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Boundary Value Problems

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The quasi-boundary value regularization method for identifying the initial value with discrete random noise

Boundary Value Problems20182018:108

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-018-1030-y

©  The Author(s) 2018

Received: 14 March 2018

Accepted: 3 July 2018

Published: 7 July 2018

Abstract

In this paper, we study an inverse initial value problem for the fractional diffusion equation with discrete noise. This problem is ill-posed in the sense of Hadamard. We apply the trigonometric method in a nonparametric regression associated with the quasi-boundary value regularization method to deal with this ill-posed problem. The corresponding convergence estimate for this method is obtained. The numerical results show that this regularization method is flexible and stable.

Keywords

  • Time-fractional diffusion equation
  • Quasi-boundary value regularization method
  • Nonparametric regression
  • Discrete random data

MSC

  • 35R25
  • 47A52
  • 35R30

1 Introduction

In recent years, fractional differential equations have attracted worldwide attention due to their wide applications in different research areas and engineering, such as physical [1, 2], chemical [3], biology [4], signal processing [5], mechanical engineering [6] and systems identification [7], electrical and fractional dynamics [8–10]. However, for some practical situations, the part of the diffusion coefficient, or initial data, or boundary data, or source term may not be known, we need to find them using some additional measurement data, which will lead to the inverse problem of the fractional diffusion equation, such as [11–13]. Recently, many researchers have presented results of the initial value problem and boundary value problem on fractional differential equations, such as [14–16]. In [17], the authors used the monotone iterative method to consider the existence and uniqueness of solution of the initial value problem for a fractional differential equation. In [18], the authors used quasi-reversible method to consider initial value problem for a time-fractional diffusion equation. In [19], the authors used a modified quasi-boundary value method to determine the initial data from a noisy final data in a time-fractional diffusion equation. Above these references on identifying the initial value of fractional diffusion equations, the measurable data is selected as a continuous function. However, in practice, the measure data is always discrete. The discrete random data is closer to practice. To the best of our knowledge, there were few papers for identifying the initial value of fractional diffusion equations with the discrete random data. In [20], the authors once used the truncation regularization method to identify the unknown source for a time-fractional equation with the discrete random noise, but we consider the inverse initial value problem with this special type of noise in the data.

In this paper, we consider an inverse initial value problem for the time-fractional diffusion equation as follows:
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} D_{t}^{\alpha}u(x,t)-u_{xx}(x,t)=F(x,t), & (x,t)\in(0,1)\times(0,T),\\ u(0,t)=u(1,t)=0, & t\in[0,T],\\ u(x,T)=g(x), & x\in[0,1], \end{cases} $$
(1.1)
where the time-fractional derivative \(D_{t}^{\alpha}\) is the Caputo fractional derivative with respect to t, x and t are the space and time variables. The Caputo fractional derivative of order α (\(0<\alpha\leq1\)) defined by [21]
$$ D_{t}^{\alpha}u(x,t)= \textstyle\begin{cases} \frac{1}{\Gamma(1-\alpha)}\int_{0}^{t}\frac{\partial u(x,s)}{\partial s} \,ds/(t-s)^{\alpha}, &0< \alpha< 1,\\ \partial u(x,t)/\partial t, &\alpha=1, \end{cases} $$
(1.2)
where \(\Gamma(x)\) denotes the standard Gamma function.
In this problem (1.1), the source function \(F(x,t)\) and the final value data \(u(x,T)=g(x)\) are known in advance. Our purpose is to obtain the initial function \(u(x,0)=p(x)\) from some additional data. In practical applications, the additional data \(g(x)\) used in this study is observed at a final moment \(t=T\), which may contain measurement errors. We assume the measured data are given at a discrete set of points and contain errors. Therefore, we put
$$ x_{k}=\frac{2k-1}{2M}, \quad k=1,2,\ldots,M, $$
and set \(H=(\tilde{g}(x_{1}),\tilde{g}(x_{2}),\ldots,\tilde{g}(x_{M}))\), which is the measure of \((g(x_{1}),g(x_{2}),\ldots,g(x_{M}))\).
We assume the random noise data H satisfies the nonparametric regression model
$$ \tilde{g}(x_{k})=g(x_{k})+\sigma_{k} \varepsilon_{k}, $$
(1.3)
where \(\varepsilon_{k}\) is unknown independent random errors. Moreover, \(\varepsilon_{k} \sim N(0,1)\), and \(\sigma_{k}\) are unknown positive constants, bounded by a positive constant \(R_{\mathrm{max}}\) i.e., \(0<\sigma _{k}<R_{\mathrm{max}}\) for all \(k=1,2,\ldots,M\). The noises \(\varepsilon_{k}\) are mutually independent.

In this paper, we extend this discrete random noise to identify the initial value problem by the quasi-boundary value regularization method. In [22], the quasi-boundary value method was first called non-local boundary value problem method and was used to solve the backward heat conduction problem. Wei and Wang in [19] used the quasi-boundary value regularization method to deal with the backward problem. Now, this method is also studied for solving various types of inverse problems, such as parabolic equations [22–24], hyper-parabolic equations [25], and elliptic equations [26].

The general structure of this paper is as follows: we first present some preliminary results in Sect. 2. In Sect. 3 we develop the trigonometric method in nonparametric regression associated with quasi-boundary value regularization method to construct the regularized solution. Section 4 contains the convergence estimate under an a priori assumption for the exact solution. Some numerical results are presented in Sect. 5. Section 6 is a brief conclusion.

2 Preliminaries

In this section, we introduce some useful definitions and preliminary results.

Definition 2.1

([27])

The generalized Mittag–Leffler function is defined as
$$ E_{\alpha,\beta}(z)=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{z^{k}}{\Gamma(\alpha k+\beta)},\quad z\in\mathbb{C}, $$
(2.1)
where \(\alpha>0\) and \(\beta\in\mathbb{R}\) are arbitrary constants.

Lemma 2.1

([27])

Let \(\lambda>0\), then we have
$$ \int_{0}^{\infty}e^{-pt}t^{\gamma+k+\beta-1}{E_{\gamma,\beta}}^{(k)} \bigl(\pm at^{\gamma}\bigr)\,dt=\frac{k!p^{\gamma-\beta}}{{(p^{\gamma}\mp a)}^{k+1}}, \quad \operatorname{Re}(p)>{ \Vert a \Vert }^{\frac{1}{\gamma}}, $$
(2.2)
where \({E_{\gamma,\beta}}^{(k)}(y):=\frac{d^{k}}{dy^{k}}E_{\gamma,\beta}(y)\).

Lemma 2.2

([28])

Let \(0<\alpha_{0}<\alpha_{1}<1\), then, for all \(\alpha\in[\alpha_{0},\alpha_{1}]\), there exists a constant \(C_{\pm}>0\) depending on \(\alpha_{0}\), \(\alpha_{1}\) such that
$$ \frac{C_{-}}{\Gamma(1-\alpha)}\frac{1}{1-x}\leq E_{\alpha,1}(x)\leq \frac{C_{+}}{\Gamma(1-\alpha)}\frac{1}{1-x},\quad \textit{for all } x\leq0. $$
(2.3)

Lemma 2.3

([29])

For any \(\lambda_{n}\) satisfying \(\lambda_{n}\geq\lambda_{1}>0\), there exist positive constants \(C_{1}\), \(C_{2}\) depending on α, T, \(\lambda_{1}\) such that
$$ \frac{C_{1}}{\lambda_{n}}\leq E_{\alpha,1}\bigl(- \lambda_{n}T^{\alpha}\bigr)\leq \frac{C_{2}}{\lambda_{n}}. $$
(2.4)

Lemma 2.4

([30], page 144)

Let \(n=1,2,\ldots,M-1\), and \(m=1,2,\ldots \) , with \(x_{k}=\frac{2k-1}{2M}\) and \(\varphi_{n}(x_{k})=\sqrt{2}\sin(n\pi x_{k})\), then we have
$$ s_{n,m}=\sum_{k=1}^{M-1} \varphi_{n}(x_{k})\varphi_{m}(x_{k})= \textstyle\begin{cases} M, &m \pm n=2lM\quad (l \textit{ even}),\\ -M, &m\pm n=2lM\quad (l \textit{ odd}),\\ 0, &otherwise. \end{cases} $$
(2.5)
If \(m=1,2,\ldots,M-1\), then
$$ s_{n,m}= \textstyle\begin{cases} M, &m=n,\\ 0, &m\neq n, \end{cases} $$
(2.6)
and
$$ \frac{1}{M}\sum_{k=1}^{M} \varphi_{n}(x_{k})= \textstyle\begin{cases} 0, &n\neq2l M,\\ {(-1)}^{l}\sqrt{2}, &n=2lM. \end{cases} $$
(2.7)

Lemma 2.5

Let \(n,M\in\mathbb{N}\) such that \(1\leq n\leq M-1\). Assume that g is piecewise \(C^{1}\) on \([0,1]\). Then
$$ \bigl(g(x), \varphi_{n}(x)\bigr)=\frac{1}{M}\sum _{k=1}^{M}g(x_{k})\varphi _{n}(x_{k})-Q_{n,M}, $$
(2.8)
where
$$ Q_{n,M}=\sum_{l=1}^{\infty}{(-1)}^{l} \bigl[\bigl(g(x),\varphi_{n+2lM}(x)\bigr)+ \bigl(g(x),\varphi_{-n+2lM}(x) \bigr)\bigr]. $$
(2.9)

Proof

Using the complete orthonormal basis \(\{\varphi_{m}\}^{\infty }_{m=1}\), we can infer the expansion of g as follows:
$$ g(x_{k})=\sum_{m=1}^{\infty} g_{m} \varphi_{m}(x_{k}), $$
where \(g_{m}=(g(x), \varphi_{m}(x))\). From Lemma 2.4, we get
$$\begin{aligned} \frac{1}{M}\sum_{k=1}^{M}g(x_{k}) \varphi_{n}(x_{k}) &=\frac{1}{M}\sum _{k=1}^{M}\Biggl[\sum_{m=1}^{\infty}g_{m} \varphi _{m}(x_{k})\Biggr]\varphi_{n}(x_{k}) \\ &=\frac{1}{M}\sum_{k=1}^{M}\Biggl[ \sum_{m=1}^{M}g_{m}\varphi _{m}(x_{k})\Biggr]\varphi_{n}(x_{k})+ \frac{1}{M}\sum_{k=1}^{M}\Biggl[\sum _{m=M+1}^{\infty}g_{m} \varphi_{m}(x_{k})\Biggr]\varphi_{n}(x_{k}) \\ &=\frac{1}{M}\sum_{m=1}^{M}g_{m} \sum_{k=1}^{M}\varphi_{m}(x_{k}) \varphi _{n}(x_{k})+\frac{1}{M}\sum _{m=M+1}^{\infty}g_{m}\sum _{k=1}^{M}\varphi _{m}(x_{k}) \varphi_{n}(x_{k}) \\ &=g_{n}+\sum_{l=1}^{\infty}(-1)^{l} \bigl[\bigl(g(x), \varphi_{n+2lM}(x)\bigr)+\bigl(g(x), \varphi_{-n+2lM}(x)\bigr)\bigr] =g_{n}+Q_{n,M}. \end{aligned}$$
So the conclusion is completed. □
Now, we will need the solution of the direct problem (1.1). Applying the separation of variables and Laplace transform of Mittag–Leffler function [Lemma 2.1], we can get the solution of problem (1.1) as follows:
$$ u(x,t)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \bigl[t^{\alpha}E_{\alpha,1+\alpha}\bigl(-n^{2}{\pi }^{2}t^{\alpha}\bigr) \bigl(F(x,t),\varphi_{n}(x) \bigr)+E_{\alpha,1}\bigl(-n^{2}\pi ^{2}t^{\alpha} \bigr)p_{n}\bigr]\varphi_{n}(x), $$
(2.10)
where
$$ \bigl\{ \varphi_{n}(x)=\sqrt{2}\sin(n\pi x)\ (n=1,2\ldots) \bigr\} $$
(2.11)
is an orthogonal basis in \(L^{2}(0,1)\), and
$$ \bigl(p(x),\varphi_{n}(x)\bigr)=\sqrt{2} \int_{0}^{1}p(x)\sin(n\pi x)\,dx. $$
(2.12)
Making use of the supplementary condition \(u(x,T)=g(x)\), we can obtain
$$ g_{n}=\bigl(g(x),\varphi_{n}(x) \bigr)=T^{\alpha}E_{\alpha,\alpha+1}\bigl(-n^{2}{\pi }^{2}T^{\alpha}\bigr)F_{n}(T)+E_{\alpha,1} \bigl(-n^{2}\pi^{2}T^{\alpha}\bigr)p_{n}, $$
(2.13)
where \(p_{n}=(p(x),\varphi_{n}(x))\), \(F_{n}(t)=(F(x,t),\varphi_{n}(x))\). Using (2.13), we can get
$$ p_{n}=\frac{g_{n}-F_{n}(T)T^{\alpha}E_{\alpha,\alpha+1}(-n^{2}{\pi }^{2}T^{\alpha})}{E_{\alpha,1}(-n^{2}\pi^{2}T^{\alpha})}, $$
(2.14)
and
$$ p(x)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{g_{n}-F_{n}(T)T^{\alpha}E_{\alpha,\alpha +1}(-n^{2}{\pi}^{2}T^{\alpha})}{E_{\alpha,1}(-n^{2}\pi^{2}T^{\alpha })}\varphi_{n}(x). $$
(2.15)
From Lemma 2.5, we deduce that
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] p(x) &=\sum _{n=1}^{M}\frac{\frac{1}{M}\sum_{k=1}^{M}g(x_{k})\varphi_{n}(x_{k})-Q_{n,M}-F_{n}(T)T^{\alpha}E_{\alpha ,\alpha+1}(-n^{2}{\pi}^{2}T^{\alpha})}{E_{\alpha,1}(-n^{2}{\pi }^{2}T^{\alpha})}\varphi_{n}(x) \\ &\quad {}+\sum_{n=M+1}^{\infty}\frac{g_{n}-F_{n}(T)T^{\alpha }E_{\alpha,\alpha+1}(-n^{2}{\pi}^{2}T^{\alpha})}{E_{\alpha,1}(-n^{2}\pi ^{2}T^{\alpha})} \varphi_{n}(x). \end{aligned} $$
(2.16)

3 Regularized solutions for backward problem for time-fractional diffusion equation

In this section, we introduce the trigonometric method in nonparametric regression associated with quasi-boundary value regularization method to solve the inverse initial value problem of a time-fractional diffusion equation. We will do a modification of Eq. (1.1), where a term of \(u(x,0)\) is added as follows:
$$ u(x,T)+\mu u(x,0)=g(x). $$
(3.1)
We can obtain the regularization solution of problem (1.1) from the solution of the following problem:
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} D_{t}^{\alpha}u(x,t)-u_{xx}(x,t)=F(x,t), & (x,t)\in(0,1)\times(0,T),\\ u(0,t)=u(1,t)=0, & t\in[0,T],\\ u(x,T)+\mu u(x,0)=\tilde{g}(x), & x\in[0,1], \end{cases} $$
(3.2)
where μ plays the role of regularization parameter.
Using the separation of variables and Laplace transform of Mittag–Leffler function [Lemma 2.1], we can infer the solution \(p_{\mu}(x)\) of problem (3.2) which is the regularization solution of problem (1.1) with the exact measurable data as follows:
$$ p_{\mu}(x)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{g_{n}-F_{n}(T)T^{\alpha}E_{\alpha ,1+\alpha}(-n^{2}{\pi}^{2}T^{\alpha})}{\mu+E_{\alpha,1}(-n^{2}{\pi }^{2}T^{\alpha})}\varphi_{n}(x). $$
(3.3)
From Lemma 2.5, we can get the regularization solution \(\tilde {p}_{\mu,M}(x)\) of problem (1.1) with noise measurable data as follows:
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] \tilde{p}_{\mu,M}(x) &=\sum _{n=1}^{M}\frac{\frac{1}{M}\sum_{k=1}^{M}\tilde {g}(x_{k})\varphi_{n}(x_{k})-Q_{n,M}-F_{n}(T)T^{\alpha}E_{\alpha ,1+\alpha}(-n^{2}{\pi}^{2}T^{\alpha})}{\mu+E_{\alpha,1}(-n^{2}{\pi }^{2}T^{\alpha})} \varphi_{n}(x) \\ &\quad {}+\sum_{n=M+1}^{\infty}\frac{g_{n}-F_{n}(T)T^{\alpha }E_{\alpha,1+\alpha}(-n^{2}{\pi}^{2}T^{\alpha})}{\mu+E_{\alpha ,1}(-n^{2}{\pi}^{2}T^{\alpha})} \varphi_{n}(x). \end{aligned} $$
(3.4)

4 Estimators and convergence results

In this section, we will give the error estimate of the quasi-boundary value regularization method under the a priori parameter choice rule. For \(\gamma>0\), let \(D^{\gamma}(\Omega)\) be the set of all function \(\psi\in L^{2}(\Omega)\) defined by
$$ {\Vert\psi\Vert}_{D^{\gamma}(\Omega)}=\Biggl(\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }n^{2\gamma}{\bigl\vert ( \psi, \varphi_{n} ) \bigr\vert }^{2}\Biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}}< \infty. $$
(4.1)

Lemma 4.1

For any \(q>0\), \(0<\mu<1\), and \(n\geq1 >0\), we have the following inequality:
$$ A(n)=\frac{\mu n^{2-q}{\pi}^{2}}{C_{1}+\mu n^{2}{\pi}^{2}}\leq \textstyle\begin{cases} \frac{1}{2}(((2-q)C_{1})/({\pi}^{2}q))^{1-\frac{q}{2}}{\pi}^{2}q\mu ^{\frac{q}{2}}, &0< q< 2,\\ ({\pi}^{2}\mu)/C_{1}, &q\geq2, 1< n< \frac{1}{\mu},\\ {\pi}^{2}\mu^{q-1}, &q\geq2, n\geq\frac{1}{\mu}. \end{cases} $$
(4.2)

Proof

For \(0< q<2\), we can easily see
$$ \lim_{n\rightarrow0}A(n)=0 \quad\mbox{and} \quad \lim _{n\rightarrow \infty}A(n)=0, $$
then we infer
$$ \sup_{n\geq1}A(n)\leq A\bigl(n^{*}\bigr), $$
where \(n^{*}\) is the root of \(A'(n)=0\), and \(n^{*}=\sqrt{\frac {(2-q)C_{1}}{\mu\pi^{2}q}}\).
So
$$ A(n)\leq A\bigl(n^{*}\bigr)=\frac{1}{2}\biggl( \frac{(2-q)C_{1}}{{\pi}^{2}q}\biggr)^{1-\frac {q}{2}}{\pi}^{2}q\mu^{\frac{q}{2}}. $$
For \(q\geq2\) and \(1< n<\frac{1}{\mu}\), we have
$$ A(n)=\frac{\mu n^{2-q}{\pi}^{2}}{C_{1}+\mu n^{2}{\pi}^{2}}< \frac{{\pi }^{2}\mu}{C_{1}}. $$
For \(q\geq2\) and \(n\geq\frac{1}{\mu}\), we get
$$ A(n)=\frac{\mu n^{2-q}{\pi}^{2}}{C_{1}+\mu n^{2}{\pi}^{2}}< {\pi}^{2}\mu^{q-1}. $$
 □

Lemma 4.2

For any \(0<\mu<1\), and \(n\geq1\), we have the following inequality:
$$ B(n)=\frac{n^{2}}{C_{1}+\mu n^{2}{\pi}^{2}}\leq\frac{1}{\mu{\pi}^{2}}. $$
(4.3)

The proof is very easy and we omit it here.

The main result of this section is the following.

Theorem 4.1

Assume an a priori bound is imposed as follows:
$$ {\Vert p \Vert}_{D^{q}(\Omega)}\leq E, $$
(4.4)
where \(q>0\) and \(E>0\) are two constants. Suppose the a priori condition (4.4) and the noises data assumption (1.3) hold. We have an estimate as follows:
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] &\mathbb{E} {\bigl\Vert \tilde{p}_{\mu,M}(x)-p(x) \bigr\Vert }^{2} \\ &\quad \leq\frac{R_{\mathrm{max}}^{2}}{M {\mu}^{2}}+ \textstyle\begin{cases} \frac{1}{4}{\pi}^{4}q^{2}(((2-q)C_{1})/(q{\pi}^{2}))^{2-q}{\mu }^{q}E^{2}, &0< q< 2,\\ ({\pi}^{4}/C_{1}^{2}){\mu}^{2}E^{2}, &q\geq2,1< n< \frac{1}{\mu},\\ {\pi}^{4}{\mu}^{2q-2}E^{2}, &q\geq2,n\geq\frac{1}{\mu}. \end{cases}\displaystyle \end{aligned} $$
(4.5)
As \(0<\mu<1\) and \(\lim_{M\rightarrow+\infty} \frac{1}{M \mu^{2}}=0\), we obtain
$$ \mathbb{E} {\bigl\Vert \tilde{p}_{\mu,M}(x)-p(x) \bigr\Vert }^{2} \textit{ is of order } \textstyle\begin{cases} \max(\frac{1}{M\mu^{2}}, \mu^{q}), &0< q< 2,\\ \max(\frac{1}{M\mu^{2}}, \mu^{2}), &q\geq2,1< n< \frac{1}{\mu},\\ \max(\frac{1}{M\mu^{2}}, \mu^{2q-2}) &q\geq2,n\geq\frac{1}{\mu}. \end{cases} $$
(4.6)

Proof

Applying (2.16) and (3.4), we can get
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] \tilde{p}_{\mu,M}(x)-p(x) &= \sum_{n=1}^{M}\frac{\frac{1}{M}\sum_{k=1}^{M}\varepsilon _{k}\sigma_{k}E_{\alpha,1}(-n^{2}\pi^{2}T^{\alpha})}{E_{\alpha ,1}(-n^{2}{\pi}^{2}T^{\alpha})[\mu+E_{\alpha,1}(-n^{2}\pi^{2}T^{\alpha })]} \varphi_{n}(x) \\ &\quad {}-\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{[g_{n}-F_{n}(T)T^{\alpha }E_{\alpha,\alpha+1}(-n^{2}{\pi}^{2}T^{\alpha})]\mu}{E_{\alpha ,1}(-n^{2}{\pi}^{2}T^{\alpha})[\mu+E_{\alpha,1}(-n^{2}\pi^{2}T^{\alpha })]} \varphi_{n}(x). \end{aligned} $$
(4.7)
Using Parseval’s equality, we obtain
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] \bigl\Vert \tilde{p}_{\mu,M}(x)-p(x) \bigr\Vert ^{2} &\leq\sum_{n=1}^{M} \biggl[\frac{\frac{1}{M}\sum_{k=1}^{M}\varepsilon_{k}\sigma_{k}}{\mu+E_{\alpha,1}(-n^{2}{\pi }^{2}T^{\alpha})}\biggr]^{2} \\ &\quad {}+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\biggl[\frac{[g_{n}-F_{n}(T)T^{\alpha }E_{\alpha,\alpha+1}(-n^{2}{\pi}^{2}T^{\alpha})]\mu}{E_{\alpha ,1}(-n^{2}{\pi}^{2}T^{\alpha})[\mu+E_{\alpha,1}(-n^{2}\pi^{2}T^{\alpha})]} \biggr]^{2}. \end{aligned} $$
We use \(\mathbb{E}(\varepsilon_{j}\varepsilon_{l})=0\) (\(j\neq l\)), and \(\mathbb{E}\varepsilon_{j}^{2}=1\), \(j=1,2,\ldots,M\). Then we obtain
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] \mathbb{E} {\bigl\Vert \tilde{p}_{\mu,M}(x)-p(x) \bigr\Vert }^{2} &\leq\underbrace{\sum _{n=1}^{M}\frac{\frac{1}{M^{2}}\sum_{k=1}^{M}\mathbb{E}\varepsilon^{2}_{k}\sigma^{2}_{k}}{(\mu+E_{\alpha ,1}(-n^{2}{\pi}^{2}T^{\alpha}))^{2}}}_{D_{1}} \\ &\quad {}+\underbrace{\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\biggl[ \frac {[g_{n}-F_{n}(T)T^{\alpha}E_{\alpha,\alpha+1}(-n^{2}{\pi}^{2}T^{\alpha })]\mu}{E_{\alpha,1}(-n^{2}{\pi}^{2}T^{\alpha})[\mu+E_{\alpha ,1}(-n^{2}\pi^{2}T^{\alpha})]}\biggr]^{2}}_{D_{2}}. \end{aligned} $$
(4.8)
From Lemma 2.3, we know that
$$ \frac{C_{1}}{n^{2}\pi^{2}}\leq E_{\alpha,1}\bigl(-n^{2} \pi^{2}T^{\alpha }\bigr)\leq\frac{C_{2}}{n^{2}\pi^{2}}. $$
(4.9)
Since \(\sigma_{k}< R_{\mathrm{max}}\) and Lemma 4.2, we estimate \(M_{1}\) as follows:
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] D_{1} &\leq \frac{R_{\mathrm{max}}^{2}{\pi}^{4}}{M}\Bigl(\sup_{n\in\mathbb{N}}B(n)\Bigr)^{2}\leq \frac {R_{\mathrm{max}}^{2}}{M{\mu}^{2}}. \end{aligned} $$
(4.10)
By (2.14), (4.4), (4.9) and Lemma 4.1, we obtain
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] D_{2} &=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty}p_{n}^{2}\biggl[ \frac{\mu n^{2}{\pi }^{2}}{C_{1}+\mu n^{2}{\pi}^{2}}\biggr]^{2} \\ &=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}p_{n}^{2}n^{2q}n^{-2q} \biggl[\frac{\mu n^{2}{\pi}^{2}}{C_{1}+\mu n^{2}{\pi}^{2}}\biggr]^{2} \\ &\leq E^{2}\Bigl(\sup_{n\in\mathbb{N}}A(n) \Bigr)^{2} \\ &\leq \textstyle\begin{cases} \frac{1}{4}{\pi}^{4}q^{2}(\frac{(2-q)C_{1}}{q{\pi}^{2}})^{2-q}{\mu }^{q}E^{2}, &0< q< 2,\\ \frac{{\pi}^{4}}{C_{1}^{2}}{\mu}^{2}E^{2}, &q\geq2,1< n< \frac{1}{\mu},\\ {\pi}^{4}{\mu}^{2q-2}E^{2}, &q\geq2,n\geq\frac{1}{\mu}. \end{cases}\displaystyle \end{aligned} $$
(4.11)
Combining (4.10) and (4.11) , we can easy get the conclusion. □

Remark 4.1

By choosing \(\mu=(\frac{1}{M})^{\frac {1}{q+2}}\), and by (4.6), in the case \(0< q<2\), we can conclude that
$$ \mathbb{E} {\bigl\Vert \tilde{p}_{\mu,M}(x)-p(x) \bigr\Vert }^{2} \mbox{ is of order } \biggl(\frac{1}{M}\biggr)^{\frac{q}{q+2}}. $$

Remark 4.2

By choosing \(\mu=(\frac{1}{M})^{\frac{1}{4}}\), and by (4.6), in the case \(q\geq2\), \(1< n<\frac{1}{\mu}\), we can conclude that
$$ \mathbb{E} {\bigl\Vert \tilde{p}_{\mu,M}(x)-p(x) \bigr\Vert }^{2} \mbox{ is of order } \biggl(\frac{1}{M}\biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}}. $$

Remark 4.3

By choosing \(\mu=(\frac{1}{M})^{\frac {1}{2q}}\), and by (4.6), in the case \(q\geq2\), \(n\geq\frac{1}{\mu }\), we can conclude that
$$ \mathbb{E} {\bigl\Vert \tilde{p}_{\mu,M}(x)-p(x)\bigr\Vert }^{2} \mbox{ is of order } \biggl(\frac{1}{M}\biggr)^{\frac{2q-2}{2q}}. $$

5 Numerical results

In this section, we present a numerical experiment in the MATLAB programs to show the validity of our scheme. First we display the discrete data with and without noise in Fig. 1. Comparing with two picture in Fig. 1, we can observe the non-smoothness of curve data in the case of random noise. And the measured data is very chaotic.
Figure 1
Figure 1

The discrete data without noise data and with noise data

Since the analytic solution of problem (1.1) is difficult to obtain, we construct the final data \(g(x)\) by solving the following forward problem:
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} D_{t}^{\alpha}u(x,t)-u_{xx}(x,t)=F(x,t), & (x,t)\in(0,1)\times(0,T),\\ u(0,t)=u(1,t)=0, & t\in[0,T],\\ u(x,T)=g(x), & x\in[0,1]. \end{cases} $$
(5.1)
We construct the final data \(g(x)\) by solving the forward problem with the give data \(F(x,t)\) and \(p(x)\) by a finite difference method. Let the sequence \(\{g_{k}\}_{k=1}^{M}\) represent samples from the function \(g(x)\) on an equidistant grid. Choosing \(M=31\), \(\sigma_{k}^{2}=\sigma^{2}=10^{-i}\), \(i=4,5\), we have the following nonparametric regression model of data:
$$ \tilde{g}(x_{k})=g(x_{k})+\sigma_{k} \varepsilon_{k}, \quad x_{k}=\frac {2k-1}{2M}, k=1,2, \ldots,M. $$
where \(\varepsilon_{k} \sim N(0,1)\).
The relative error level is computed by
$$ e_{r}=\frac{\sqrt{\sum(p-\tilde{p}_{\mu,M})^{2}}}{\sqrt{\sum(p)^{2}}}. $$
(5.2)

Example

Choose
$$ F(x,t)=(xt)^{\alpha}\sin(2\pi t), \qquad p(x)=\bigl(x(1-x) \bigr)^{\alpha}\sin(\pi x). $$
Figures 2 and 3 show the comparison between the exact solution and its regularized solution for various noise levels \(\sigma ^{2}=10^{-4},10^{-5}\) in the case of \(\alpha=0.2,0.8\). According to these figures, we can find that the smaller σ and α, the fitting effect between the exact solution and regularized solution is also better. In addition, we see that the relative errors (for various noise levels \(\sigma^{2}=10^{-4},10^{-5}\) in the case of \(\alpha=0.8\)) are decreased when M are increased (see Fig. 4). The results of this experiment have demonstrated the convergence results in Remarks 4.1–4.3 and the effectiveness of our method. Tables 1 and 2 show the numerical results of the example for different \(\sigma^{2}=10^{-4},10^{-5}\) with different α.
Figure 2
Figure 2

The comparison of the numerical effects between the exact solution and its computed approximations for various noise levels \(\sigma^{2}=10^{-4},10^{-5}\) in the case of \(\alpha=0.2\)

Figure 3
Figure 3

The comparison of the numerical effects between the exact solution and its computed approximations for various noise levels \(\sigma^{2}=10^{-4},10^{-5}\) in the case of \(\alpha=0.8\)

Figure 4
Figure 4

The relative errors for various noise levels \(\sigma ^{2}=10^{-4},10^{-5}\) in the case of \(\alpha=0.8\)

Table 1

Numerical results of the example for different \(\sigma^{2}\) with \(\alpha=0.2\)

 

\(\sigma^{2}=10^{-4}\)

\(\sigma^{2}=10^{-5}\)

\(e_{r}\)

0.0971

0.0116

μ

5.6555e − 006

5.6485e − 007

Table 2

Numerical results of the example for different \(\sigma^{2}\) with \(\alpha=0.8\)

 

\(\sigma^{2}=10^{-4}\)

\(\sigma^{2}=10^{-5}\)

\(e_{r}\)

0.2485

0.0249

μ

1.4683e − 008

1.4697e − 009

6 Conclusion

In this paper, we solve the inverse initial value problem for a time-fractional diffusion equation. The trigonometric method in nonparametric regression associated with the quasi-boundary value regularization method is applied to solve the ill-posed problem. Specially, the problem is dealt with the discrete random noise. The convergence estimate is presented under an a priori regularization parameter choice rule. In numerical experiments, the computational cost is within 10 seconds and the convergence results is proved, so this work is good. In future work, we will continue to research the other inverse problems of this special type of noise in the data, such as identifying the source of the space-fractional diffusion equation.

Declarations

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thanks the editor and the referees for their valuable comments and suggestions that improve the quality of our paper.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

The work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11561045,11501272) and the Doctor Fund of Lan Zhou University of Technology.

Authors’ contributions

The main idea of this paper was proposed by FY and YZ prepared the manuscript initially and performed all the steps of the proofs in this research. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)
School of Science, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, P.R. China

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