p}+\frac{1}{p'}=1\biggr)\quad\mbox{and}\quad \ker \gamma_{0} = W^{1,p}_{0}(\Omega). $$
Now we introduce the conditions on the map \(a(y)\). So, let \(\vartheta \in C^{1}(0,\infty)\) and assume that
for some \(1\leqslant\tau< p\), \(c_{1},c_{2}>0\).
$$ 0< \widehat {c}\leqslant\frac{\vartheta '(t)t}{\vartheta (t)}\leqslant c_{0} \quad\mbox{and}\quad c_{1} t^{p-1}\leqslant\vartheta (t) \leqslant c_{2}\bigl(t^{\tau -1}+t^{p-1}\bigr)\quad\forall t>0 $$
(2.1)
The hypotheses on the map \(a(y)\) are the following:
- \(H(a)\)::
-
\(a(y)=a_{0}(|y|)y\) for all \(y\in\mathbb{R}^{N}\) with \(a_{0}(t)>0\) for all \(t>0\) and
- (i)\(a_{0}\in C^{1}(0,\infty)\), \(t\longmapsto a_{0}(t)t\) is strictly increasing on \((0,\infty)\) and$$\lim_{t\to0^{+}}a_{0}(t)t=0\quad\mbox{and}\quad \lim _{t\to0^{+}}\frac{a_{0}'(t)t}{a_{0}(t)}=c>-1; $$
- (ii)there exists \(c_{3}>0\) such that$$\bigl\vert \nabla a(y) \bigr\vert \leqslant c_{3} \frac{\vartheta ( \vert y \vert )}{ \vert y \vert }\quad\forall y\in\mathbb{R} ^{N}\setminus\{0\}; $$
- (iii)we have$$\bigl(\nabla a(y)\xi,\xi\bigr)_{\mathbb{R}^{N}}\geqslant\frac{\vartheta ( \vert y \vert )}{ \vert y \vert } \vert \xi \vert ^{2}\quad\forall y\in\mathbb{R}^{N}\setminus\{0 \}, \xi\in\mathbb{R}^{N}; $$
- (iv)if \(G_{0}(t)=\int_{0}^{t} a_{0}(s)s\,ds\), then there exists \(q\in (1,p)\) such that$$t \longmapsto G_{0}\bigl(t^{\frac{1}{q}}\bigr)\quad \textrm{is convex on }\mathbb{R}_{+}=[0,+\infty), $$and$$\lim_{t\to0^{+}}\frac{q G_{0}(t)}{t^{q}}=c^{*}>0 $$$$0 \leqslant p G_{0}(t)-a_{0}(t)t^{2}\quad\forall t>0. $$
- (i)
Remark 2.1
Hypotheses \(H(a)\)(i), (ii) and (iii) are dictated by the nonlinear regularity theory of Lieberman [3] and the nonlinear strong maximum principle of Pucci and Serrin [14]. Hypothesis \(H(a)\)(iv) serves the needs of our problem. The examples given below show that hypothesis \(H(f)\)(iv) is mild and it is satisfied in all cases of interest. Note that hypotheses \(H(a)\) imply that \(G_{0}\) is strictly increasing and strictly convex. We set
We have
So, \(G(\cdot)\) is the primitive of \(a(\cdot)\) and \(y\longmapsto G(y)\) is convex with \(G(0)=0\). Hence
Such hypotheses were also used in the works of Gasiński et al. [15] and Papageorgiou and Rădulescu [16–18].
$$G(y)=G_{0}\bigl( \vert y \vert \bigr)\quad\forall y\in \mathbb{R}^{N}. $$
$$\nabla G(y)=G_{0}'\bigl( \vert y \vert \bigr) \frac{y}{ \vert y \vert }=a_{0}\bigl( \vert y \vert \bigr)y=a(y)\quad \forall y\in \mathbb{R}^{N}\setminus\{0\}. $$
$$ G(y) \leqslant \bigl(a(y),y\bigr)_{\mathbb{R}^{N}}\quad\forall y\in \mathbb{R}^{N}. $$
(2.2)
The next lemma is an easy consequence of hypotheses \(H(a)\) which summarizes the basic properties of the map a.
Lemma 2.2
If hypotheses
\(H(a)\)(i), (ii) and (iii) hold, then
- (a)
\(y\longmapsto a(y)\) is continuous and strictly monotone (hence maximal monotone, too);
- (b)
\(|a(y)|\leqslant c_{4}(1+|y|^{p-1})\) for all \(y\in\mathbb{R}^{N}\), for some \(c_{4}>0\);
- (c)
\((a(y),y)_{\mathbb{R}^{N}}\geqslant\frac{c_{1}}{p-1}|y|^{p}\) for all \(y\in\mathbb{R}^{N}\).
Using this lemma together with (2.1) and (2.2), we have the following bilateral growth restrictions on the primitive G.
Corollary 2.3
If hypotheses
\(H(a)\)(i), (ii) and (iii) hold, then
for some
\(c_{5}>0\).
$$\frac{c_{1}}{p(p-1)} \vert y \vert ^{p} \leqslant G(y) \leqslant c_{5}\bigl(1+ \vert y \vert ^{p}\bigr)\quad\forall y\in \mathbb{R}^{N} $$
Example 2.4
The following maps a satisfy hypotheses \(H(a)\) (see Papageorgiou and Rădulescu [16]).
- (a)
\(a(y)=|y|^{p-2}y\) with \(1< p<\infty\);
The map corresponds to the p-Laplace differential operator$$\Delta_{p} u=\operatorname{div}\bigl(|Du|^{p-2}Du\bigr)\quad \forall u\in W^{1,p}(\Omega). $$ - (b)
\(a(y)=|y|^{p-2}y+|y|^{q-2}y\) with \(1< q< p<\infty\).
This map corresponds to the \((p,q)\)-Laplace differential operatorSuch operators arise in problems of mathematical physics (see Cherfils and Il’yasov [19]).$$\Delta_{p} u+\Delta_{q} u\quad\forall u\in W^{1,p}( \Omega). $$ - (c)
\(a(y)=(1+|y|^{2})^{\frac{p-2}{2}}y\) with \(1< p<\infty\).
This operator corresponds to the generalized p-mean curvature differential operator$$\operatorname{div}\bigl(\bigl(1+|Du|^{2}\bigr)^{\frac{p-2}{2}}Du\bigr) \quad\forall u\in W^{1,p}(\Omega). $$ - (d)
\(a(y)=|y|^{p-2}y (1+\frac{1}{1+|y|^{2}} )\) with \(1< p<\infty\).
In what follows, by \(\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle\) we denote the duality brackets for the dual pair \((W^{1,p}(\Omega)^{*}, W^{1,p}(\Omega))\). Let \(A\colon W^{1,p}(\Omega)\longrightarrow W^{1,p}(\Omega)^{*}\) be the nonlinear map defined by
The next proposition is a special case of a more general result of Gasiński and Papageorgiou [20].
$$\bigl\langle A(u),h\bigr\rangle = \int_{\Omega}\bigl(a(Du),Dh\bigr)_{\mathbb{R}^{N}}\,dz\quad\forall u,h\in W^{1,p}(\Omega). $$
Proposition 2.5
If hypotheses
\(H(a)\)(i), (ii) and (iii) hold, then the map
\(A\colon W^{1,p}(\Omega)\longrightarrow W^{1,p}(\Omega)^{*}\)
is bounded (that is, maps bounded sets to bounded sets), continuous, monotone (hence maximal monotone, too) and of type
\((S)_{+}\), that is,
“if \(u_{n}\stackrel{w}{\longrightarrow}u\) in \(W^{1,p}(\Omega)\) and \(\limsup_{n\rightarrow+\infty}\langle A(u_{n}),u_{n}-u\rangle\leqslant 0\), then \(u_{n}\longrightarrow u\) in \(W^{1,p}(\Omega)\).”
The hypotheses on the boundary coefficient β are the following:
- \(H(\beta)\)::
-
\(\beta\in C^{0,\alpha}(\partial\Omega )\) with \(\alpha\in(0,1)\) and \(\beta(z)\geqslant0\) for all \(z\in\partial\Omega \).
Remark 2.6
When \(\beta\equiv0\), we recover the Neumann problem.
Let \(\vartheta _{q}\colon W^{1,q}(\Omega)\longrightarrow \mathbb{R}\) be the \(C^{1}\)-functional defined by
Also, we consider the following nonlinear eigenvalue problem:
Here \(1< q<+\infty\) is as in hypothesis \(H(a)\)(iv) and \(\frac{\partial u}{\partial n_{q}}=|Du|^{q-2}(Du,n)_{\mathbb{R}^{N}}\). If the above Robin problem admits a nontrivial solution, then we say that λ̂ is an eigenvalue of \(-\Delta_{q}\) with Robin boundary condition and the nontrivial solution û is an eigenfunction corresponding to λ̂. From Papageorgiou and Rădulescu [17], we know that \(\widehat {u}\in L^{\infty}(\Omega)\), and then from Theorem 2 of Lieberman [2] (see also Lieberman [3]) we have that \(\widehat {u}\in C^{1}(\overline{\Omega})\).
$$\vartheta _{q}(u)= \Vert Du \Vert _{q}^{q}+ \int_{\partial\Omega }\beta (z) \vert u \vert ^{q}\,d\sigma \quad\forall u\in W^{1,q}(\Omega). $$
$$\textstyle\begin{cases} -\Delta_{q} u(z)=\widehat {\lambda} \vert u(z) \vert ^{q-2}u(z)&\mbox{in }\Omega,\\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial n_{q}}+\beta(z) \vert u \vert ^{q-2}u=0&\mbox{on }\partial\Omega . \end{cases} $$
From Papageorgiou and Rădulescu [21], we know that there exists a smallest eigenvalue \(\widehat {\lambda}_{1}(q)\) such that:
-
\(\widehat {\lambda}_{1}(q)\geqslant0\) and it is isolated in the spectrum \(\widehat {\sigma}(q)\) (that is, we can find \(\varepsilon >0\) such that \((\widehat {\lambda}_{1}(q),\widehat {\lambda}_{1}(q)+\varepsilon )\cap\widehat {\sigma }(q)=\emptyset\)) and if \(\beta\equiv0\) (Neumann problem), then \(\widehat {\lambda}_{1}(q)=0\), while if \(\beta\not\equiv0\), then \(\widehat {\lambda}_{1}(q)>0\).
-
\(\widehat {\lambda}_{1}(q)\) is simple (that is, if \(\widehat {u},\widehat {v}\) are eigenfunctions corresponding to \(\widehat {\lambda}_{1}(q)\), then \(\widehat {u}=\xi\widehat {v}\) for some \(\xi\in\mathbb {R}\setminus\{0\}\)).
-
we have$$ \widehat {\lambda}_{1}(q)=\inf \biggl\{ \frac{\vartheta _{q}(u)}{ \Vert u \Vert _{q}^{q}}: u\in W^{1,q}(\Omega), u\ne0 \biggr\} . $$(2.3)
The infimum in (2.3) is realized on the one-dimensional eigenspace corresponding to \(\widehat {\lambda}_{1}(q)\). It follows that the elements of this eigenspace have constant sign. By \(\widehat {u}_{1}(q)\) we denote the \(L^{q}\)-normalized (that is, \(\Vert \widehat {u}_{1}(q) \Vert _{q}=1\)) positive eigenfunction corresponding to \(\widehat {\lambda}_{1}(q)\). We have \(\widehat {u}_{1}(q)\in C_{+}\) and, using the nonlinear strong maximum principle (see, e.g., Gasiński and Papageorgiou [1, p. 738]), we have \(\widehat {u}_{1}(q)\in D_{+}\). An eigenfunction û corresponding to an eigenvalue \(\widehat {\lambda }\ne\widehat {\lambda}_{1}(q)\) is necessarily nodal. Sometimes, in order to emphasize the dependence on β, we write \(\widehat {\lambda}_{1}(q,\beta)\geqslant0\).
Recall that a function \(f\colon\Omega\times\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb {R}^{N}\longrightarrow \mathbb{R} \) is Carathéodory, if
-
for all \((x,y)\in\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}^{N}\), \(z\longmapsto f(z,x,y)\) is measurable;
-
for a.a. \(z\in\Omega\), \((x,y)\longmapsto f(z,x,y)\) is continuous.
Such a function is automatically jointly measurable (see Hu and Papageorgiou [22, p. 142]).
The hypotheses on the convection term f in problem (1.1) are the following:
- \(H(f)\)::
-
\(f\colon\Omega\times\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}^{N}\longrightarrow \mathbb{R}\) is a Carathéodory function such that \(f(z,0,y)=0\) for a.a. \(z\in\Omega\), all \(y\in\mathbb{R}^{N}\) and
- (i)there exists \(\eta>0\) such thatwith \(\widetilde {c}_{1}>0\), \(\widetilde {c}_{2}<\frac{c_{1}}{p-1}\);$$\begin{aligned} &f(z,\eta,y)=0\quad\textrm{for a.a. } z\in\Omega, \mbox{ all } y\in \mathbb{R}^{N}, \\ &f(z,x,y)\geqslant0\quad\textrm{for a.a. } z\in\Omega, \mbox{ all } 0\leqslant x \leqslant\eta,\mbox{ all } y\in\mathbb{R}^{N}, \\ &f(z,x,y)\leqslant\widetilde {c}_{1}+\widetilde {c}_{2} \vert y \vert ^{p}\quad\mbox{for a.a. } z\in\Omega, \mbox{ all } 0 \leqslant x\leqslant\eta,\mbox{ all } y\in\mathbb{R}^{N}, \end{aligned}$$
- (ii)for every \(M>0\), there exists \(\eta_{M}\in L^{\infty }(\Omega)\) such that(here \(q\in(1,p)\) is as in hypothesis \(H(a)\)(iv));$$\begin{aligned} &\eta_{M}(z)\geqslant c^{*}\widehat {\lambda}_{1}(q)\quad \mbox{for a.a. } z\in\Omega,\eta_{M}\not\equiv c^{*}\widehat { \lambda}_{1}(q), \\ &\liminf_{x\to0^{+}}\frac{f(z,x,y)}{x^{q-1}}\geqslant\eta_{M}(z) \quad \mbox{uniformly for a.a. } z\in\Omega, \mbox{ all } \vert y \vert \leqslant M \end{aligned}$$
- (iii)there exists \(\xi_{\eta}>0\) such that, for a.a. \(z\in \Omega\), all \(y\in\mathbb{R}^{N}\), the functionis nondecreasing on \([0,\eta]\), for a.a. \(z\in\Omega\), all \(y\in \mathbb{R} ^{N}\) and$$x\longmapsto f(z,x,y)+\xi_{\eta}x^{p-1} $$and$$ \lambda^{p-1}f\biggl(z,\frac{1}{\lambda} x,y\biggr) \leqslant f(z,x,y) $$(2.4)for a.a. \(z\in\Omega\), all \(0\leqslant x\leqslant\eta\), all \(y\in \mathbb{R}^{N}\) and all \(\lambda\in(0,1)\).$$f(z,x,y)\leqslant\lambda^{p} f\biggl(z,x,\frac{1}{\lambda} y\biggr) $$
- (i)
Remark 2.7
Since we look for positive solutions and all the above hypotheses are for \(x\geqslant0\), without any loss of generality, we assume that
Note that (2.4) is satisfied if, for example, for a.a. \(z\in \Omega\), all \(y\in\mathbb{R}^{N}\), the function \(x\longmapsto \frac{f(z,x,y)}{x^{p-1}}\) is nonincreasing on \((0,+\infty)\).
$$f(z,x,y)=0\quad\mbox{for a.a. } z\in\Omega,\mbox{ all } x\leqslant0, \mbox{ all } y\in\mathbb{R}^{N}. $$
Example 2.8
The following function satisfies hypotheses \(H(f)\). For the sake of simplicity, we drop the z-dependence:
with \(\eta>c^{*}\widehat {\lambda}_{1}(q)\geqslant0\), \(p<\min\{r,\mu\}\), \(c<\frac{c_{1}}{2(p-1)}\), \(1<\tau<\infty\).
$$f(x,y)= \textstyle\begin{cases} \eta(x^{p-1}-x^{r-1})+c(x^{p-1}-x^{\mu-1}) \vert y \vert ^{p} & \mbox{if } 0\leqslant x\leqslant1,\\ (x^{\tau-1}\ln x) \vert y \vert ^{p} & \mbox{if } 1< x, \end{cases} $$
As we have already mentioned, our approach is topological based on the Leray–Schauder alternative principle, which we recall here (see, e.g., Gasiński and Papageorgiou [1, p. 827]).
Theorem 2.9
If
X
is a Banach space, \(C\subseteq X\)
is nonempty convex and
\(\vartheta \colon C\longrightarrow C\)
is a compact map, then exactly one of the following two statements is true:
- (a)
ϑ has a fixed point;
- (b)
the set \(S(\vartheta )=\{u\in C: u=\lambda \vartheta (u), \lambda\in(0,1)\}\) is unbounded.
Finally, let us fix our notation. For \(x\in\mathbb{R}\), we set \(x^{\pm}=\max\{\pm x,0\}\). Then, given \(u\in W^{1,p}(\Omega)\), we define \(u^{\pm}(\cdot)=u(\cdot)^{\pm}\). We know that
Also, if \(u\in W^{1,p}(\Omega)\), then
$$u^{\pm}\in W^{1,p}(\Omega),\qquad u=u^{+}-u^{-},\qquad \vert u \vert =u^{+}+u^{-}. $$
$$[0,u]=\bigl\{ h\in W^{1,p}(\Omega): 0\leqslant h(z)\leqslant u(z) \mbox{ for a.a. } z\in\Omega\bigr\} . $$
3 Positive solutions
Consider the following truncation-perturbation of the convection term \(f(z,\cdot,y)\):
$$ \widehat {f}(z,x,y)= \textstyle\begin{cases} f(z,x,y)+\xi_{\eta}(x^{+})^{p-1} & \mbox{if } x\leqslant\eta,\\ f(z,\eta,y)+\xi_{\eta}\eta^{p-1} & \mbox{if } \eta< x. \end{cases} $$
(3.1)
Evidently f̂ is a Carathéodoty function.
Given \(v\in C^{1}(\overline{\Omega})\), we consider the following auxiliary Robin problem:
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} -\operatorname{div}a(Du(z))+\xi_{\eta}u(z)^{p-1}=\widehat {f}(z,u(z),Dv(z))&\mbox{in } \Omega,\\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial n_{a}}+\beta(z)u(z)^{p-1}=0&\mbox{on } \partial\Omega , u\geqslant0. \end{cases} $$
(3.2)
Proposition 3.1
If hypotheses \(H(a)\), \(H(\beta)\) and \(H(f)\) hold, then problem (3.2) admits a positive solution \(u_{v}\in[0,\eta]\cap D_{+}\).
Proof
Let
and consider the \(C^{1}\)-functional \(\widehat {\varphi }_{v}\colon W^{1,p}(\Omega)\longrightarrow \mathbb {R}\) defined by
for all \(u\in W^{1,p}(\Omega)\). From (3.1), Corollary 2.3 and hypothesis \(H(\beta)\), we see that \(\widehat {\varphi }_{v}\) is coercive. Also, using the Sobolev embedding theorem, the compactness of the trace map and the convexity of G, we see that \(\widehat {\varphi }_{v}\) is sequentially weakly lower semicontinuous. So, by the Weierstrass–Tonelli theorem, we can find \(u_{v}\in W^{1,p}(\Omega)\) such that
Let \(M> \Vert v \Vert _{C^{1}(\overline{\Omega})}\). Hypothesis \(H(f)\)(ii) implies that given \(\varepsilon >0\), we can find \(\delta\in(0,\eta]\) such that
so
(see (3.1)) and thus
Hypothesis \(H(a)\)(iv) implies that
Since \(\widehat {u}_{1}(q)\in D_{+}\), we can find \(t\in(0,1)\) small such that
Then we have
(recall that \(\Vert \widehat {u}_{1}(q) \Vert _{q}=1\)). Using hypothesis \(H(f)\)(ii) and the fact that \(\widehat {u}_{1}(q)\in D_{+}\), we have
Then from (3.7) we have
Choosing \(\varepsilon \in(0,\frac{r_{0}}{\widehat {\lambda}_{1}(q)})\), we see that
so
thus
$$\widehat {F}_{v}(z,x)= \int_{0}^{x} \widehat {f}\bigl(z,s,Dv(z)\bigr)\,ds $$
$$\widehat {\varphi }_{v}(u)= \int_{\Omega}G(Du)\,dz+\frac{\xi_{\eta }}{p} \Vert u \Vert _{p}^{p}+\frac {1}{p} \int_{\partial\Omega }\beta(z) \vert u \vert ^{p}\,d\sigma- \int_{\Omega }\widehat {F}_{v}(z,u)\,dz $$
$$ \widehat {\varphi }_{v}(u_{v})=\inf _{u\in W^{1,p}(\Omega)}\widehat {\varphi }_{v}(u). $$
(3.3)
$$f(z,x,y)\geqslant\bigl(\eta_{M}(z)-\varepsilon \bigr)x^{q-1} \quad\mbox{for a.a. } z\in\Omega, \mbox{ all } 0\leqslant x\leqslant\delta,\mbox{ all } \vert y \vert \leqslant M, $$
$$\widehat {f}\bigl(z,x,Dv(z)\bigr)\geqslant\bigl(\eta_{M}(z)- \varepsilon \bigr)x^{q-1}+\xi _{\eta }x^{p-1}\quad \mbox{for a.a. } z\in\Omega, \mbox{ all } 0\leqslant x\leqslant\delta $$
$$ \widehat {F}_{v}(z,x)\geqslant\frac{1}{q}\bigl( \eta_{M}(z)-\varepsilon \bigr)x^{q}+\frac{\xi _{\eta}}{p}x^{p} \quad\textrm{for a.a. } z\in\Omega, \mbox{ all } 0\leqslant x\leqslant\delta. $$
(3.4)
$$ G(y)\leqslant\frac{c^{*}+\varepsilon }{q} \vert y \vert ^{q} \quad\mbox{for all } \vert y \vert \leqslant\delta. $$
(3.5)
$$ t \widehat {u}_{1}(q) (z)\in(0,\delta],\qquad t \bigl\vert D\widehat {u}_{1}(q) (z) \bigr\vert \leqslant\delta\quad \forall z\in \overline{\Omega}. $$
(3.6)
$$\begin{aligned} \widehat {\varphi }_{v}\bigl(t\widehat {u}_{1}(q)\bigr) \leqslant& \frac{c^{*}+\varepsilon }{q}t^{q}\widehat {\lambda}_{1}(q) -\frac{t^{q}}{q} \int_{\Omega}\bigl(\eta_{M}(z)-\varepsilon \bigr) \widehat {u}_{1}(q)^{q}\,dz \\ \leqslant& \frac{t^{q}}{q} \biggl( \int_{\Omega}\bigl(c^{*}\widehat {\lambda}_{1}(q)-\eta _{M}(z)\bigr)\widehat {u}_{1}(q)^{q}\,dz+ \varepsilon \widehat {\lambda}_{1}(q) \biggr) \end{aligned}$$
(3.7)
$$r_{0}= \int_{\Omega}\bigl(\eta_{M}(z)-c^{*}\widehat { \lambda}_{1}(q)\bigr)\widehat {u}_{1}(q)^{q}\,dz>0. $$
$$\widehat {\varphi }_{v}\bigl(t\widehat {u}_{1}(q)\bigr) \leqslant\frac {t^{q}}{q}\bigl(-r_{0}+\varepsilon \widehat { \lambda}_{1}(q)\bigr). $$
$$\widehat {\varphi }_{v}\bigl(t\widehat {u}_{1}(q)\bigr)< 0, $$
$$\widehat {\varphi }_{v}(u_{v})< 0=\widehat {\varphi }_{v}(0), $$
$$u_{v}\ne0. $$
From (3.3) we have
so
$$\widehat {\varphi }_{v}'(u_{v})=0, $$
$$\begin{aligned} & \bigl\langle A(u_{v}),h\bigr\rangle + \xi_{\eta} \int_{\Omega} \vert u_{v} \vert ^{p-2}u_{v} h\,dz + \int_{\partial\Omega }\beta(z) \vert u_{v} \vert ^{p-2}u_{v} h \,d\sigma \\ &\quad = \int_{\Omega}\widehat {f}(z,u_{v},Dv)h\,dz \quad\forall h\in W^{1,p}(\Omega). \end{aligned}$$
(3.8)
In (3.8) we choose \(h=-u_{v}^{-}\in W^{1,p}(\Omega)\). Using Lemma 2.2 and (3.1), we have
so
Next in (3.8) we choose \(h=(u_{v}-\eta)^{+}\in W^{1,p}(\Omega)\). Then
(see (3.1) and hypothesis \(H(f)\)(i)), so
(see hypothesis \(H(\beta)\) and note that \(A(\eta)=0\)), thus
So, we have proved that
Then, from (3.1), (3.8) and (3.9), we have
so
(see Papageorgiou and Rădulescu [21]). From (3.10) and Papageorgiou and Rădulescu [17], we have
Then from Lieberman [3] (see also Fukagai and Narukawa [23]), we have
Hypothesis \(H(f)\)(iii) implies that
Then from (3.10) we have
From (3.11), the strong maximum principle (see Pucci and Serrin [14, p. 111]) and the boundary point lemma (see Pucci and Serrin [14, p. 120]), we have \(u_{v}\in D_{+}\). □
$$\frac{c_{1}}{p-1} \bigl\Vert Du_{v}^{-} \bigr\Vert _{p}^{p}+\xi_{\eta} \bigl\Vert u_{v}^{-} \bigr\Vert _{p}^{p}\leqslant0, $$
$$u_{v}\geqslant0,\qquad u_{v}\ne0. $$
$$\begin{aligned} & \bigl\langle A(u_{v}),(u_{v}-\eta)^{+}\bigr\rangle + \xi_{\eta} \int_{\Omega}u_{v}^{p-1}(u_{v}- \eta)^{+}\,dz + \int_{\partial\Omega }\beta(z)u_{v}^{p-1}(u_{v}- \eta)^{+}\,d\sigma \\ &\quad = \int_{\Omega} \bigl(f(z,\eta,Dv)+\xi_{\eta} \eta^{p-1} \bigr) (u_{v}-\eta)^{+}\,dz + \int_{\Omega}\xi_{\eta}\eta^{p-1}(u_{v}- \eta)^{+}\,dz \end{aligned}$$
$$\bigl\langle A(u_{v})-A(\eta),(u_{v}-\eta)^{+}\bigr\rangle + \xi_{\eta} \int_{\Omega}\bigl(u_{v}^{p-1}- \eta^{p-1}\bigr) (u_{v}-\eta)^{+}\, dz\leqslant0 $$
$$u_{v}\leqslant\eta. $$
$$ u_{v}\in[0,\eta]. $$
(3.9)
$$\bigl\langle A(u_{v}),h\bigr\rangle + \int_{\partial\Omega }\beta(z)u_{v}^{p-1}h\,d\sigma = \int_{\Omega}f(z,u_{v}, Dv)h\,dz \quad\forall h\in W^{1,p}(\Omega), $$
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} -\operatorname{div}a(Du_{v}(z))=f(z,u_{v}(z),Dv(z))&\mbox{for a.a. } z\in \Omega,\\ \frac{\partial u_{v}}{\partial n_{a}}+\beta(z)u_{v}(z)^{p-1}=0&\mbox{on } \partial\Omega \end{cases} $$
(3.10)
$$u_{v}\in L^{\infty}(\Omega). $$
$$u_{v}\in C_{+}\setminus\{0\}. $$
$$f(z,x,y)+\xi_{\eta}x^{p-1}\geqslant0\quad\mbox{for a.a. } z\in \Omega, \mbox{ all } 0\leqslant x\leqslant\eta,\mbox{ all } y\in \mathbb{R}^{N}. $$
$$ \operatorname{div}a\bigl(Du_{v}(z)\bigr)\leqslant \xi_{\eta}u_{v}(z)^{p-1}\quad \mbox{for a.a. } z\in \Omega. $$
(3.11)
Next we show that problem (3.2) has a smallest positive solution in the order interval \([0,\eta]\). So, let
From Proposition 3.1 we know that
Given \(\varepsilon >0\) and \(r\in(p,p^{*})\), where
(the critical Sobolev exponent corresponding to p), hypotheses \(H(f)\)(i) and (ii) imply that we can find \(c_{6}=c_{6}(\varepsilon ,r,M)>0\) (recall that \(M> \Vert v \Vert _{C^{1}(\overline{\Omega})}\)) such that
This unilateral growth restriction on \(f(z,\cdot,Dv(z))\) leads to the following auxiliary Robin problem:
$$S_{v}=\bigl\{ u\in W^{1,p}(\Omega): u\ne0, u\in[0,\eta] \mbox{ is a solution of (3.2)}\bigr\} . $$
$$\emptyset\ne S_{v}\subseteq[0,\eta]\cap D_{+}. $$
$$p^{*}= \textstyle\begin{cases} \frac{Np}{N-p} & \mbox{if } p< N,\\ +\infty& \mbox{if } N\leqslant p \end{cases} $$
$$ f\bigl(z,x,Dv(z)\bigr) \geqslant \bigl(\eta_{M}(z)- \varepsilon \bigr)x^{q-1}-c_{6} x^{r-1}\quad \mbox{for a.a. } z\in\Omega, \mbox{ all } 0\leqslant x\leqslant \eta. $$
(3.12)
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} -\operatorname{div}a(Du(z))=(\eta_{M}(z)-\varepsilon )u(z)^{q-1}-c_{6} u(z)^{r-1}& \mbox{in } \Omega,\\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial n_{a}}+\beta(z)u(z)^{p-1}=0& \mbox{on } \partial\Omega , u\geqslant0. \end{cases} $$
(3.13)
Proposition 3.2
If hypotheses \(H(a)\) and \(H(\beta)\) hold, then for all \(\varepsilon >0\) small problem (3.13) admits a unique positive solution \(u^{*}\in D_{+}\).
Proof
First we show the existence of a positive solution for problem (3.13). To this end, let \(\psi\colon W^{1,p}(\Omega)\longrightarrow \mathbb{R}\) be the \(C^{1}\)-functional defined by
Using Corollary 2.3, we obtain
so
for some \(c_{7},c_{8}>0\). Since \(q< p\), it follows that ψ is coercive. Also, from the Sobolev embedding theorem, the compactness of the trace map and the convexity of G, we have that ψ is sequentially weakly lower semicontinuous. Invoking the Weierstrass–Tonelli theorem, we can find \(u^{*}\in W^{1,p}(\Omega)\) such that
As in the proof of Proposition 3.1, using the condition on \(\eta_{M}\) (see hypothesis \(H(f)\)(ii)), we show that, for \(t\in(0,1)\) and \(\varepsilon >0\) small, we have
so
(see (3.14)), thus
From (3.14) we have
so, for all \(h\in W^{1,p}(\Omega)\), we have
In (3.15) we choose \(h=-(u^{*})^{-}\in W^{1,p}(\Omega)\). Then
(see Lemma 2.2 and hypothesis \(H(\beta)\)), so
Hence (3.15) becomes
for all \(h\in W^{1,p}(\Omega)\), thus
(see Papageorgiou and Rădulescu [21]). As before, via the nonlinear regularity theory, we have
From (3.16) we have
(recall \(r>p\)), so
(see Pucci and Serrin [14, pp. 111, 120]).
$$\begin{aligned} \psi(u) = & \int_{\Omega}G(Du)\,dz +\frac{1}{p} \bigl\Vert u^{-} \bigr\Vert _{p}^{p} +\frac{1}{p} \int_{\partial\Omega }\beta(z) \vert u \vert ^{p}\,d\sigma \\ &{} -\frac{1}{q} \int_{\Omega}\bigl(\eta_{M}(z)-\varepsilon \bigr) \bigl(u^{+}\bigr)^{q}\,dz +\frac{c_{6}}{r} \bigl\Vert u^{+} \bigr\Vert _{p}^{p} \quad\forall u\in W^{1,p}(\Omega). \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned} \psi(u) \geqslant& \frac{c_{1}}{p(p-1)} \bigl\Vert Du^{+} \bigr\Vert _{p}^{p} +\frac{c_{6}}{r} \bigl\Vert u^{+} \bigr\Vert _{r}^{r} +\frac{c_{1}}{p(p-1)} \bigl\Vert Du^{-} \bigr\Vert _{p}^{p} +\frac{1}{p} \bigl\Vert u^{-} \bigr\Vert _{p}^{p} \\ &{} -\frac{1}{q} \int_{\Omega}\bigl(\eta_{M}(z)-\varepsilon \bigr) \bigl(u^{+}\bigr)^{q}\,dz, \end{aligned}$$
$$\psi(u)\geqslant c_{7} \Vert u \Vert ^{p}-c_{8} \bigl( \Vert u \Vert ^{q}+1\bigr) $$
$$ \psi\bigl(u^{*}\bigr)=\inf_{u\in W^{1,p}(\Omega)}\psi(u). $$
(3.14)
$$\psi\bigl(t\widehat {u}_{1}(q)\bigr)< 0, $$
$$\psi\bigl(u^{*}\bigr)< 0=\psi(0) $$
$$u^{*}\ne0. $$
$$\psi'\bigl(u^{*}\bigr)=0, $$
$$\begin{aligned} & \bigl\langle A\bigl(u^{*}\bigr),h\bigr\rangle - \int_{\Omega}\bigl(\bigl(u^{*}\bigr)^{-}\bigr)^{p-1}h\,dz + \int_{\partial\Omega }\beta(z) \bigl\vert u^{*} \bigr\vert ^{p-2}u^{*} h\,d\sigma \\ &\quad = \int_{\Omega}\bigl(\eta_{M}(z)-\varepsilon \bigr) \bigl( \bigl(u^{*}\bigr)^{+}\bigr)^{q-1}h\,dz -c_{6} \int_{\Omega}\bigl(\bigl(u^{*}\bigr)^{+}\bigr)^{r-1}h\,dz. \end{aligned}$$
(3.15)
$$\frac{c_{1}}{p-1} \bigl\Vert D\bigl(u^{*}\bigr)^{-} \bigr\Vert _{p}^{p}+ \bigl\Vert \bigl(u^{*}\bigr)^{-} \bigr\Vert _{p}^{p}\leqslant0 $$
$$u^{*}\geqslant0,\qquad u^{*}\ne0. $$
$$\bigl\langle A\bigl(u^{*}\bigr),h\bigr\rangle + \int_{\partial\Omega }\beta(z) \bigl(u^{*}\bigr)^{p-1}h\,d\sigma = \int_{\Omega}\bigl(\eta_{M}(z)-\varepsilon \bigr) \bigl(u^{*}\bigr)^{q-1}h\,dz -c_{6} \int_{\Omega}\bigl(u^{*}\bigr)^{r-1}h\,dz $$
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} -\operatorname{div}a(Du^{*}(z))=(\eta_{M}-\varepsilon )(u^{*})(z)^{q-1}-c_{6}(u^{*})(z)^{r-1}& \mbox{for a.a. } z\in\Omega,\\ \frac{\partial u^{*}}{\partial n_{a}}+\beta(z)(u^{*})^{p-1}=0& \mbox{on } \partial\Omega , u\geqslant 0 \end{cases} $$
(3.16)
$$u^{*}\in C_{+}\setminus\{0\}. $$
$$\operatorname{div}a\bigl(Du^{*}(z)\bigr)\leqslant c_{6} \bigl\Vert u^{*} \bigr\Vert _{\infty }^{r-p}u^{*}(z)^{p-1}\quad \mbox{for a.a. } z\in\Omega $$
$$u^{*}\in D_{+} $$
Next we show that this positive solution is unique. For this purpose, we introduce the integral functional \(j\colon L^{1}(\Omega)\longrightarrow \overline {\mathbb{R}}=\mathbb {R}\cup\{+\infty\}\) defined by
Let \(\operatorname{dom}j=\{u\in L^{1}(\Omega): j(u)<+\infty\}\) (the effective domain of the functional j) and consider \(u_{1},u_{2}\in\operatorname{dom}j\). We set \(u=(1-t)u_{1}+tu_{2}\) with \(t\in[0,1]\). Using Lemma 1 of Díaz and Saá [24], we have
Recalling that \(G_{0}\) is increasing, we have
(see hypothesis \(H(a)\)(iv)), so
thus the map \(\operatorname{dom}j\ni u\longmapsto \int_{\Omega}G(Du^{\frac {1}{q}})\,dz\) is convex.
$$j(u)= \textstyle\begin{cases} \int_{\Omega}G(Du^{\frac{1}{q}})\,dz+\frac{1}{p}\int_{\partial \Omega }\beta(z)u^{\frac {p}{q}}\,d\sigma & \mbox{if } u\geqslant0, u^{\frac{1}{q}}\in W^{1,p}(\Omega),\\ +\infty& \mbox{otherwise}. \end{cases} $$
$$\bigl\vert Du(z)^{\frac{1}{q}} \bigr\vert \leqslant \bigl( (1-t) \bigl\vert Du_{1}(z)^{\frac{1}{q}} \bigr\vert ^{q}+t \bigl\vert Du_{2}(z)^{\frac {1}{q}} \bigr\vert ^{q} \bigr)^{\frac{1}{q}}\quad\mbox{for a.a. } z\in\Omega. $$
$$\begin{aligned} G_{0}\bigl( \bigl\vert Du(z)^{\frac{1}{q}} \bigr\vert \bigr) \leqslant& G_{0} \bigl( \bigl( (1-t) \bigl\vert Du_{1}(z)^{\frac{1}{q}} \bigr\vert ^{q}+t \bigl\vert Du_{2}(z)^{\frac {1}{q}} \bigr\vert ^{q} \bigr)^{\frac{1}{q}} \bigr) \\ \leqslant& (1-t) G_{0}\bigl( \bigl\vert Du_{1}(z)^{\frac{1}{q}} \bigr\vert \bigr)+t G_{0}\bigl( \bigl\vert Du_{2}(z)^{\frac{1}{q}} \bigr\vert \bigr) \end{aligned}$$
$$G\bigl(Du(z)^{\frac{1}{q}}\bigr)\leqslant(1-t)G\bigl(Du_{1}(z)^{\frac{1}{q}} \bigr)+t G\bigl(Du_{2}(z)^{\frac {1}{q}}\bigr)\quad\mbox{for a.a. } z\in \Omega, $$
Since \(q< p\) and \(\beta\geqslant0\), it follows that the map \(\operatorname{dom}j\ni u\longmapsto \frac{1}{p}\int_{\partial \Omega }\beta(z)u^{\frac{p}{q}}\, d\sigma\) is convex.
Therefore the integral functional j is convex.
Suppose that \(\widetilde {u}^{*}\) is another positive solution of (3.13). As we did for \(u^{*}\), we can show that
Hence, given \(h\in C^{1}(\overline{\Omega})\) for \(|t|\) small, we have
Using the convexity of j, we can easily see that j is Gâteaux differentiable at \(u^{*}\) and at \(\widetilde {u}^{*}\) in the direction h. Using the chain rule and the nonlinear Green’s identity (see Gasiński and Papageorgiou [1, p. 210]), we have
and
The convexity of j implies the monotonicity of \(j'\). Therefore
(see (3.13)), so
(since \(q< p< r\)). This proves the uniqueness of the positive solution \(u^{*}\in D_{+}\). □
$$\widetilde {u}^{*}\in D_{+}. $$
$$u^{*}+th\in\operatorname{dom}j\quad\mbox{and}\quad \widetilde {u}^{*}+th\in \operatorname{dom}j. $$
$$j'\bigl(u^{*}\bigr) (h)=\frac{1}{q} \int_{\Omega}\frac{-\operatorname {div}a(Du^{*})}{(u^{*})^{q-1}}h\,dz\quad\forall h\in C^{1}(\overline{\Omega}) $$
$$j'\bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}\bigr) (h)=\frac{1}{q} \int_{\Omega}\frac {-\operatorname{div}a(D\widetilde {u}^{*})}{(\widetilde {u}^{*})^{q-1}}h\,dz\quad\forall h\in C^{1}(\overline{\Omega}). $$
$$\begin{aligned} 0 \leqslant& \frac{1}{q} \int_{\Omega} \biggl(\frac{-\operatorname {div}(Du^{*})}{(u^{*})^{q-1}}-\frac{-\operatorname{div} a(D\widetilde {u}^{*})}{(\widetilde {u}^{*})^{q-1}} \biggr) \bigl(\bigl(u^{*}\bigr)^{q}-\bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}\bigr)^{q} \bigr)\,dz \\ = & \frac{c_{6}}{q} \int_{\Omega} \bigl(\bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}\bigr)^{r-q}- \bigl(u^{*}\bigr)^{r-q} \bigr) \bigl(\bigl(u^{*}\bigr)^{q}-\bigl( \widetilde {u}^{*}\bigr)^{q} \bigr)\,dz \end{aligned}$$
$$u^{*}=\widetilde {u}^{*} $$
Proposition 3.3
If hypotheses \(H(a)\), \(H(\beta)\), \(H(f)\) hold and \(u\in S_{v}\), then \(u^{*}\leqslant u\).
Proof
We consider the Carathéodory function \(e\colon\Omega\times\mathbb {R}\longrightarrow \mathbb{R}\) defined by
We set
and consider the \(C^{1}\)-functional \(\tau\colon W^{1,p}(\Omega)\longrightarrow \mathbb{R}\) defined by
From (3.17) it is clear that τ is coercive. Also, it is sequentially weakly lower semicontinuous. So, we can find \(\widetilde {u}^{*}\in W^{1,p}(\Omega)\) such that
As before, since \(q< p< r\), we have
so
From (3.18) we have
so
In (3.19) first we choose \(h=-(\widetilde {u}^{*})^{-}\in W^{1,p}(\Omega)\). Then
(see (3.17)), so
(see hypothesis \(H(\beta)\)).
$$ e(z,x)= \textstyle\begin{cases} (\eta_{M}(z)-\varepsilon )(x^{+})^{q-1}-c_{6}(x^{+})^{r-1}+\xi_{\eta }(x^{+})^{p-1} & \mbox{if } x\leqslant u(z),\\ (\eta_{M}(z)-\varepsilon )u(z)^{q-1}-c_{6}u(z)^{r-1}+\xi_{\eta }u(z)^{p-1} & \mbox{if } u(z)< x. \end{cases} $$
(3.17)
$$E(z,x)= \int_{0}^{x} e(z,s)\,ds $$
$$\tau(u)= \int_{\Omega}G(Du)\,dz +\frac{\xi_{\eta}}{p} \Vert u \Vert _{p}^{p} +\frac{1}{p} \int_{\partial\Omega }\beta(z) \vert u \vert ^{p}\,d\sigma - \int_{\Omega}E(z,u)\,dz \quad\forall u\in W^{1,p}(\Omega). $$
$$ \tau\bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}\bigr)=\inf_{h\in W^{1,p}(\Omega)} \tau(h). $$
(3.18)
$$\tau\bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}\bigr)< 0=\tau(0), $$
$$\widetilde {u}^{*}\ne0. $$
$$\tau'\bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}\bigr)=0, $$
$$\begin{aligned} & \bigl\langle A\bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}\bigr),h\bigr\rangle + \xi_{\eta} \int_{\Omega} \bigl\vert \widetilde {u}^{*} \bigr\vert ^{p-2}\widetilde {u}^{*}h\,dz + \int_{\partial\Omega }\beta(z) \bigl\vert \widetilde {u}^{*} \bigr\vert ^{p-2}\widetilde {u}^{*}h\,d\sigma \\ &\quad = \int_{\Omega}e\bigl(z,\widetilde {u}^{*}\bigr)h\,dz \quad\forall h\in W^{1,p}(\Omega). \end{aligned}$$
(3.19)
$$\frac{c_{1}}{p-1} \bigl\Vert D\bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}\bigr)^{-} \bigr\Vert _{p}^{p} +\xi_{\eta} \bigl\Vert \bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}\bigr)^{-} \bigr\Vert _{p}^{p} + \int_{\partial\Omega }\beta(z) \bigl(\bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}\bigr)^{-} \bigr)^{p}\,d\sigma=0 $$
$$\widetilde {u}^{*}\geqslant0,\qquad \widetilde {u}^{*}\ne0 $$
Next in (3.19) we choose \(h=(\widetilde {u}^{*}-u)^{+}\in W^{1,p}(\Omega)\). Then
(see (3.17), (3.12) and recall that \(u\in S_{v}\)), so
(see hypothesis \(H(\beta)\)), thus
We have proved that
Then, from (3.17) and (3.20), equation (3.19) becomes
so \(\widetilde {u}^{*}=u^{*}\) (see Proposition 3.2), thus
□
$$\begin{aligned} & \bigl\langle A\bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}\bigr),\bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}-u\bigr)^{+} \bigr\rangle +\xi_{\eta} \int_{\Omega}\bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}\bigr)^{p-1}(\widetilde {u}-u)^{+}\,dz\\ &\qquad {} + \int_{\partial\Omega }\beta(z) \bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}\bigr)^{p-1} \bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}-u\bigr)^{+}\,d\sigma \\ &\quad = \int_{\Omega} \bigl( \bigl(\eta_{M}(z)-\varepsilon \bigr)u^{q-1}-c_{6} u^{r-1} \bigr) \bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}-u\bigr)^{+}\, dz \\ &\quad \leqslant \int_{\Omega}f(z,u,Dv) \bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}-u\bigr)^{+}\,dz \\ &\quad = \bigl\langle A(u),\bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}-u\bigr)^{+}\bigr\rangle + \xi_{\eta} \int_{\Omega}u^{p-1}\bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}-u\bigr)^{+}\,dz\\ &\qquad {} + \int_{\partial\Omega }\beta(z)u^{p-1}\bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}-u \bigr)^{+}\, d\sigma \end{aligned}$$
$$\bigl\langle A\bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}\bigr)-A(u),\bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}-u\bigr)^{+} \bigr\rangle +\xi_{\eta} \int_{\Omega} \bigl(\bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}\bigr)^{p-1}-u^{p-1} \bigr) \bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}-u\bigr)\, dz\leqslant0 $$
$$\widetilde {u}^{*}\leqslant u. $$
$$ \widetilde {u}^{*}\in[0,u]\setminus\{0\}. $$
(3.20)
$$\begin{aligned} &\bigl\langle A\bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}\bigr),h\bigr\rangle + \int_{\partial\Omega }\beta(z) \bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}\bigr)^{p-1}h \,d\sigma \\ &\quad = \int_{\Omega} \bigl(\bigl(\eta_{M}(z)-\varepsilon \bigr) \bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}\bigr)^{q-1}-c_{6}\bigl(\widetilde {u}^{*}\bigr)^{r-1} \bigr)h\,dz \quad\forall h\in W^{1,p}( \Omega), \end{aligned}$$
$$u^{*}\leqslant u. $$
Using this proposition, we can show that problem (3.2) admits a smallest positive solution \(\widehat {u}_{v}\in D_{+}\) on \([0,\eta]\).
Proposition 3.4
If hypotheses \(H(a)\), \(H(\beta)\), \(H(f)\) hold, then problem (3.2) admits a smallest positive solution \(\widehat {u}_{v}\in D_{+}\).
Proof
Invoking Lemma 3.10 of Hu and Papageorgiou [22, p. 178], we can find a decreasing sequence \(\{u_{n}\}_{n\geqslant1}\subseteq S_{v}\) such that
For all \(n\geqslant1\), we have
so
Then, on account of hypotheses \(H(f)\)(i), \(H(\beta)\) and Lemma 2.2, we have that the sequence \(\{u_{n}\}_{n\geqslant1}\subseteq W^{1,p}(\Omega)\) is bounded. Passing to a subsequence, we may assume that
In (3.22) we choose \(h=u_{n}-\widehat {u}_{v}\in W^{1,p}(\Omega )\), pass to the limit as \(n\to\infty\) and use (3.24). Then
so
(see Proposition 2.5). If in (3.22) we pass to the limit as \(n\to+\infty\) and use (3.25), then
so \(u^{*}\leqslant\widehat {u}_{v}\) (see (3.23)).
$$ \inf S_{v}=\inf_{n\geqslant1}u_{n}. $$
(3.21)
$$ \bigl\langle A(u_{n}),h\bigr\rangle + \int_{\partial\Omega }\beta(z)u_{n}^{p-1}h\,d\sigma = \int_{\Omega}f(z,u_{n},Dv)h\,dz \quad\forall h\in W^{1,p}(\Omega), $$
(3.22)
$$ u^{*}\leqslant u_{n}\leqslant\eta. $$
(3.23)
$$ u_{n}\stackrel{w}{\longrightarrow}\widehat {u}_{v}\quad\mbox{in }W^{1,p}(\Omega) \quad\mbox{and}\quad u_{n}\longrightarrow \widehat {u}_{v}\quad\mbox{in }L^{p}(\Omega) \mbox{ and in } L^{p}(\partial\Omega ). $$
(3.24)
$$\lim_{n\rightarrow+\infty}\bigl\langle A(u_{n}),u_{n}- \widehat {u}_{v}\bigr\rangle =0, $$
$$ u_{n}\longrightarrow \widehat {u}_{v}\quad \mbox{in }W^{1,p}(\Omega) $$
(3.25)
$$\bigl\langle A(\widehat {u}_{v}),h\bigr\rangle + \int_{\partial\Omega }\beta(z)\widehat {u}_{v}^{p-1}h\,d \sigma = \int_{\Omega}f(z,\widehat {u}_{v},Dv)h\,dz \quad\forall h\in W^{1,p}(\Omega), $$
From the above it follows that
□
$$\widehat {u}_{v}\in S_{v}\quad\mbox{and}\quad \widehat {u}_{v}=\inf S_{v}. $$
Let
and let \(\vartheta \colon C\longrightarrow C\) be the map defined by
A fixed point of this map is clearly a positive solution of problem (1.1). We will produce a fixed point for ϑ using the Leray–Schauder alternative principle (see Theorem 2.9). To this end, we will need the following lemma.
$$C=\bigl\{ u\in C^{1}(\overline{\Omega}): 0\leqslant u(z)\leqslant\eta \mbox{ for all } z\in\overline{\Omega}\bigr\} , $$
$$\vartheta (v)=\widehat {u}_{v}. $$
Lemma 3.5
If hypotheses \(H(a)\), \(H(\beta)\), \(H(f)\) hold, \(\{v_{n}\}_{n\geqslant1}\subseteq C\), \(v_{n}\to v\) in \(C^{1}(\overline{\Omega})\) and \(u\in S_{v}\), then we can find \(u_{n}\in S_{v_{n}}\) for \(n\geqslant1\) such that \(u_{n}\longrightarrow u\) in \(C^{1}(\overline{\Omega})\).
Proof
Consider the following nonlinear Robin problem:
Since \(u\in S_{v}\subseteq[0,\eta]\cap D_{+}\), we see that
(see (3.1)) and
(see hypothesis \(H(f)\)(i)). Therefore problem (3.26) has a unique nontrivial solution \(u_{n}^{0}\in D_{+}\). Also we have
(see (3.1), hypotheses \(H(f)\)(iii) and (i) and recall that \(u\in S_{v}\subseteq[0,\eta]\cap D_{+}\)), so
(see hypothesis \(H(\beta)\) and note that \(A(\eta)=0\)), thus
So, we have that
Moreover, the nonlinear regularity theory (see Lieberman [3]) and the nonlinear maximum principle (see Pucci and Serrin [14]) imply that
We have
Then \(\{u_{n}^{0}\}_{n\geqslant1}\subseteq W^{1,p}(\Omega)\) is bounded (see (3.27), (3.28), Lemma 2.2 and hypothesis \(H(f)\)(i)). So, on account of the nonlinear regularity theory of Lieberman [3], we can find \(\mu\in(0,1)\) and \(c_{9}>0\) such that
The compactness of the embedding \(C^{1,\mu}(\overline{\Omega })\subseteq C^{1}(\overline{\Omega})\) implies that we can find a subsequence \(\{u_{n_{k}}^{0}\}_{k\geqslant1}\) of the sequence \(\{u_{n}^{0}\}_{n\geqslant 1}\) such that
Note that
Since \(u\in S_{v}\) solves (3.29) which has a unique solution, we infer that
Hence, for the original sequence \(\{u_{n}^{0}\}_{n\geqslant1}\), we have
Next consider the following nonlinear Robin problem:
As above, we establish that this problem has a unique solution
Again we have
Continuing this way, we generate a sequence \(\{u_{n}^{k}\}_{k,n\geqslant1}\) such that
and
Fix \(n\geqslant1\). As before we have that the sequence \(\{u_{n}^{k}\}_{k\geqslant1}\subseteq C^{1}(\overline{\Omega })\) is relatively compact. So, we can find a subsequence \(\{u_{n}^{k_{m}}\}_{m\geqslant1}\) of the sequence \(\{u_{n}^{k}\}_{k\geqslant1}\) such that
so
(see (3.30)). Using the nonlinear regularity theory of Lieberman [3], (3.32) and the double limit lemma (see Aubin and Ekeland [25] and Gasiński and Papageorgiou [26, p. 61]), we have
so
and thus
□
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} -\operatorname{div}a(Dw(z))+\xi_{\eta} \vert w(z) \vert ^{p-2}w(z)=\widehat {f}(z,u(z),Dv_{n}(z))&\mbox{in } \Omega,\\ \frac{\partial w}{\partial n_{a}}+\beta(z) \vert w \vert ^{p-2}w=0&\mbox{on } \partial\Omega , n\geqslant1. \end{cases} $$
(3.26)
$$\widehat {f}\bigl(\cdot,u(\cdot),Dv_{n}(\cdot)\bigr)\not\equiv0\quad \forall n\geqslant1 $$
$$\widehat {f}\bigl(z,u(z),D v_{n}(z)\bigr)\geqslant0\quad\mbox{for a.a. } z\in \Omega, \mbox{ all } n\geqslant1 $$
$$\begin{aligned} & \bigl\langle A\bigl(u_{n}^{0}\bigr), \bigl(u_{n}^{0}-\eta\bigr)^{+}\bigr\rangle +\xi_{\eta} \int_{\Omega}\bigl(u_{n}^{0} \bigr)^{p-1}\bigl(u_{n}^{0}-\eta\bigr)^{+}\,dz \\ &\qquad {} + \int_{\partial\Omega }\beta(z) \bigl(u_{n}^{0} \bigr)^{p-1}\bigl(u_{n}^{0}-\eta\bigr)^{+}\, d\sigma \\ &\quad = \int_{\Omega}\bigl(f(z,u,Dv_{n})+\xi_{\eta} u^{p-1}\bigr) \bigl(u_{n}^{0}-\eta\bigr)^{+}\,dz \\ &\quad \leqslant \int_{\Omega}\bigl(f(z,\eta,D v_{n})+\xi_{\eta} \eta^{p-1}\bigr) \bigl(u_{n}^{0}-\eta \bigr)^{+}\,dz \\ &\quad = \int_{\Omega}\xi_{\eta}\eta^{p-1} \bigl(u_{n}^{0}-\eta\bigr)^{+}\,dz \end{aligned}$$
$$\bigl\langle A\bigl(u_{n}^{0}\bigr)-A(\eta), \bigl(u_{n}^{0}-\eta\bigr)^{+}\bigr\rangle +\xi_{\eta} \int_{\Omega}\bigl(\bigl(u_{n}^{0} \bigr)^{p-1}-\eta^{p-1}\bigr) \bigl(u_{n}^{0}- \eta\bigr)^{+}\, dz\leqslant0 $$
$$u_{n}^{0}\leqslant\eta. $$
$$u_{n}^{0}\in[0,\eta]\setminus\{0\}\quad\forall n\geqslant1. $$
$$ u_{n}^{0}\in[0,\eta]\cap D_{+}\quad\forall n \geqslant1. $$
(3.27)
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} -\operatorname{div}a(Du_{n}^{0}(z))=f(z,u(z),Dv_{n}(z))&\mbox{for a.a. } z\in \Omega,\\ \frac{\partial u_{n}^{0}}{\partial n_{a}}+\beta(z)(u_{n}^{0})^{p-1}=0& \mbox{on } \partial\Omega . \end{cases} $$
(3.28)
$$u_{n}^{0}\in C^{1,\mu}(\overline{\Omega})\quad \mbox{and}\quad \bigl\Vert u_{n}^{0} \bigr\Vert _{C^{1,\mu}(\overline{\Omega})}\leqslant c_{9}\quad\forall n\geqslant1. $$
$$u_{n_{k}}^{0}\longrightarrow \widetilde {u}_{0}\quad \mbox{in }C^{1}(\overline{\Omega})\mbox{ as }k\to+\infty. $$
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} -\operatorname{div}a(D\widetilde {u}^{0}(z))=f(z,u(z),Dv(z))& \mbox{for a.a. } z\in \Omega,\\ \frac{\partial\widetilde {u}^{0}}{\partial n_{a}}+\beta(z)(\widetilde {u}^{0})^{p-1}=0&\mbox{on } \partial\Omega . \end{cases} $$
(3.29)
$$\widetilde {u}^{0}=u\in S_{v}. $$
$$u_{n}^{0}\longrightarrow u\quad\mbox{in }C^{1}( \overline{\Omega})\mbox{ as }n\to+\infty. $$
$$\textstyle\begin{cases} -\operatorname{div}a(D w(z))+\xi_{\eta} \vert w(z) \vert ^{p-2}w(z)=\widehat {f}(z,u_{n}^{0}(z),Dv_{n}(z))&\mbox{in } \Omega,\\ \frac{\partial w}{\partial n_{a}}+\beta(z) \vert w \vert ^{p-2}w=0&\mbox{on } \partial\Omega , n\geqslant1. \end{cases} $$
$$u_{n}^{1}\in[0,\eta]\cap D_{+}\quad\forall n\geqslant1. $$
$$u_{n}^{1}\longrightarrow u\quad\mbox{in }C^{1}( \overline{\Omega})\mbox{ as }n\to+\infty. $$
$$\begin{aligned} &\textstyle\begin{cases} -\operatorname{div}a(D u_{n}^{k}(z))+\xi_{\eta}u_{n}^{k}(z)^{p-1}=\widehat {f}(z,u_{n}^{k-1}(z),Dv_{n}(z))&\mbox{in } \Omega,\\ \frac{\partial u_{n}^{k}}{\partial n_{a}}+\beta(z)(u_{n}^{k})^{p-1}=0& \mbox{on } \partial\Omega , n,k\geqslant1, \end{cases}\displaystyle \end{aligned}$$
(3.30)
$$\begin{aligned} &u_{n}^{k}\in[0,\eta]\cap D_{+}\quad\forall n,k\geqslant1 \end{aligned}$$
(3.31)
$$ u_{n}^{k}\longrightarrow u\quad\mbox{in }C^{1}(\overline{\Omega}) \mbox{ as }n\to+\infty\ \forall k\geqslant1. $$
(3.32)
$$u_{n}^{k_{m}}\longrightarrow \widetilde {u}_{n} \quad\mbox{in }C^{1}(\overline{\Omega})\mbox{ as }m\to+\infty, $$
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} -\operatorname{div}a(D \widetilde {u}_{n}(z))+\xi_{\eta}\widetilde {u}_{n}(z)^{p-1}=\widehat {f}(z,\widetilde {u}_{n}(z),Dv_{n}(z))&\mbox{for a.a. } z\in\Omega,\\ \frac{\partial\widetilde {u}_{n}}{\partial n_{a}}+\beta(z)\widetilde {u}_{n}^{p-1}=0&\mbox{on } \partial\Omega , n\geqslant1 \end{cases} $$
(3.33)
$$\widetilde {u}_{n}\longrightarrow u\quad\mbox{in } C^{1}( \overline{\Omega}), $$
$$\widetilde {u}_{n}\in[0,\eta]\cap D_{+}\quad\forall n\geqslant n_{0}, $$
$$\widetilde {u}_{n}\in S_{v_{n}}\quad\forall n\geqslant n_{0}\quad\mbox{and}\quad \widetilde {u}_{n}\longrightarrow u\quad\mbox{in }C^{1}(\overline {\Omega}). $$
Using this lemma, we can show that the map \(\vartheta \colon C\longrightarrow C\) defined earlier is compact.
Proposition 3.6
If hypotheses \(H(a)\), \(H(\beta)\), \(H(f)\) hold, then the map \(\vartheta \colon C\longrightarrow C\) is compact.
Proof
First we show that ϑ is continuous.
So, suppose that \(v_{n}\longrightarrow v\) in \(C^{1}(\overline{\Omega})\), \(\{v_{n}\}_{n\geqslant 1}\subseteq C\), \(v\in C\), and let \(\widehat {u}_{n}=\vartheta (v_{n})\) for \(n\geqslant1\). We have
From (3.34) we see that \(\{\widehat {u}_{n}\}_{n\geqslant1}\subseteq W^{1,p}(\Omega)\) is bounded and so, according to Lieberman [3], we can find \(\tau\in(0,1)\) and \(c_{10}>0\) such that
So, we may assume that
In (3.34) we pass to the limit as \(n\to\infty\) and use (3.35). Then
From Proposition 3.3 we have
(in this case \(M>\sup_{n\geqslant1} \Vert v_{n} \Vert _{C^{1}(\overline {\Omega})}\)), so
(see (3.35)), thus
We claim that \(\widehat {u}=\vartheta (v)\). According to Lemma 3.5, we can find \(u_{n}\in S_{v_{n}}\), \(n\geqslant1\), such that
We have
so
(see (3.35) and (3.38)), thus
(see (3.37)), and hence ϑ is continuous.
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} -\operatorname{div}a(D\widehat {u}_{n}(z))=f(z,\widehat {u}_{n}(z),Dv_{n}(z))&\mbox{for a.a. } z\in\Omega,\\ \frac{\partial\widehat {u}_{n}}{\partial n_{a}}+\beta(z)\widehat {u}_{n}(z)^{p-1}=0&\mbox{on } \partial\Omega , \widehat{u}_{n}\in[0,\eta], n\geqslant1. \end{cases} $$
(3.34)
$$\widehat {u}_{n}\in C^{1,\tau}(\overline{\Omega})\quad\mbox{and}\quad \Vert \widehat {u}_{n} \Vert _{C^{1,\tau}(\overline{\Omega})}\leqslant c_{10}\quad\forall n\geqslant1. $$
$$ \widehat {u}_{n}\longrightarrow \widehat {u}\quad \mbox{in }C^{1}(\overline{\Omega})\mbox{ as }n\to+\infty. $$
(3.35)
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} -\operatorname{div}a(D\widehat {u}(z))=f(z,\widehat {u}(z),Dv(z))&\mbox{for a.a. } z\in\Omega,\\ \frac{\partial\widehat {u}}{\partial n_{a}}+\beta(z)\widehat {u}(z)^{p-1}=0&\mbox{on } \partial\Omega . \end{cases} $$
(3.36)
$$u^{*}\leqslant\widehat {u}_{n}\quad\forall n\geqslant1 $$
$$u^{*}\leqslant\widehat {u} $$
$$ \widehat {u}\in S_{v}. $$
(3.37)
$$ u_{n}\longrightarrow \vartheta (v)\quad\mbox{in }C^{1}(\overline {\Omega})\mbox{ as }n\to+\infty. $$
(3.38)
$$\widehat {u}_{n}=\vartheta (v_{n})\leqslant u_{n}\quad\forall n\geqslant1, $$
$$\widehat {u}\leqslant\vartheta (v) $$
$$\widehat {u}=\vartheta (v) $$
Next we show that ϑ maps bounded sets in C to relatively compact subsets of C. So, let \(B\subseteq C\) be bounded in \(C^{1}(\overline{\Omega})\). As above, we have that the set \(\vartheta (B)\subseteq W^{1,p}(\Omega)\) is bounded. But then the nonlinear regularity theory of Lieberman [3] and the compactness of the embedding \(C^{1,s}(\overline{\Omega})\subseteq C^{1}(\overline{\Omega})\) (with \(0< s<1\)) imply that the set \(\vartheta (B)\subseteq C^{1}(\overline{\Omega})\) is relatively compact, thus ϑ is compact. □
Now we are ready for the existence theorem.
Theorem 3.7
If hypotheses \(H(a)\), \(H(\beta)\), \(H(f)\) hold, then problem (1.1) admits a solution \(\widehat {u}\in[0,\eta ]\cap D_{+}\).
Proof
We consider the set
If \(u\in S(\vartheta )\), then
so
In (3.39) we choose \(h=\frac{u}{\lambda}\in W^{1,p}(\Omega)\). Using Lemma 2.2 and hypothesis \(H(\beta)\), we have
(see (2.4), hypotheses \(H(f)\)(iii) and (i)). Recalling that \(\widetilde {c}_{2}<\frac{\widetilde {c}_{1}}{p-1}\) (see hypothesis \(H(f)\)(i)), we have
for some \(c_{11}>0\), thus
As above, from (3.39) with \(h=\frac{u}{\lambda} \in W^{1,p}(\Omega)\), using hypotheses \(H(f)\)(i), (iii) and (3.40), we obtain
for some \(c_{12}>0\), so
where \(\widehat {\beta}=\frac{p-1}{c_{1}}\beta\) (see (2.3)), thus
hence
(see (3.40)). From (3.39) we have
Hypothesis \(H(f)\)(iii) implies that
Then, from (3.41), (3.42), (3.43) and the nonlinear regularity theory of Lieberman [3], we have
for some \(c_{13}>0\), thus \(S(\vartheta )\subseteq C^{1}(\overline{\Omega})\) is bounded.
$$S(\vartheta )=\bigl\{ u\in C: u=\lambda\vartheta (u), 0< \lambda< 1\bigr\} . $$
$$\frac{1}{\lambda} u=\vartheta (u), $$
$$ \biggl\langle A\biggl(\frac{1}{\lambda} u\biggr),h\biggr\rangle + \int_{\partial\Omega }\beta(z) \biggl(\frac{u}{\lambda} \biggr)^{p-1}h\, d\sigma = \int_{\Omega}f\biggl(z,\frac{u}{\lambda},Du\biggr)h\,dz \quad \forall h\in W^{1,p}(\Omega). $$
(3.39)
$$\begin{aligned} \frac{c_{1}}{p-1} \biggl\Vert D\biggl(\frac{u}{\lambda}\biggr) \biggr\Vert _{p}^{p} \leqslant& \int_{\Omega}f\biggl(z,\frac{u}{\lambda},Du\biggr) \frac{u}{\lambda} \,dz \leqslant \int_{\Omega}f(z,u,Du)\frac{u}{\lambda^{p}}\,dz \\ \leqslant& \int_{\Omega}f\biggl(z,u,D\biggl(\frac{u}{\lambda}\biggr)\biggr)u \,dz \leqslant \int_{\Omega} \biggl(\widetilde {c}_{1}+\widetilde {c}_{2} \biggl\vert D\biggl(\frac {u}{\lambda}\biggr) \biggr\vert ^{p} \biggr)\,dz \end{aligned}$$
$$\biggl\Vert D\biggl(\frac{u}{\lambda}\biggr) \biggr\Vert _{p} \leqslant c_{11}\quad\forall \lambda\in(0,1), $$
$$ \biggl\{ D\biggl(\frac{u}{\lambda}\biggr)\biggr\} _{u\in S(\vartheta )} \subseteq L^{p}\bigl(\Omega; \mathbb{R}^{N}\bigr)\quad \mbox{is bounded}. $$
(3.40)
$$\frac{c_{1}}{p-1} \biggl\Vert D\biggl(\frac{u}{\lambda}\biggr) \biggr\Vert _{p}^{p}+ \int_{\partial\Omega }\beta (z) \biggl(\frac{u}{\lambda} \biggr)^{p}\,dz\leqslant c_{12}\quad\forall \lambda \in(0,1), $$
$$\frac{c_{1}}{p-1}\widehat {\lambda}_{1}(p,\widehat {\beta}) \biggl\Vert \frac{u}{\lambda} \biggr\Vert _{p}^{p}\leqslant c_{12}, $$
$$\biggl\{ \frac{u}{\lambda} \biggr\} _{u\in S(\vartheta )}\subseteq L^{p}( \Omega)\quad \mbox{is bounded}, $$
$$ \biggl\{ \frac{u}{\lambda} \biggr\} _{u\in S(\vartheta )}\subseteq W^{1,p}(\Omega)\quad \mbox{is bounded} $$
(3.41)
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} -\operatorname{div}a(D(\frac{u}{\lambda})(z))=f(z,\frac{u}{\lambda }(z),Du(z))&\mbox{for a.a. } z\in\Omega,\\ \frac{\partial(\frac{u}{\lambda})}{\partial n_{a}}+\beta(z)(\frac {u}{\lambda})^{p-1}=0&\mbox{on } \partial\Omega . \end{cases} $$
(3.42)
$$ f\biggl(z,\frac{u}{\lambda},Du\biggr)\leqslant \lambda^{p} f\biggl(z,\frac{u}{\lambda },D\biggl(\frac{u}{\lambda} \biggr)\biggr) \quad\mbox{for a.a. } z\in\Omega. $$
(3.43)
$$\biggl\Vert \frac{u}{\lambda} \biggr\Vert _{C^{1}(\overline{\Omega})}\leqslant c_{13}\quad \forall u\in S(\vartheta ), $$
4 Conclusion
This is the first work producing positive smooth solutions for problems driven by a nonhomogeneous differential operator with Robin boundary condition where the forcing term has the form of a convection term, that is, it depends also on the gradient of the unknown function. In addition, in contrast to the previous works in the field, we do not impose any global growth condition on the convection term. Our formulation incorporates \((p,q)\)-equations which are important in physical applications.
Declarations
Acknowledgements
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Availability of data and materials
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Authors’ information
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Funding
Leszek Gasiński was supported by the National Science Center of Poland under Project No. 2015/19/B/ST1/01169.
Authors’ contributions
All authors contributed equally to the writing of this paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
(2)
Department of Mathematics, National Technical University, Athens, Greece
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