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On the Darboux problem involving the distributional Henstock–Kurzweil integral
Boundary Value Problems volume 2018, Article number: 177 (2018)
Abstract
In this paper, we apply the method associated with the technique of measure of noncompactness and the Darbo fixed point theorem to study the existence of solutions of the Darboux problem involving the distributional Henstock–Kurzweil integral. Meanwhile, an example is provided to illustrate our results.
1 Introduction
The Darboux problems have been studied by many authors (see [1,2,3]). In [2], the authors used a fixed point theorem and some properties of measure of weak noncompactness to prove the existence of pseudo-solutions for the Darboux problem in a Banach space E:
where \(\Delta=\{(x, y): 0\leq x\leq a_{1}, 0\leq y\leq a_{2}\}\), g is Pettis-integrable but not necessarily Bochner integrable, and \(\frac{\partial^{2}u}{\partial x\,\partial y}\) denotes the second-order mixed pseudo-derivative.
In this paper, instead of the pseudo-derivative, we use the distributional derivative to establish the existence of solutions for the following Darboux problem involving the distributional Henstock–Kurzweil integral (\(D_{\mathrm{HK}}\)-integral):
where \(\partial_{xy}\) denotes the second-order mixed distributional derivative, g is Henstock–Kurzweil integral (HK-integral), \(\psi_{i}, h_{i}\) are continuous, f is \(D_{\mathrm{HK}}\)-integrable.
If there exists a continuous function F∈ \(C_{0}(\bar{Q})\) on Q̅ such that f is the distributional derivative of F (the definition of \(C_{0}(\bar{Q})\) will be introduced in Sect. 2), then the distribution f is \(D_{\mathrm{HK}}\)-integrable on Q. In other words, F is the primitive function of f. So we can see from the definition of \(D_{\mathrm{HK}}\)-integral that the \(D_{\mathrm{HK}}\)-integral is a kind of integration that is more extensive than the Riemann integral, Lebesgue integral, Henstock–Kurzweil integral and Denjoy integral (see [4,5,6,7,8,9]).
In order to prove the existence of solutions of the Darboux problem involving the distributional Henstock–Kurzweil integral, the method associated with the technique of measure of noncompactness and the Darbo fixed point theorem will be used.
This paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 2, we recall some fundamental concepts and basic results of the \(D_{\mathrm{HK}}\)-integral and measure of noncompactness. In Sect. 3, we apply the Darbo fixed point theorem [10, Theorem 2] related to measure of noncompactness to verify the existence of solutions of Eq. (2). In Sect. 4, we give an example to illustrate Theorem 3.3 in this paper.
2 Preliminaries
In this section, we provide preliminary material with respect to the \(D_{\mathrm{HK}}\)-integral and the measure of noncompactness.
2.1 \(D_{\mathrm{HK}}\) integral
Let Q be an open rectangle \((a,b)\times(c,d)\) in the plane \(\mathbb{R}^{2}\), and \(\mathcal{D}(Q)\) be a subset of \(C^{\infty}(Q)\) such that each \(\phi\in\mathcal{D}(Q)\) has a compact support in Q. The continuous linear functional on \(\mathcal{D}(Q)\) is called a distribution on Q.
We denote by \(\partial=\partial_{xy}=\partial_{yx}\) the mixed distributional derivative, by \(\partial_{1}\) and \(\partial_{2}\) the distributional derivatives with respect to x and y, respectively, and by ‘∫’ the \(D_{\mathrm{HK}}\)-integral.
Let
where Q̄ is the closure of Q.
Obviously, \(C_{0}(\bar{Q})\) is a closed subspace of \(C(\bar{Q})\) endowed with the norm \(\|F\|_{\infty}=\operatorname{max}\{|F(x, y)|: (x, y)\in\bar{Q}, F(x, y)\in C(\bar{Q})\}\).
We define the distributional Henstock–Kurzweil integral:
Definition 2.1
([11, Lemma 2])
If \(f\in\mathcal{D}^{\prime}(Q)\), then
for all \(F_{1},F_{2} \in C_{0}(\bar{Q})\), \((x,y)\in\bar{Q}\). Moreover, there exists a unique \(F_{f} \in D_{\mathrm{HK}}(Q)\) such that
\(\forall x\in[a,b],y\in[c,d]\).
This leads to the next definition.
Definition 2.2
A distribution f is \(D_{\mathrm{HK}}\)-integrable on Q if \(f\in D_{\mathrm{HK}}(Q)\).
The \(D_{\mathrm{HK}}\)-integral of f on Q is given by \(\int_{Q} f =F_{f}(b, d)\), where \(F_{f}\) is given by Definition 2.1. We consider the structure of space \(D_{\mathrm{HK}}(Q)\). For \(f\in D_{\mathrm{HK}}(Q)\), endowed with the norm
Lemma 2.3
([11, Theorem 1])
The normed space \((D_{\mathrm{HK}}(Q), \|\cdot\|)\) is complete, separable and isomorphic to \((C_{0}(\bar{Q}), \|\cdot\|_{\infty})\).
Before stating a Fubini-type theorem for \(D_{\mathrm{HK}}\)-integral which will be used later, we introduce some definitions.
Definition 2.4
Let \(f\in D_{\mathrm{HK}}(Q)\), \(x\in[a, b], y\in[c, d]\). We define
It is clear that
where \(D_{\mathrm{HK}}((a, b))\) and \(D_{\mathrm{HK}}((c, d))\) are, respectively, the spaces of \(D_{\mathrm{HK}}\)-integrable distributions on \((a, b)\) and \((c, d)\), i.e.
where \(C_{0}(\bar{Q})=\{F\in C([a, b]): F(a)=0\}\), and f is the distributional derivative of F.
Lemma 2.5
([11, Theorem 4])
For all \(f\in D_{\mathrm{HK}}(Q)\), we have
Lemma 2.6
([4, Theorem 4.3])
If the following conditions are satisfied:
-
(i)
\(f_{n}(x)\rightarrow f(x)\) almost everywhere in \([a, b]\) as \(n\rightarrow\infty\) where each \(f_{n}\) is Henstock integrable on \([a, b]\).
-
(ii)
\(g(x)\leq f_{n}(x)\leq h(x)\) for almost all \(x\in[a, b]\) and all n. If g and h are also Henstock integrable on \([a, b]\),
then f is Henstock integrable on \([a, b]\) and
2.2 Measure of noncompactness
In this subsection, we recall the definition and some basic properties concerning measure of noncompactness [10]. Let \((E, \|\cdot\|)\) be a real Banach space with zero element 0, \(B(x, r)\) be the closed ball in E centered at x and of radius r, and \(B_{r}\) be the ball \(B(0, r)\). Denote by \(\overline{X}, \overline{\operatorname{conv}}X\) the closure and the closed convex hull of a nonempty subset X of E, respectively. Finally, denote by \(\mathfrak{m}_{E}\) and \(\mathfrak{n}_{E}\) the family of all nonempty and bounded subsets of E and the subfamilies of all relatively compact subsets, respectively.
Definition 2.7
([12])
Let \((E, d)\) be a metric space and X a bounded subset of E. The Hausdorff measure of noncompactness (μ-measure or ball measure of noncompactness) of the set X, denoted by \(\mu(X)\) is defined to be the infimum of the set of all reals \(\varepsilon>0\) such that X can be covered by a finite number of balls of sets with diameters <ε, that is,
The function μ is called the Hausdorff measure of noncompactness.
Definition 2.8
([10])
A mapping \(\mu: \mathfrak{m}_{E}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}_{+}\) is said to be a measure of noncompactness in E if it satisfies the following conditions:
-
(1)
The family \(\ker\mu=\{X\in\mathfrak{m}_{E}: \mu(X)=0\}\) is nonempty and \(\ker\mu\subseteq\mathfrak{n}_{E}\).
-
(2)
if \(X\subseteq Y\Rightarrow\mu(X)\leq\mu(Y)\).
-
(3)
\(\mu(\overline{\operatorname{conv}}X)=\mu(X)=\mu(\overline{X})\).
-
(4)
\(\mu(\lambda X+(1-\lambda)Y)\leq\lambda\mu(X)+(1-\lambda)\mu(Y)\) for \(\lambda\in[0, 1)\).
-
(5)
If \((X_{n})\) is a sequence of closed sets from \(\mathfrak {m}_{E}\) such that \(X_{n+1}\subseteq X_{n}(n\geq1)\) and if \(\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\mu(X_{n})=0\), then the intersection set \(X_{\infty}=\bigcap^{\infty}_{n=1}X_{n}\) is nonempty.
In what follows, we will work in the space \(C(\Delta)\) consisting of all real valued continuous functions on Δ. The space \(C(\Delta)\) is equipped with the supremum norm
For each \(u\in C(\Delta)\), we define
Obviously, \(\omega(u, \varepsilon)\rightarrow0\), as \(\varepsilon\rightarrow0\), since u is uniformly continuous on Δ. Moreover, if this limit relation holds uniformly for u running over some bounded set \(X\subset C(\Delta)\), then X is equicontinuous, and vice versa. Therefore, we have the following.
Lemma 2.9
([13, Theorem 2.2])
On the space \(C(\Delta)\), the measure of noncompactness (3) is equivalent to
for all bounded sets \(X\subset C(\Delta)\).
Lemma 2.10
([10, Theorem 2, Darbo])
Let Ω be a nonempty, bounded, closed and convex subset of a Banach space E and let \(T: \varOmega\rightarrow\varOmega\) be a continuous mapping. Assume that there exists a constant \(k\in[0, 1)\) such that
for any \(X\subset\varOmega\). Then T has a fixed point.
3 Main results
In this section, we shall prove the existence of solutions of Eq. (2).
Firstly, we give the following assumptions:
- \((D_{1})\) :
-
The functions \(\psi_{i}: [0, a_{i}]\times\mathbb{R}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}\) are continuous, and there exist nonnegative constants \(c_{i}>0 (i=1, 2)\) such that, for each \(u, v\in C(\Delta)\),
$$\begin{aligned} & \bigl\vert \psi_{1}(x, u)- \psi_{1}(x, v) \bigr\vert \leq c_{1} \bigl( \vert u-v \vert \bigr), \\ &\bigl\vert \psi_{2}(y, u)-\psi_{2}(y, v) \bigr\vert \leq c_{2} \bigl( \vert u-v \vert \bigr),\quad c_{1}+c_{2}< 1. \end{aligned}$$Let \(M_{1}=\sup\{|\psi_{1}(x, 0)|: x\in[0, a_{1}]\}, M_{2}=\sup\{|\psi_{2}(y, 0)|: y\in[0, a_{2}]\}\).
- \((D_{2})\) :
-
The functions \(h_{1}: [0,a_{2}]\rightarrow\mathbb {R}, h_{2}: [0, a_{1}]\rightarrow\mathbb{R}\) are continuous, and \(h_{1}(0)=h_{2}(0)\), let \(M_{3}=\sup\{|h_{1}(y)|: y\in[0, a_{2}]\}, M_{4}=\sup\{|h_{2}(x)|: x\in[0, a_{1}]\}\).
- \((D_{3})\) :
-
The function f is \(D_{\mathrm{HK}}\)-integrable on Δ, and \(M_{5}=\sup_{(x,y)\in\Delta} \{ \vert \int^{x}_{0}\int ^{y}_{0}f(s,t)\,dt\,ds \vert \}\).
- \((D_{4})\) :
-
The function \(g: \Delta\times\mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) is HK-integrable, for each \((x,y)\in\Delta\), \(z\mapsto g(x,y,z)\) is continuous, and there exists HK-integral function \(g_{-}, g_{+}: \Delta\rightarrow\mathbb{R}\) such that
$$g_{1}(\cdot, \cdot)\leq g(\cdot, \cdot, z)\leq g_{+}( \cdot, \cdot), $$and \(M_{6}=\sup_{(x,y)\in\Delta} \{ \vert \int^{x}_{0}\int ^{y}_{0}g_{-}(s,t)\,dt\,ds \vert + \vert \int^{x}_{0}\int ^{y}_{0}g_{+}(s,t)\,dt\,ds \vert \}\).
- \((D_{5})\) :
-
There exists \(r>0\) such that
$$M_{1}+M_{2}+2M_{3}+M_{4}+M_{5}+M_{6}+(c_{1}+c_{2})r \leq r. $$
Theorem 3.1
Under the assumptions \((D_{1})\)–\((D_{5})\), Eq. (2) is equivalent to the integral equation
Proof
For all \((x,y)\in\Delta\), by the properties of the distributional derivative, we have
Since
then
We obtain
On the other hand, it is not difficult to see that Eq. (2) holds by taking the derivative of both sides of (9). This completes the proof. □
To simplify, we define an operator F on \(C(\Delta)\) by
Then we have the following statement.
Theorem 3.2
Under the assumptions \((D_{1})\)–\((D_{5})\), the operator F given in (10) has at least one fixed point in the space \(C(\Delta)\).
Proof
(i) For any \(u\in C(\Delta)\), with \(\| u\|\leq r\),
This implies that F maps the space \(B_{r}\) into \(B_{r}\), where \(B_{r}=\{u\in C(\Delta): \|u\|\leq r\}\), r is a constant appearing in assumption \((D_{5})\).
(ii) We prove that the operator F is continuous on \(B_{r}\). For arbitrary \(u\in B_{r}\) and \(\varepsilon>0\), now let \(u_{n}\in B_{r}\) with \(\|u_{n}-u\|<\varepsilon\), then we have
Now by the uniform continuity of the function \(\psi_{i} (i=1, 2)\) on the set \([0, a_{i}]\times[-r, r]\), we infer that
According to \((D_{4})\) and Lemma 2.6, we have
From estimate (11), for each \((x, y)\in\Delta\), we get
Hence, we conclude that the operator F is continuous on \(B_{r}\).
(iii) Let us take an arbitrary nonempty subset V of the ball \(B_{r}\). Fix \(\varepsilon>0\), choose arbitrarily \((x_{1}, y_{1}), (x_{2}, y_{2})\in\Delta\) such that \(|x_{2}-x_{1}|\leq\varepsilon, |y_{2}-y_{1}|\leq\varepsilon\). Then for arbitrary \(u\in V\), we get
where
By \((D_{1})\)–\((D_{2})\), \(\psi_{i} (i=1, 2), h_{1}, h_{2}\) are uniformly continuous on \([0, a_{i}], [0, a_{2}], [0, a_{1}]\) respectively, so
Further, by the condition \((D_{4})\), we have the following inequalities:
Since \(g_{-}, g_{+}\) are HK-integrable, the primitives of \(g_{-}, g_{+}\) are continuous and so are uniformly continuous on Δ.
Moreover, the fact that \(f\in D_{\mathrm{HK}}\) also implies that the primitive of f is uniformly continuous on Δ.
From (12), we get
Since u is an arbitrary element of V in (13), we obtain
Hence,
It follows from (14) and Lemma 2.9 that
According to Lemma 2.10, F has at least one fixed point in the space \(B_{r}\). The proof is therefore complete. □
According to Theorem 3.2 and (10) the definition of the operator F, we have:
Theorem 3.3
Under the assumptions \((D_{1})\)–\((D_{5})\), Eq. (2) has at least one solution in the space \(C(\Delta)\).
4 Application
Example 4.1
Consider the following Darboux problem:
where \(R'(x)\) is the distributional derivative of the Riemann function \(R(x)=\varSigma^{\infty}_{n=1}\frac{\sin n^{2}\pi x}{n^{2}}\).
With the following choices, it is evident that Eq. (16) is a special case of Eq. (2) with
Now we show that all the conditions of Theorem 3.2 are satisfied for Eq. (16).
-
(i)
Obviously, \(\psi_{i} (i=1, 2)\) are continuous, and suppose that \((x, y)\in[0, 1]\times[0, 1]\) and \(u, v\in C(\Delta)\). Then we can get the following estimate:
$$\begin{aligned} & \bigl\vert \psi_{1}(x, u)- \psi_{1}(x, v) \bigr\vert \leq\frac{1}{4+x^{2}} \vert u-v \vert \leq\frac{1}{4} \vert u-v \vert , \quad\mbox{so } c_{1}= \frac{1}{4}, \\ & \bigl\vert \psi_{2}(y, u)-\psi_{2}(y, v) \bigr\vert \leq\frac{1}{2}\cdot\frac{1}{8+\sqrt{y}} \vert u-v \vert \leq \frac {1}{16} \vert u-v \vert , \quad\mbox{so } c_{2}= \frac{1}{16}, \\ &M_{1}=\sup \bigl\{ \bigl\vert \psi_{1}(x, 0) \bigr\vert : x\in[0, 1] \bigr\} =\frac{1}{8}, \\ &M_{2}=\sup \bigl\{ \bigl\vert \psi_{2}(y, 0) \bigr\vert : y\in[0, 1] \bigr\} =\frac{\pi}{8}. \end{aligned}$$ -
(ii)
Clearly, the functions \(h_{i}\) are continuous, \(h_{1}(0)=h_{2}(0)=\frac{1}{4}\), and
$$M_{3}=\sup \bigl\{ \bigl\vert h_{1}(y) \bigr\vert : y \in[0, 1] \bigr\} =\frac{1}{4},\qquad M_{4}=\sup \bigl\{ \bigl\vert h_{2}(x) \bigr\vert : x\in[0, 1] \bigr\} =\frac{\pi}{8}+ \frac{1}{4}. $$ -
(iii)
The function f is \(D_{\mathrm{HK}}\)-integrable on Δ, and
$$M_{5}=\sup_{(x,y)\in\Delta} \biggl\vert \int^{x}_{0} \int ^{y}_{0}f(s,t)\,dt\,ds \biggr\vert < 2. $$ -
(iv)
The function g is continuous, and
$$\begin{aligned} -x^{2}e^{-y}\preceq g \bigl(x, y, u(x, y) \bigr) \preceq x^{2}e^{-y}, \end{aligned}$$if we put \(g_{-}(x, y)=-x^{2}e^{-y}, g_{+}(x, y)=x^{2}e^{-y}\), then we have
$$M_{6}=\sup_{(x,y)\in\Delta} \biggl\{ \biggl\vert \int^{x}_{0} \int ^{y}_{0}g_{-}(s,t)\,dt\,ds \biggr\vert + \biggl\vert \int^{x}_{0} \int ^{y}_{0}g_{+}(s,t)\,dt\,ds \biggr\vert \biggr\} =\frac{2}{3}-\frac{2}{3e}. $$ -
(v)
It is easy to check that for each number \(r\geq5\), we have the following inequality:
$$M_{1}+M_{2}+2M_{3}+M_{4}+M_{5}+M_{6}+(c_{1}+c_{2})r< r. $$
Consequently, all the conditions of Theorem 3.2 are satisfied and Eq. (16) has at least one solution in the space \(C(\Delta)\).
Remark 4.2
It is well known that the function \(R(x)\) given by Riemann is continuous but pointwise differentiable nowhere on \([0, 1]\) (see, e.g.,[14]), then the distributional derivative \(R'(x)\) in Eq. (16) is neither HK nor Lebesgue integrable. Hence, this example is not covered by any result using HK or Lebesgue integral. Thus, Theorem 3.3 is more extensive.
5 Conclusions
In this research, by using the method associated with the technique of measure of noncompactness and the Darbo fixed points theorem, we studied the existence of solutions for the Darboux problem involving the distributional Henstock–Kurzweil integral, and we obtained the existence of at least one solution for the Darboux problem we considered.
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The authors are indebted to the anonymous referee for his/her careful reading of the manuscript.
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This research is partially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2017B19714, 2017B07414) and Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20180500).
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Ye, G., Cheng, R., Liu, W. et al. On the Darboux problem involving the distributional Henstock–Kurzweil integral. Bound Value Probl 2018, 177 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-018-1097-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-018-1097-5