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Asymptotic solutions on multiple solutions arising from laminar flow in a uniformly porous channel with expanding or contracting walls

Abstract

This paper is concerned with asymptotic solutions of a nonlinear boundary value problem which arises from laminar flow in a uniformly porous channel with expanding or contracting walls. For values of the wall suction Reynolds number, multiple solutions are observed. A method involving the inclusion of exponentially small terms in a perturbation series is mainly considered to obtain two of the solutions analytically. In addition, numerical solutions presented for each case agree well with asymptotic solutions, which illustrates that the asymptotic solutions constructed in this paper are more reliable.

1 Introduction

Studies of porous channel flows have become a topic of focus because of many related applications like in the field of bioengineering and medicine. To name a few, biological fluids are transported through shrinking or expanding containers, synchronous pulsation of porous membranes, simulation of respiratory air cycles, and combustion surface regression model of a solid rocket motor. In 1990, a mathematical model on the viscous flow of Newtonian fluid inside a permeable tube with expanding or contracting cross section was established by Goto and Uchida [1]. In their work, the expansion ratio α and the cross-flow Reynolds number Re were introduced to measure the expansion of the pipe and the mass transfer, respectively. Later, Dauenhauer and Majdalani [2] considered the case that laminar flow in a porous channel with expanding or contracting walls and thus established a mathematical model. So far there are some studies on the mathematical model. To list a few, one may count Majdalani et al. [3], Asghar et al. [4], Hang Xu et al. [5] and [6,7,8,9]. In fact, for the viscous flow in a porous channel with stationary wall, the earliest researcher can be traced back to Berman [10], who showed that, for constant suction or injection at the walls, the solution of the flow equations can be reduced to a single fourth order nonlinear ODE that includes expansion ratio. In his study, a nonlinear boundary value problem (BVP) was obtained from the classical Navier–Stokes equations. Meanwhile, for small Re, a regularly perturbed expansion was obtained.

For the above problem, a number of further studies about the existence of multiple solutions of such a BVP follow shortly thereafter. There is the work of Robinson [9], Skalak and Wang [11], Shih [12], Stephen [13]. Recently, when the walls of channel were not motionless, Hang Xu et al. obtained three solutions for large suction using homotopy analysis method (HAM). What is more, the temporal and spatial stabilities were considered in the past because of the existence of multiple solutions of the BVP, where one may count Brady [14], Durlofsky and Brady [15], Sobey and Drazin [16]. Dauenhauer and Majdalani also consider that the search for multiple solutions in the present analysis will be influenced by both Reynolds number Re and expansion ratio α. However, in Robinson’s paper [9], he considered only the influence of the Reynolds number Re, regardless of the expansion ratio α. Meanwhile, the inner solution was not modified by Si et al. [17]. Besides, some errors also occur in his paper, for example, in (58) the term

$$\begin{aligned} r^{2} =&\frac{\beta}{36}\biggl(\frac{2\beta}{\pi\varepsilon^{7}}\biggr)^{\frac {1}{2}}e^{-\frac{\beta}{2\varepsilon}} \biggl[1- \varepsilon(2+3\alpha)-\varepsilon^{2}\biggl(\frac{9}{2} +5\alpha-3\alpha^{2}\biggr) \\ &{}+\varepsilon^{3}\biggl(- \alpha^{3}-10\alpha-\frac {301}{24}\biggr)+\cdots\biggr] \end{aligned}$$
(1)

should read

$$\begin{aligned} r^{2} =&\frac{\beta}{36}\biggl(\frac{2\beta}{\pi\varepsilon^{7}}\biggr)^{\frac {1}{2}}e^{-\frac{\beta}{2\varepsilon}} \biggl[1-\varepsilon(2+3\alpha )-\varepsilon^{2}\biggl(\frac{9}{2} +5\alpha-10\alpha^{2}\biggr) \\ &{}+\varepsilon^{3}\biggl(- \alpha^{3}-10\alpha-\frac {301}{24}\biggr)+\cdots\biggr]. \end{aligned}$$
(2)

Based on the above-mentioned work, we have realized the importance of extending previous investigations by presenting theoretical solutions for large suction in a porous channel with expanding or contracting walls. Therefore, a principal objective of the current study is to overcome a deficiency in their model that does not account for modifying the inner solution. Specifically, in Sect. 2, by introducing the flow geometry and governing equations with boundary conditions, a BVP (15)–(16) including two parameters (i.e. Re and α) is obtained. The numerical solution on multiple solutions are presented in Sect. 3. In Sect. 4, in order to obtain the asymptotic solution with a large suction Reynolds number, we use a singular perturbation method. An analytic investigation was carried out for larger negative Re in which exponentially small terms were included. In Sect. 5, to get a more accurate solution, we will modify the inner solution and outer solution, which produces dual analytic solutions for large suction. The numerical and analytic results are compared and discussed in Sect. 6. Finally, Sect. 7 concludes the paper.

2 Mathematical formulation of the problem

We assume that the channel is of semi-infinite length with one closed end. In addition, to consider a two-dimensional flow, we assume that the distance 2α between the porous walls is much smaller than the channel’s width. Both sidewalls are assumed to have equal permeability \(-\nu_{\omega}\) and to expand or contract uniformly by a time-dependent rate α. As shown in Fig. 1, x and y indicate the stream wise direction and the normal direction, respectively. u and v denote the velocity components along x- and y-axes. The flow velocity is zero at the closed end (\(x = 0\)). As a result, the motion of a viscous incompressible and electrically conducting fluid through a porous channel with an applied transverse magnetic field can be described by the following equation:

$$\begin{aligned}& \nabla\cdot\mathbf{V} = 0, \end{aligned}$$
(3)
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{\partial\mathbf{V}}{\partial{t}}+(\mathbf{V} \cdot\nabla)\mathbf {V} = -\frac{1}{\rho}\nabla p+\nu\nabla^{2} \mathbf{V} , \end{aligned}$$
(4)

where \(\mathbf{V}=(u,v)\) and the symbols ν represent the viscosity of the fluid. When we take into account the symmetry with respect to the midsection plan, the necessary boundary for the half-domain may be as follows:

$$\begin{aligned}& u = 0, \qquad v = -v_{w} ; \qquad y = a(t), \end{aligned}$$
(5)
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{\partial{u}}{\partial{y}} = 0,\qquad v=0; \qquad y=0 , \end{aligned}$$
(6)
$$\begin{aligned}& u=0,\qquad v=0;\qquad x=0. \end{aligned}$$
(7)

An appropriate stream function Ï• is introduced

$$ \phi=\frac{\nu x}{a} F(\eta,t), $$
(8)

where \(\eta=\frac{y}{a}\) is a dimensionless variable. Then the velocity components become

$$ u ={\nu x} {a}^{-2} F_{\eta},\qquad v=-\frac{\nu}{a}F. $$
(9)

Substituting Eq. (9) and Eqs. (5)–(7) and denoting \(f= \frac{F}{\mathit{Re}}\), with the assumptions that the wall expansion ratio α is constant and F is made dependent on y and α, we can obtain the following equation:

$$ F_{\eta\eta\eta\eta}+\alpha(\eta F_{\eta\eta\eta}+3F_{\eta\eta})+F F_{\eta\eta\eta}-F_{\eta}F_{\eta\eta}-{\alpha}^{2} { \nu}^{-1} F_{\eta\eta t} =0, $$
(10)

where α is the wall expansion ratio defined by

$$ \alpha=\frac{a \dot{a}}{\upsilon}. $$
(11)

Note that the expansion ratio will be positive for expansion and negative for contraction. An integration of Eq. (10) produces

$$ F_{\eta\eta\eta}+\alpha(\eta F_{\eta\eta}+2F_{\eta})+F F_{\eta\eta}- F_{\eta}^{2}-{\alpha}^{2} { \nu}^{-1} F_{\eta t} =k_{0}, $$
(12)

where \(k_{0}\) is a space-invariant parameter. The boundary conditions (5)–(7) become

$$ F_{\eta\eta} (0)=0,\qquad F(0)=0,\qquad F_{\eta} (1)=0,\qquad F(1)= \mathit{Re}, $$
(13)

where Re is the permeation Reynolds number defined by \(\mathit{Re}= \frac{a v_{\omega}}{\upsilon}\). In view of the physical meaning, Re is positive for injection and negative for suction. Let

$$ g= \frac{F}{\mathit{Re}}, $$
(14)

a similar solution with respect to both space and time can be developed by the transformation that Uchida and Aoki [18] has described: α is constant and \(f = f(\eta)\), which leads to \(g_{\eta t} = 0\). Under these assumptions, Eq. (12) becomes

$$ g'''+\alpha\bigl(\eta g''+2g'\bigr)+\mathit{Re}\bigl(g g''-g^{\prime 2} \bigr)=k, $$
(15)

where \(k= \frac{k_{0}}{\mathit{Re}}\). The boundary conditions (13) are translated into

$$ g'' (0)=0,\qquad g(0)=0,\qquad g'(1)=0, \qquad g(1)=1. $$
(16)
Figure 1
figure 1

Physical configuration

3 Numerical solution of the equations of motion

Equation (15), subject to boundary conditions (16), is a two-point boundary value problem. Here we use bvp4c of Matlab to solve it. Unless stated otherwise, for all our computations with bvp4c, we use the default relative error tolerance 10−3 and the default absolute error tolerance 10−6.

Based on the numerical method proposed in [19], the results of Fig. 2 will be discussed by dividing the figure into three sections, as follows:

  1. 1.

    Section I contains the well behaved solutions for suction;

  2. 2.

    Section II covers the solutions whose centerline velocity is positive but whose axial velocity profiles have a maximum located strictly between the wall and the center of the channel;

  3. 3.

    Section III includes reverse flow near the center of the channel (\(\eta= 0\)).

Figure 2
figure 2

Branches of \(-f''(1)\) vs. Re at \(\alpha= -2, 0, 2\)

Next, we will mainly concern on asymptotic solutions for Sections I and II solutions. However, Section III solution will not be considered due to the difficulty in solving the corresponding equations with perturbation method. Note that here the interesting mathematics is the way in which the inclusion of exponentially small terms leads to the prediction of dual solutions, which could possibly be extended to predict the Section III solution.

4 Solution for the large suction Reynolds numbers

For large suction, Robinson [9] have pointed out the existence of thinning boundary layer when \(\alpha= 0\). Here we not only consider the boundary layer, but also further extend to the case \(\alpha\neq 0\). When \(\mathit{Re} \rightarrow-\infty\), the problem (15)–(16) becomes

$$ \varepsilon g'''+\varepsilon\alpha \bigl(\eta g''+2g'\bigr)-g g''+g^{\prime 2}= \beta^{2}+2 \varepsilon\alpha\beta, $$
(17)

where

$$ \varepsilon= -\frac{1}{\mathit{Re}},\qquad \beta^{2}+2 \varepsilon\alpha \beta=-\frac {k}{\mathit{Re}}. $$
(18)

4.1 Outer solution

Considering the conditions

$$ g'' (0)=0,\qquad g(0)=0, $$
(19)

we can know that the outer solution of Eq. (15) is a linear solution, i.e.

$$ g (\eta)=\beta\eta, $$
(20)

where

$$ \beta= \beta_{0}+\beta_{1} \varepsilon+ \beta_{2} \varepsilon^{2}+ \cdots= \sum ^{\infty}_{i = 0}\beta_{i}\varepsilon^{i}. $$
(21)

Here the coefficients \(\beta_{i}\) (\(i=0,1,2,\ldots\)) are constants determined later.

4.2 Inner solution

To obtain a solution with the viscous layer, an appropriate transformation is introduced:

$$ 1-\eta=\varepsilon t . $$
(22)

Combining Eq. (22) with Eq. (17) yields

$$ \varepsilon g'''-\varepsilon\alpha \bigl[(1-\varepsilon t)g''-2\varepsilon g'\bigr]+g g''-g^{\prime 2}=- \beta^{2} \varepsilon^{2}-2\alpha\beta\varepsilon^{3}, $$
(23)

where the prime (′) denotes differentiation with regard to t and the corresponding boundary conditions become

$$ g (0)=1, \qquad g'(0)=0. $$
(24)

Because the inner solution meets the condition \(g(0)=1\), a perturbation solution will be sought and has the form

$$ g(t) = 1+\sum^{\infty}_{r = 1} g_{r}(t) \varepsilon^{r}. $$
(25)

From Eq. (24), the relevant boundary condition to be satisfied \(g_{r}(t)\) will become

$$ g_{r} (0) = 0, \qquad g'_{r}(0) = 0. $$
(26)

Substituting Eq. (25) into Eq. (23) and equating coefficients \(\varepsilon^{r}\), we can obtain

$$\begin{aligned}& g'''_{1} +g''_{1} = 0, \end{aligned}$$
(27)
$$\begin{aligned}& g'''_{2} +g''_{2} = -\beta_{0}^{2}-g_{1} g''_{1}+g^{\prime 2}_{1}+ \alpha g^{\prime \prime 2}_{1} , \end{aligned}$$
(28)
$$\begin{aligned}& g'''_{3} +g''_{3} = 2g'_{1} g'_{2}-g_{1} g''_{2}-g''_{1} g_{2}+\alpha g''_{2}-\alpha t g''_{1}-2\alpha g'_{1}-2 \beta_{0} \beta_{1}-2\alpha \beta_{0}, \end{aligned}$$
(29)
$$\begin{aligned}& g'''_{n} +g''_{n} = \alpha\bigl( g''_{n-1}-t g''_{n-2}-2 g'_{n-2}-2\beta _{n-3}\bigr)+\sum ^{\infty}_{i = 0}\bigl(g'_{i} g'_{n-i}-g_{i} g''_{n-i} \bigr)-\sum^{n-2}_{i = 0}\beta_{i} \beta_{n-2-i}. \end{aligned}$$
(30)

The result of Eq. (27) satisfying the condition Eq. (24) is

$$ g_{1}(t)=A_{1}\bigl(t-1+e^{-t} \bigr), $$
(31)

where \(A_{1}\) is an arbitrary constant. In a similar way, from Eq. (26), the results for every \(g_{r}(t)\) can also be obtained and every \(g_{r}\) (\(i=1,2,\ldots\)) will include an arbitrary constant \(A_{r}\). The first two terms of the inner expansion are

$$ g(t)=1+A_{1} \varepsilon\bigl(t-1+e^{-t} \bigr). $$
(32)

The outer solution Eq. (20) expressed in terms of the inner variable t is

$$ g(t)=\beta_{0}+(\beta_{1}-\beta_{0} t) \varepsilon+(\beta_{2}-\beta_{1} t)\varepsilon^{2}+ \cdots. $$
(33)

As \(t \rightarrow+\infty\), \(e^{-t} \rightarrow0\), matching the inner solution Eq. (32) with Eq. (33) gives

$$ \beta_{0} = 1,\qquad A_{1}(t-1) = \beta_{1}-t. $$
(34)

Therefore

$$ \beta_{1} = 1,\qquad A_{1} = -1. $$
(35)

Similarly, we can get the solutions of the equations for \(g_{1}\), \(g_{2}\) and \(g_{3}\) the forms are

$$\begin{aligned}& g_{2} = 4-t+\alpha-e^{-t}\biggl(\frac{t^{2}}{2}+\alpha t+3 t +4+\alpha\biggr), \end{aligned}$$
(36)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[b] g_{3} &= \frac{129}{4}-(4+\alpha)t+11\alpha+ \alpha^{2}-e^{-t} \biggl(\frac {t^{4}}{8}+ \frac{3t^{3}}{2}+28t+9t^{2}+\frac{65}{2}\biggr) \\ &\quad {} -e^{-t}\biggl(\frac{a t^{3}}{2}+3\alpha t^{2}+10 \alpha t+11\alpha+\frac{\alpha^{2} t^{2}}{2}+\alpha^{2} t+\alpha^{2} \biggr)+\frac {e^{-2t}}{4}, \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(37)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[b] g_{4} &= \frac{26\text{,}377}{72}-\alpha^{3}+21 \alpha^{2}+146\alpha-\biggl(\frac {129}{4}+11\alpha+ \alpha^{3}\biggr)t \\ &\quad {}-e^{-t}\biggl(\frac{8963}{24}+ \frac{1317t}{4}+ \frac{497t^{2}}{4}+\frac{82t^{3}}{3}+4t^{4}+\frac{3t^{5}}{8}+8 \alpha^{2} t^{2}+\frac{21\alpha t^{3}}{2}+\frac {269\alpha t}{2} \\ &\quad {}+20\alpha^{2} t+50\alpha t^{2}+147\alpha+21 \alpha^{2}+\alpha ^{3} t+\frac{\alpha^{3} t^{2}}{2}+ \frac{3\alpha^{2} t^{3}}{2}+\frac{11\alpha t^{4}}{8}+\alpha^{3} \\ &\quad {}+\frac {\alpha^{2} t^{4}}{4}+\frac{\alpha^{3} t^{3}}{6}+\frac{\alpha t^{5}}{8} \biggr)+e^{-2t}\biggl(\frac{57}{8}+\frac{\alpha t}{2}+ \frac{t^{2}}{4}+\frac {9t}{4}+\alpha\biggr)-\frac{e^{-3t}}{72}. \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(38)

The coefficients \(\beta_{i}\) (\(i=2,3,\ldots\)) are given as follows:

$$ \beta_{2} = 4+\alpha,\qquad \beta_{3} =\frac{129}{4}+11 \alpha+\alpha^{2},\qquad \beta_{4} =\frac{26\text{,}377}{72}+146 \alpha+21\alpha^{2} +\alpha^{3}. $$
(39)

5 Modified outer solution and inner solution

For large suction, the solution of the previous section agrees fairly accurately with the numerical solutions. An effort to correctly predict these solution will now be made by investigating the terms neglected in the matching process. Thus we consider modifying the outer expansion these exponentially small terms, because we neglect the terms of the form \(t^{r} e^{-r t}\) in the inner expansion. Moreover, the terms have not been matched with any corresponding exponentially small terms in the outer expansion.

5.1 Modified outer solution

To get the modified outer solution bearing responsibility for exponentially small terms, satisfying the out conditions, the form of the out solution is assumed to be

$$ g(\eta)=\beta\eta+r f_{1}(\eta)+r^{2} f_{2}( \eta)+\cdots, $$
(40)

where r is exponentially small and \(r=o(\varepsilon^{r})\), then substituting Eq. (40) into Eq. (17), the forms of \(f_{l}\) (\(l = 1,2,\ldots\)) are

$$\begin{aligned}& \varepsilon f_{1}'''+ \varepsilon\alpha\bigl(\eta f_{1}''+2f_{1}' \bigr)-2\beta f_{1}'-\beta\eta f_{1}'' =0, \end{aligned}$$
(41)
$$\begin{aligned}& \varepsilon f_{2}'''+ \varepsilon\alpha\bigl(\eta f_{2}''+2f_{2}' \bigr)-2\beta f_{2}'-\beta\eta f_{2}'' =f_{1}f_{1}''-f_{1}^{\prime 2}. \end{aligned}$$
(42)

The outer condition Eq. (19), in terms of \(f_{r}(\eta)\), is

$$ f_{l}(0)=0, \qquad f''_{l}(0)=0. $$
(43)

It is hard to obtain the analytical solution of Eq. (41) and Eq. (42) in a direct way. But if the expansion ratio α is small, a further expansion will be made in α, \(f_{1}\) and \(f_{2}\) can be expressed as follows:

$$\begin{aligned}& f_{1} = f_{10}+\alpha f_{11}+o( \alpha), \end{aligned}$$
(44)
$$\begin{aligned}& f_{2} = f_{20}+\alpha f_{21}+o( \alpha). \end{aligned}$$
(45)

According to Eq. (43), the corresponding boundary conditions about \(f_{ij}\) (\(i=1,2\); \(j=0,1\)) will be

$$ f_{ij} (0)=0, \qquad f''_{ij}(0)=0. $$
(46)

Substituting Eq. (44) into Eq. (45) and equating coefficients of \(\alpha^{0}\) yields

$$ \varepsilon f_{10}'''+2\beta f_{10}'-\beta\eta f_{10}'' = 0. $$
(47)

Differentiation about Eq. (47) gives

$$ \varepsilon f_{10}^{(4)}+\beta f_{10}''- \beta\eta f_{10}''' = 0, $$
(48)

where we deduce

$$ f_{10}^{(4)}(0) = 0. $$
(49)

An extra differentiation of Eq. (48) gives

$$ \varepsilon f_{10}^{(5)}-\beta\eta f_{10}^{(4)} = 0. $$
(50)

As a result, the solution of Eq. (50) becomes

$$ f_{10}^{(4)} = C e^{\frac{\beta\eta^{2}}{2\varepsilon}}. $$
(51)

Here C is a constant. From (49), \(C=0\) is obtained. So the solution of \(f_{10}\) is

$$ f_{10}(\eta) = m \eta^{3} +n \eta^{2} +p \eta+ q, $$
(52)

where m, n, p and q are constants. From (46), we can get \(n=q=0\), and substitution of Eq. (52) into Eq. (47) yields \(ap=-3\varepsilon m\). Therefore, the solution for \(f_{10}(\eta)\) is

$$ f_{10}(\eta) = \eta^{3} -\frac{3\varepsilon\eta}{\beta}. $$
(53)

Substituting Eq. (45) and Eq. (53) into Eq. (42), we can obtain

$$ \varepsilon f_{20}'''+2\beta f_{20}'-\beta\eta f_{20}'' =f_{10}f_{10}''- f_{10}^{\prime 2} = -3\eta^{4}-q^{2}. $$
(54)

Differentiating Eq. (54) twice with respect to η gives

$$ \varepsilon f_{20}^{(5)}-\beta\eta f_{20}^{(4)} = -36\eta^{2}. $$
(55)

Satisfying the condition of Eq. (49), the solution is

$$ f_{20}^{(4)}(\eta)=-\frac{36}{\varepsilon}e^{\frac{\beta\eta ^{2}}{2\varepsilon}} \int^{\eta}_{0}s^{2} e^{\frac{-\beta s^{2}}{2\varepsilon }}\,ds = -\frac{36}{\varepsilon}e^{\frac{\beta\eta^{2}}{2\varepsilon}}\biggl[ \int^{\eta }_{0}s^{2} e^{\frac{-\beta s^{2}}{2\varepsilon}}\,ds- \int^{+\infty}_{0}s^{2} e^{\frac{-\beta s^{2}}{2\varepsilon}}\,ds \biggr]. $$
(56)

The first integral equation (56) can be calculated, as \(\mathit{Re}\rightarrow\infty\) and \(\eta\rightarrow1\), the second can be estimated, the forms gives

$$\begin{aligned}& f_{20}^{(4)}(\eta)\approx-\frac{36}{\beta}\biggl( \frac{\pi\varepsilon }{2\alpha}\biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}}e^{\frac{\beta\eta^{2}}{2\varepsilon}}= -\frac {36}{\varepsilon}( \pi)^{\frac{1}{2}} \biggl(\frac{\varepsilon}{2\beta}\biggr)^{\frac {1}{2}}e^{\frac{\beta}{2\varepsilon}}e^{\frac{\beta\varepsilon t^{2}}{2}} e^{t-\beta t}e^{-t}, \end{aligned}$$
(57)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[b] g^{(4)}(\eta)&=\varepsilon^{-4}g^{(4)}(t) \\ &=-\varepsilon ^{-3}e^{-t}\biggl[1-\varepsilon\biggl(t- \alpha t+2-\frac{t^{2}}{2}+3\alpha +4e^{-t}t^{2}\biggr)- \varepsilon^{2}(3\alpha t^{2}+4e^{-t} \\ &\quad {} -\frac{t^{4}}{8}+2t-7\alpha^{2}+\frac{9}{2} +3 \alpha^{2} t-4\alpha t+5\alpha+\frac{t^{3}}{2}-3\alpha^{2}- \frac{t^{2} \alpha ^{2}}{2}-\frac{\alpha t^{3}}{2} \\ &\quad {} +\varepsilon^{3}\biggl(54e^{-t}+ \alpha^{3}+\frac{t^{5}}{8}-\frac {9e^{-2t}}{8}-\frac{9\alpha t}{2}- \frac{t^{6}}{48} -8\alpha^{2} t^{2}+14\alpha^{2} t-\frac{\alpha^{3} t^{3}}{6} \\ &\quad {} -\frac{t^{4}}{4}+\frac{301}{24}+8\alpha t e^{-t}+7 \alpha t^{2}+\frac {3\alpha^{3} t^{2}}{2}-\frac{\alpha^{2} t^{4}}{4}+\frac{5 t^{3}}{3} - \frac{7\alpha t^{3}}{3}+ \frac{9\alpha t^{4}}{8} \\ &\quad {} +\frac{5\alpha^{2} t^{3}}{2}+10\alpha-\frac{7 t^{2}}{4}-3t \alpha ^{3}+20te^{-t}+\frac{237t}{12}+\cdots\biggr)\biggr]. \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(58)

Equation (57) includes \(e^{-t}\), so \(f_{(20)}\) will match with those terms of the form \(t^{r} e^{-t}\), in (32), the matching will be taken effect, using the fourth derivative of terms in Eq. (57), which refers to \(e^{-t}\), i.e. (58). Matching (57)–(58) yields

$$\begin{aligned} r^{2}\frac{36}{\beta}\biggl(\frac{\pi\varepsilon}{2\beta}\biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}}e^{\frac {\beta}{2\varepsilon}} =&-\varepsilon^{-3}\biggl[1-\varepsilon\biggl(t-\alpha t+2- \frac{t^{2}}{2}+3\alpha+4e^{-t}t^{2}\biggr)- \varepsilon^{2}(3\alpha t^{2}+4e^{-t}- \frac{t^{4}}{8} \\ &{} +2t-7\alpha^{2}+\frac{9}{2}+3\alpha^{2} t-4\alpha t+5\alpha+\frac {t^{3}}{2}-3\alpha^{2}-\frac{t^{2} \alpha^{2}}{2}- \frac{\alpha t^{3}}{2} \\ &{} +\varepsilon^{3}\biggl(54e^{-t}+\alpha^{3}+ \frac{t^{5}}{8}-\frac{9e^{-2t}}{8}-\frac{9\alpha t}{2}-\frac {t^{6}}{48}-8 \alpha^{2} t^{2}+14\alpha^{2} t \\ &{} -\frac{\alpha^{3} t^{3}}{6}-\frac{t^{4}}{4}+\frac{301}{24}+8\alpha t e^{-t} +7\alpha t^{2}+\frac{3\alpha^{3} t^{2}}{2}-\frac{\alpha^{2} t^{4}}{4}+ \frac{5 t^{3}}{3} \\ &{}-\frac{7\alpha t^{3}}{3}+\frac{9\alpha t^{4}}{8}+\frac{5\alpha^{2} t^{3}}{2}+10\alpha- \frac{7 t^{2}}{4}-3t \alpha^{3} \\ &{} +20te^{-t}+\frac{237t}{12}+\cdots\biggr)\biggr]e^{-\frac{\beta \varepsilon t^{2}}{2}} e^{\beta t -t}. \end{aligned}$$
(59)

However, the terms t and higher powers are not involved in the left-hand side. Therefore, we can cancel terms in t and higher powers in the right-hand side,

$$\begin{aligned} r^{2} =&\frac{\beta}{36}\biggl(\frac{2\beta}{\pi\varepsilon^{7}}\biggr)^{\frac {1}{2}}e^{-\frac{\beta}{2\varepsilon}} \biggl[1-\varepsilon(2+3\alpha )-\varepsilon^{2}\biggl(\frac{9}{2} +5\alpha-10\alpha^{2}\biggr) \\ &{}+\varepsilon^{3}\biggl(- \alpha^{3}-10\alpha-\frac {301}{24}\biggr)+\cdots\biggr] \\ =&\frac{\beta^{2}}{36}\biggl(\frac{2}{\pi\varepsilon^{7}}\biggr)^{\frac {1}{2}}e^{-\frac{1+\varepsilon^{-1}}{2}} \biggl[1-\varepsilon\biggl(\frac{9}{2}+\frac {7\alpha}{2}\biggr)- \varepsilon^{2}\biggl(\frac{57}{4}-\frac{33\alpha^{2}}{8}+ \frac{5\alpha}{4}\biggr) \\ &{} - \varepsilon^{3}\biggl(\frac{18\text{,}313}{144}+\frac{79\alpha^{3}}{48}- \frac{159\alpha^{2}}{16} -\frac{23\alpha}{8}\biggr)+o\bigl(\varepsilon^{3} \bigr)\biggr]. \end{aligned}$$
(60)

Clearly, if ε is so small, the series is positive in the right-hand side. However, Eq. (60) may not offer a good approximation to this critical value of ε, because the coefficients of \(\varepsilon^{r}\) in Eq. (60) all have the same sign. The right-hand side of Eq. (60) can be modified by multiplying \(\beta^{-6}\), and we can get an alternative series with a better convergence.

$$\begin{aligned} r^{2} =&\frac{\beta^{8}}{36}\biggl(\frac{2}{\pi\varepsilon^{7}} \biggr)^{\frac {1}{2}}e^{-\frac{1+\varepsilon^{-1}}{2}} \biggl[1-\varepsilon\biggl( \frac{21}{2}+\frac{7\alpha}{2}\biggr)+ \varepsilon^{2}\biggl( \frac{39}{4}-\frac{33\alpha^{2}}{8}+\frac{55\alpha }{4}\biggr) \\ &{} - \varepsilon^{3}\biggl(\frac{15\text{,}793}{144}+\frac{79\alpha^{3}}{48}-\frac{3\alpha^{2}}{16}-\frac{191\alpha}{8}\biggr)+o\bigl(\varepsilon^{3} \bigr)\biggr]. \end{aligned}$$
(61)

If the terms of \(o(\varepsilon^{4})\) are now believed to be negligible in Eq. (61), then there are two roots for r, provided \(\mathit{Re}<-(\frac {21}{2}+\frac{7\alpha}{2})\),

$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[b] r&=\pm\frac{1}{6}\biggl(\frac{2}{\pi\varepsilon^{7}} \biggr)^{\frac{1}{4}}e^{-\frac {1+\varepsilon^{-1}}{4}} \biggl[1-\varepsilon\biggl( \frac{5}{4}+\frac{7\alpha}{4}\biggr)- \varepsilon^{2}\biggl( \frac{253}{32}-\frac{17\alpha^{2}}{32}+\frac{85\alpha }{16}\biggr) \\ &\quad {} -\varepsilon^{3}\biggl(\frac{82\text{,}621}{1152}- \frac{41\alpha^{3}}{348}+\frac{261\alpha^{2}}{128}+\frac{3653\alpha}{128}\biggr)+o\bigl( \varepsilon^{3}\bigr)\biggr], \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(62)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[b] g'''( \eta)|_{\eta=0}&\approx\biggl(\frac{2}{\pi\varepsilon^{7}}\biggr)^{\frac {1}{4}}e^{-\frac{1+\varepsilon^{-1}}{4}} \biggl[1-\varepsilon\biggl(\frac{5}{4}+\frac{7\alpha}{4}\biggr)- \varepsilon^{2}\biggl(\frac{253}{32}-\frac{17\alpha^{2}}{32}+ \frac{85\alpha }{16}\biggr) \\ &\quad {} -\varepsilon^{3}\biggl(\frac{82\text{,}621}{1152}- \frac{41\alpha^{3}}{348}+\frac{261\alpha^{2}}{128}+ \frac{3653\alpha}{128}\biggr)+o\bigl( \varepsilon^{4}\bigr)\biggr] \\ &= \mp\biggl(\frac{2|\mathit{Re}|^{7}}{\pi}\biggr)^{\frac{1}{4}} \biggl[1+ \frac{1}{\mathit{Re}}\biggl(\frac{5}{4}+\frac{7\alpha}{4}\biggr) - \frac{1}{\mathit{Re}^{2}}\biggl(\frac{253}{32}-\frac{17\alpha^{2}}{32}+ \frac{85\alpha}{16}\biggr) \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{1}{\mathit{Re}^{3}}\biggl(\frac{82\text{,}621}{1152}-\frac{41\alpha^{3}}{348} + \frac{261\alpha^{2}}{128}+ \frac{3653\alpha}{128}\biggr)+o\biggl(\frac{1}{\mathit{Re}^{3}}\biggr) \biggr]. \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(63)

5.2 Modified inner solution

The term \(r f_{1}(\eta)\) applied for the modified outer expansion is not suit to any terms in the inner expansion. As a consequence, we will modify the inner solution so as to contain the terms that is suit to \(r f_{1}(\eta)\), and the form is as follows:

$$ g(t) = 1+ \sum^{\infty}_{r = 1}g_{r}(t) \varepsilon^{r} +r_{1}\sum^{\infty }_{r = 0}h_{r}(t) \varepsilon^{r} +o(r_{1}). $$
(64)

Besides, the constant α takes two values, i.e., dual solutions, relying on the sign of r. So the form should be

$$ \alpha= \sum^{\infty}_{r = 0} \alpha_{r} \varepsilon^{r} +r\sum ^{\infty }_{r = 0}\beta_{r} \varepsilon^{r} +o(r). $$
(65)

In Eqs. (64)–(65), \(\beta_{r}\) and \(h_{r}(t)\) must meet Eq. (23) and the boundary conditions Eq. (24), while \(r_{1}\) is an exponentially small term with respect to r, and the corresponding boundary condition for \(h_{r}(t)\) becomes

$$ h_{r}(0)= 0 ,\qquad h_{r}'(0)=0. $$
(66)

Considering Eq. (53) and Eq. (65), the first two terms of the modified outer solution Eq. (40) will be

$$ g(\eta) = \sum^{\infty}_{r = 0} \alpha_{r} \varepsilon^{r} \eta+r\sum ^{\infty}_{r = 0}\beta_{r} \varepsilon^{r} \eta+ r\biggl(\eta^{3}-\frac {3\varepsilon\eta}{\alpha}\biggr)+\cdots. $$
(67)

In the above, the terms of order r become

$$ r\Biggl[\eta^{3} + \Biggl(\sum^{\infty}_{r = 0} \beta_{r}\varepsilon^{r} -\frac {3\varepsilon}{\alpha}\Biggr)\eta \Biggr]. $$
(68)

To obtain the single term with (68), we set

$$ \sum^{\infty}_{r = 0}\beta_{r} \varepsilon^{r} -\frac{3\varepsilon }{\alpha}\eta= \sum ^{\infty}_{r = 0}w_{r}\varepsilon^{r}, $$
(69)

which makes the modified outer and inner solutions match much simpler and easier. By combining the constant w with the inner variable t, (68) will be

$$\begin{aligned}& r\bigl[1+w_{0}+(w_{1}-w_{0}t-3t)\varepsilon+ \bigl(w_{2}-w_{1}t-3t^{2}\bigr)\varepsilon ^{2} \\& \quad {}+\bigl(w_{3}-w_{2}t-t^{3}\bigr) \varepsilon^{3}+(w_{4}-w_{3}t) \varepsilon^{4}+\cdots\bigr]. \end{aligned}$$
(70)

We differentiate Eq. (23) about t once again, the form will become

$$ g^{iv}+ 3\varepsilon^{2}\alpha g''+ \bigl(\varepsilon^{2}\alpha t-\varepsilon \alpha\bigr)g'''-g' g''-gg'''=0. $$
(71)

Substituting Eq. (64) into Eq. (71) and equating coefficients of \(r_{1}\), the equation about \(h_{0}(t)\) will be

$$ h_{0}^{iv}(t)+h_{0}'''(t)=0. $$
(72)

The corresponding boundary conditions Eq. (66) belong to Eq. (72). So the solution becomes

$$ h_{0}(t) = A_{0}\bigl(t-1-e^{-t}\bigr)+ B_{0} t^{2}, $$
(73)

where \(A_{0}\) and \(B_{0}\) are constants. Matching with (69) and letting \(t\rightarrow+\infty\) in Eq. (73), we can obtain

$$ A_{0}r_{1}(t-1)+ B_{0}r_{1} t^{2} \sim r\bigl[1+w_{0}+(w_{1}-w_{0}t-3t) \varepsilon+\cdots\bigr]. $$
(74)

The terms of \(o(r)\) match only if

$$ 1+w_{0}=0 ,\quad \mbox{i.e.}\quad w_{0}= -1. $$
(75)

In the same way, the terms of \(o(\varepsilon r)\) about (74) show that

$$ r_{1}= r\varepsilon $$
(76)

and

$$ A_{0} = -w_{0}-3 = -2,\qquad w_{1} = -A_{0} = 2,\qquad B_{0} = 0. $$
(77)

As a result, the form of \(h_{0}(t)\) is as follows:

$$ h_{0}(t) = -2\bigl(t-1-e^{-t}\bigr). $$
(78)

Next, we will collect the coefficient of \(\varepsilon r_{1}\), and the form of \(h_{1}(t)\) is

$$ h_{1}^{iv}+h_{1}''' = \alpha h_{0}'''+g_{1}'h_{0}''+g_{1}''h_{0}'-g_{1}h_{0}'''-g_{1}'''h_{0}. $$
(79)

With (79), we can obtain

$$ h_{1}^{iv}+h_{1}''' = 2\alpha e^{-t}+4te^{-t}. $$
(80)

The solution of Eq. (80) that is satisfied with the conditions at \(t=0\) is

$$ h_{1}(t) = -\bigl(2t^{2}+12t+2\alpha t+C_{1}+6 \alpha+24\bigr) e^{-t}+\frac{C_{2} t^{2} }{2}+C_{3}t+C_{4}, $$
(81)

where \(C_{1}\), \(C_{2}\), \(C_{3}\), and \(C_{4}\) are constants. Combining Eq. (80) with Eq. (70) and collecting the coefficients of \(r \varepsilon^{2}\), we can get

$$ C_{1}=-4\alpha-10,\qquad C_{2}=6,\qquad C_{3}=-2, \qquad C_{4}=2\alpha+14, $$
(82)

and therefore

$$ h_{1}(t) = -\bigl(2t^{2}+12t+2\alpha t+2\alpha+14\bigr) e^{-t}+3 t^{2} -2t+2\alpha +14. $$
(83)

In the same way, the equation for \(h_{2}(t)\) is obtained as follows:

$$\begin{aligned} h_{2}^{iv}+h_{2}''' =& -3\alpha h_{0}''-\alpha t h_{0}'''+\alpha h_{1}'''+g_{1}' h_{1}''+g_{2}' h_{0}''+g_{2}'' h_{0}' \\ &{}+g_{1}'' h_{1}'-g_{1} h_{1}'''-g_{2} h_{0}'''-g_{2}''' h_{0}-g_{1}''' h_{1}. \end{aligned}$$
(84)

The equation for \(h_{2}(t)\) is

$$ h_{2}^{iv}+h_{2}''' = \bigl(6\alpha t^{2}+2\alpha^{2} t-6\alpha t-4\alpha-4\alpha ^{2}+3t^{3}-3t^{2}-10t-6\bigr)e^{-t}+12e^{-2t}-6. $$
(85)

In a similar way, we can obtain the solution for \(h_{2}(t)\), the forms are as follows:

$$\begin{aligned} h_{2}(t) =& -4\alpha^{2}+52\alpha+\frac{247}{2}-(2 \alpha+14)t-t^{3}-\frac {3}{2}e^{-2t}-e^{-t} \biggl[\frac{3}{4}t^{4}+(2\alpha+8)t^{3} \\ &{} +(40+15\alpha)t^{2} +\bigl(4\alpha^{2}+50\alpha+108 \bigr)t-4\alpha^{2}+52\alpha+125\biggr], \end{aligned}$$
(86)

with

$$ w_{2}=2\alpha+14,\qquad w_{3}=-4\alpha^{2}+52 \alpha+\frac{247}{3}. $$
(87)

6 Comparison of the numerical and the modified analytic solutions

Through comparing two of its main feature with numerical results, we will check on the accuracy of the modified solution. This is not the case in the ordinary numerical, but \(g'''(\eta)\) at \(\eta=0\) is

$$\begin{aligned} g'''(\eta)|_{\eta=0} \approx&\pm \biggl(\frac{2}{\pi\varepsilon^{7}}\biggr)^{\frac {1}{4}}e^{-\frac{1+\varepsilon^{-1}}{4}} \biggl[1- \varepsilon\biggl(\frac{5}{4}+\frac{7\alpha}{4}\biggr)- \varepsilon^{2}\biggl(\frac{253}{32}-\frac{17\alpha^{2}}{32}+ \frac{85\alpha }{16}\biggr) \\ &{} -\varepsilon^{3}\biggl(\frac{82\text{,}621}{1152}-\frac{41\alpha^{3}}{348}+ \frac{261\alpha^{2}}{128}+ \frac{3653\alpha}{128}\biggr)+o\bigl(\varepsilon^{3} \bigr)\biggr], \end{aligned}$$
(88)

which, in terms of Re, is

$$\begin{aligned} &=\mp\biggl(\frac{2|\mathit{Re}|^{7}}{\pi}\biggr)^{\frac{1}{4}}e^{-\frac{1-\mathit{Re}}{4}} \biggl[1+ \frac{1}{\mathit{Re}}\biggl(\frac{5}{4}+\frac{7\alpha}{4}\biggr)- \frac{1}{\mathit{Re}^{2}}\biggl(\frac{253}{32}-\frac{17\alpha^{2}}{32}+ \frac{85\alpha }{16}\biggr) \\ &\quad {} +\frac{1}{\mathit{Re}^{3}}\biggl(\frac{82\text{,}621}{1152}-\frac{41\alpha^{3}}{348} + \frac{261\alpha^{2}}{128}+ \frac{3653\alpha}{128}\biggr)+o\biggl(\frac{1}{\mathit{Re}^{3}}\biggr) \biggr]. \end{aligned}$$
(89)

identically zero, for the ordinary outer solution Eq. (20). Combining Eq. (25) with Eq. (39), we can get the numerical results about the inner solution, i.e.

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl[g'''(\eta)\bigr]_{\eta=1} =& \varepsilon^{-2}\bigl[g''(t) \bigr]_{t=0} \\ =&-\biggl[\frac {1}{\varepsilon}-1-\alpha-\biggl(\frac{13}{2}-\alpha\biggr) \varepsilon- \biggl(\alpha^{3}+3\alpha^{2}+16\alpha+ \frac{677}{12}\biggr)\varepsilon^{2}+o\bigl(\varepsilon ^{2}\bigr)\biggr], \end{aligned}$$
(90)

which, in terms of Re, is

$$ =-\biggl[-\mathit{Re}-1-\alpha+\biggl(\frac{13}{2}-\alpha\biggr) \frac{1}{\mathit{Re}}- \biggl(\alpha^{3}+3\alpha^{2}+16\alpha+ \frac{677}{12}\biggr)\frac{1}{\mathit{Re}^{2}}+o\biggl(\frac {1}{\mathit{Re}^{2}}\biggr) \biggr]. $$
(91)

We can get the two results \(g''(\eta)\) at \(\eta=1\) for the modified inner solution Eq. (64), which is a combination of Eq. (91) and a correction because of the exponentially small terms. The correction is

$$ \frac{r \varepsilon}{\varepsilon ^{2}}\bigl[h_{0}''(0)+h_{1}''(0)+h_{2}''(0) \bigr]+o(r), $$
(92)

which

$$\begin{aligned}& =\mp\frac{1}{6}\biggl(\frac{2}{\pi}\biggr)^{\frac{1}{4}}| \mathit{Re}|^{\frac{11}{4}}e^{-\frac {1-\mathit{Re}}{4}} \biggl[1+\frac{1}{\mathit{Re}}\biggl( \frac{5}{4}+\frac{7\alpha}{4}\biggr)- \frac{1}{\mathit{Re}^{2}}\biggl( \frac{253}{32}-\frac{17\alpha^{2}}{32}+\frac{85\alpha}{16}\biggr) \\& \quad{} + \frac{1}{\mathit{Re}^{3}}\biggl(\frac{82\text{,}621}{1152} -\frac{41\alpha^{3}}{348}+ \frac{261\alpha^{2}}{128}+ \frac{3653\alpha}{128}\biggr)\biggr] \\& \quad {}\times\biggl[-2-\frac{2\alpha+12}{\mathit{Re}}+\frac{-6\alpha ^{2}+22\alpha+17}{\mathit{Re}^{2}}+\cdots \biggr]+o(r). \end{aligned}$$
(93)

In Table 1 numerical results for \(g'''(\eta)\) at \(\eta= 0\) are compared with the analytic values obtained by (89). As observed in Table 1, these results appear to be more accurate for Section I (or II) solutions when the value of \(|\mathit{Re}|\) is increased.

Table 1 Numerical values of \(g'''(\eta)\) at \(\eta= 0\), for various Re in different sections, compared with the analytical formula (89)

The numerical results are compared with the analytic results in Table 2, which include the exponentially small correction. As seen in Table 2, the asymptotic solutions agree well with the numerical ones, indicating that our results are valid.

Table 2 Numerical values of \(g''(\eta)\) at \(\eta= 1\) for various values of Re compared with the analytic results obtained from (91) with the exponentially small correction (93)

7 Conclusions

In this paper, through modifying outer and inner solutions, we have successfully constructed asymptotic solutions for the BVP (15)–(16). Based on numerical solutions with bvp4c, the accuracy of these asymptotic solutions is also easily verified. Here the idea of obtaining multiple solutions with considering exponentially small terms can also better understand the flow phenomenon.

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Huang, Q., Li, L. & Ouyang, Z. Asymptotic solutions on multiple solutions arising from laminar flow in a uniformly porous channel with expanding or contracting walls. Bound Value Probl 2019, 39 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-019-1148-6

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