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Global Behavior for a Diffusive Predator-Prey Model with Stage Structure and Nonlinear Density Restriction-I: The Case in

Boundary Value Problems volume 2009, Article number: 378763 (2009) Cite this article

Abstract

This paper deals with a Holling type III diffusive predator-prey model with stage structure and nonlinear density restriction in the space . We first consider the asymptotical stability of equilibrium points for the model of ODE type. Then, the existence and uniform boundedness of global solutions and stability of the equilibrium points for the model of weakly coupled reaction-diffusion type are discussed. Finally, the global existence and the convergence of solutions for the model of cross-diffusion type are investigated when the space dimension is less than 6.

1. Introduction

Population models with stage structure have been investigated by many researchers, and various methods and techniques have been used to study the existence and qualitative properties of solutions [1–9]. However, most of the discussions in these works are devoted to either systems of ODE or weakly coupled systems of reaction-diffusion equations. In this paper we investigate the global existence and convergence of solutions for a strongly coupled cross-diffusion predator-prey model with stage structure and nonlinear density restriction. Nonlinear problems of this kind are quite difficult to deal with since the usual idea to apply maximum principle arguments to get priori estimates cannot be used here [10].

Consider the following predator-prey model with stage-structure:

(1.1)

where , denote the density of the immature and mature population of the prey, respectively, is the density of the predator. For the prey, the immature population is nonlinear density restriction. is assumed to consume with Holling type III functional response and contributes to its growth with rate . For more details on the backgrounds of this model see references [11, 12].

Using the scaling and redenoting by , we can reduce the system (1.1) to

(1.2)

where

To take into account the natural tendency of each species to diffuse, we are led to the following PDE system of reaction-diffusion type:

(1.3)

where is a bounded domain in with smooth boundary , is the outward unit normal vector on , and . are nonnegative smooth functions on . The diffusion coefficients are positive constants. The homogeneous Neumann boundary condition indicates that system (1.3) is self-contained with zero population flux across the boundary. The knowledge for system (1.3) is limited (see [13–17]).

In the recent years there has been considerable interest to investigate the global behavior for models of interacting populations with linear density restriction by taking into account the effect of self-as well as cross-diffusion [18–26]. In this paper we are led to the following cross-diffusion system:

(1.4)

where are the diffusion rates of the three species, respectively. are referred as self-diffusion pressures, and is cross-diffusion pressure. The term self-diffusion implies the movement of individuals from a higher to a lower concentration region. Cross-diffusion expresses the population fluxes of one species due to the presence of the other species. The value of the cross-diffusion coefficient may be positive, negative, or zero. The term positive cross-diffusion coefficient denotes the movement of the species in the direction of lower concentration of another species and negative cross-diffusion coefficient denotes that one species tends to diffuse in the direction of higher concentration of another species [27]. For , problem (1.4) becomes strongly coupled with a full diffusion matrix. As far as the authors are aware, very few results are known for cross-diffusion systems with stage-structure.

The main purpose of this paper is to study the asymptotic behavior of the solutions for the reaction-diffusion system (1.3), the global existence, and the convergence of solutions for the cross-diffusion system (1.4). The paper will be organized as follows. In Section 2 a linear stability analysis of equilibrium points for the ODE system (1.2) is given. In Section 3 the uniform bound of the solution and stability of the equilibrium points to the weakly coupled system (1.3) are proved. Section 4 deals with the existence and the convergence of global solutions for the strongly coupled system (1.4).

2. Global Stability for System (1.2)

Let . If , then (1.2) has semitrivial equilibria , where . To discuss the existence of the positive equilibrium point of (1.2), we give the following assumptions:

(2.1)

where . Let one curve : , and the other curve : . Obviously, passes the point . Noting that attains its maximum at , thus when , . has the asymptote and passes the point . In this case, and have unique intersection , as shown in Figure 1. is the unique positive equilibrium point of (1.2), where , , . In addition, the restriction of the existence of the positive equilibrium can be removed, if .

figure 1

Figure 1

The Jacobian matrix of the equilibrium is

(2.2)

The characteristic equation of () is . is a saddle for . In addition, the dimensions of the local unstable and stable manifold of are 1 and 2, respectively. is locally asymptotically stable for .

The Jacobian matrix of the equilibrium is

(2.3)

where . The characteristic equation of () is , where

(2.4)

According to Routh-Hurwitz criterion, is locally asymptotically stable for and , that is, and .

The Jacobian matrix of the equilibrium is

(2.5)

where

(2.6)

The characteristic equation of () is , where

(2.7)

According to Routh-Hurwitz criterion, is locally asymptotically stable for . Obviously, can be checked by (2.1).

Now we discuss the global stability of equilibrium points for (1.2).

Theorem 2.1.

  1. (i)

    Assume that (2.1),

    (2.8)

hold, then the equilibrium point of (1.2) is globally asymptotically stable.

  1. (ii)

    Assume that , and hold, then the equilibrium point of (1.2) is globally asymptotically stable.

  2. (iii)

    Assume that holds, then the equilibrium point of (1.2) is globally asymptotically stable.

Proof.

  1. (i)

    Define the Lyapunov function

    (2.9)

Calculating the derivative of along the positive solution of (1.2), we have

(2.10)

When , the minimum of and is and 0, respectively; the maximum of is are and , respectively. Thus, when (2.8) hold, According to the Lyapunov-LaSalle invariance principle [28], is globally asymptotically stable if (2.1)–(2.3) hold.

  1. (ii)

    Let

    (2.11)

Then

(2.12)

Noting that the maximum of is , and , we find . Therefore,

  1. (iii)

    Let

    (2.13)

then

(2.14)

Thus, for . This completes the proof of Theorem 2.1.

3. Global Behavior of System (1.3)

In this section we discuss the existence, uniform boundedness of global solutions, and the stability of constant equilibrium solutions for the weakly coupled reaction-diffusion system (1.3). In particular, the unstability results in Section 2 also hold for system (1.3) because solutions of (1.2) are also solutions of (1.3).

Theorem 3.1.

Let be nonnegative smooth functions on . Then system (1.3) has a unique nonnegative solution , and

(3.1)

on . In particular, if , then for all .

Proof.

It is easily seen that is sufficiently smooth in and possesses a mixed quasimonotone property in . In addition, and are a pair of lower-upper solutions of problem (1.3) (cf. in (3.1)). From [29, Theorem  5.3.4], we conclude that (1.3) exists a unique classical solution satisfying (3.1). According to strong maximum principle, it follows that . So the proof of the Theorem is completed.

Remark 3.2.

When (namely ), system (1.3) reduces to a system in which the immature population of the prey is linear density restriction. Similar to the proof of Theorem 3.1, we have

(3.2)

Now we show the local and global stability of constant equilibrium solutions for (1.3), respectively.

Theorem 3.3.

  1. (i)

    Assume that (2.1) holds, then the equilibrium point of (1.3) is locally asymptotically stable.

  2. (ii)

    Assume that , , and hold, then the equilibrium point of (1.3) is locally asymptotically stable.

  3. (iii)

    Assume that holds, then the equilibrium point of (1.3) is locally asymptotically stable.

Proof.

Let be the eigenvalues of the operator on with Neumann boundary condition, and let be the eigenspace corresponding to in . Let

(3.3)

where is an orthonormal basis of , then

(3.4)

Let , , where

(3.5)

The linearization of (1.3) is at . For each , is invariant under the operator L, and is an eigenvalue of L on , if and only if is an eigenvalue of the matrix . The characteristic equation is , where

(3.6)

From Routh-Hurwitz criterion, we can see that three eigenvalues (denoted by , , ) all have negative real parts if and only if . Noting that , we must have . It is easy to check that if (see Section 2).

We can conclude that there exists a positive constant , such that

(3.7)

In fact, let , then

(3.8)

Since as , it follows that

(3.9)

Clearly, has the three roots . Let . By continuity, there exists such that the three roots of satisfy

(3.10)

Let , then . Let , then (3.7) holds. According to [30, Theorem  5.1.1], we have the locally asymptotically stability of .

  1. (ii)

    The linearization of (1.4) is at , where , and

    (3.11)

The characteristic equation of is , where

(3.12)

The three roots of all have negative real parts for and . Namely, is the locally asymptotically stable, if and .

  1. (iii)

    The linearization of (1.3) is at , where , and

    (3.13)

Similar to (i), is locally asymptotically stable, when .

Remark 3.4.

When denote . If , then (1.3) has the semitrivial equilibrium point , where . If , then (1.3) has a unique positive equilibrium point . Similar as Theorem 3.3, we have the following.

(i)If , , and (namely, , , ), then is locally asymptotically stable.

(ii)If and , then is locally asymptotically stable.

(iii)If , then is locally asymptotically stable.

Before discussing the global stability, we give an important lemma which has been proved in [31, Lemma ] or in [32, Lemma ].

Lemma 3.5.

Let be positive constants. Assume that , , and is bounded from below. If and for some positive constant , then

Theorem 3.6.

  1. (i)

    Assume that (2.1),

    (3.14)

hold, then the equilibrium point of system (1.3) is globally asymptotically stable.

  1. (ii)

    Assume that , and hold, then the equilibrium point of system (1.3) is globally asymptotically stable.

(iii)Assume that and hold, then the equilibrium point of system (1.3) is globally asymptotically stable.

Proof.

Let be the unique positive solution of (1.3). By Theorem 3.1, there exists a positive constant C which is independent of and such that , for . By [33, Theorem ],

(3.15)
  1. (i)

    Define the Lyapunov function

    (3.16)

By Theorem 3.1, is defined well for all solutions of (1.3) with the initial functions . It is easily see that and if and only if .

Calculating the derivative of along positive solution of (1.3) by integration by parts and the Cauchy inequality, we have

(3.17)

It is not hard to verify that

(3.18)

if (3.14) hold. Applying Lemma 3.5, we can obtain

(3.19)

Recomputing , we find

(3.20)

From (3.15), we can see that is bounded in , . It follows from Lemma 3.5 and (3.15) that as . Namely,

(3.21)

Using the Pioncaré inequality, we have

(3.22)

where Noting that

(3.23)

according to (3.19) and (3.22), we can see

(3.24)

Thus, there exists as . Applying the boundness of , there exists a subsequence of , denoted still by , such that On the one hand

(3.25)

On the other hand

(3.26)

According to (3.19) to compute the limit of the previous equation and using the uniqueness of the limit, we have , and

(3.27)

It follows from (3.15) that there exists a subsequence of , denoted still by , and nonnegative functions , such that

(3.28)

Applying (3.19)–(3.27), we obtain that , and

(3.29)

In view of Theorem 3.3, we can conclude that is globally asymptotically stable.

  1. (ii)

    Let

    (3.30)

Then

(3.31)

Therefore, It follows that the equilibrium point of (1.3) is globally asymptotically stable.

  1. (iii)

    Define

    (3.32)

Then

(3.33)

When ,

(3.34)

The following proof is similar to (i).

Remark 3.7.

When , Theorem 3.6 shows the following.

  1. (i)

    Assume that ,

    (3.35)

hold, then the equilibrium point of (1.3) is globally asymptotically stable.

  1. (ii)

    Assume that hold, then the equilibrium point of (1.3) is globally asymptotically stable.

  2. (iii)

    Assume that and hold, then the equilibrium point of (1.3) is globally asymptotically stable.

Example 3.8.

Consider the following system:

(3.36)

Using the software Matlab, one can obtain , . It is easy to see that the previous system satisfies the all conditions of Theorem 3.6(i). So the positive equilibrium point (0.5637,0.5637,0.1199) of the previous system is globally asymptotically stable.

4. Global Existence and Stability of Solutions for the System (1.4)

By [34–36], we have the following result.

Theorem 4.1.

If , then (1.4) has a unique nonnegative solution , where is the maximal existence time of the solution. If the solution satisfies the estimate

(4.1)

then . If, in addition, , then

In this section, we consider the existence and the convergence of global solutions to the system (1.4).

Theorem 4.2.

Let and the space dimension . Suppose that are nonnegative functions and satisfy zero Neumann boundary conditions. Then (1.4) has a unique nonnegative solution

In order to prove Theorem 4.2, some preparations are collected firstly.

Lemma 4.3.

Let be a solution of (1.4). Then

(4.2)

where .

Proof.

From the maximum principle for parabolic equations, it is not hard to verify that and is bounded.

Multiplying the second equation of (1.4) by , adding up the first equation of (1.4), and integrating the result over , we obtain

(4.3)

Using Young inequality and Hlder inequality, we have

(4.4)

where It follows from (4.3) and (4.4) that

(4.5)

Thus,

(4.6)

where depends on and coefficients of (1.4). In addition, there exists a positive constant , such that

(4.7)

Integrating the first equation of (1.4) over , we have

(4.8)

Integrating (4.8) from to , we have

(4.9)

According to (4.7), there exists a positive constant , such that

(4.10)

Multiplying the second equation of (1.4) by and integrating it over , we obtain

(4.11)

Integrating the previous inequation from to , we have

(4.12)

Lemma 4.4.

Let be a solution of (1.4), , and . Then there exists a positive constant depending on and , such that

(4.13)

Furthermore and

Proof.

satisfies the equation

(4.14)

where are functions of and so are bounded because of Lemma 4.3.

Multiply the second equation of (1.4) by and integrate it over to obtain

(4.15)

Then

(4.16)

and . From a disposal similar to the proof of Lemma  2.2 in [23], we have . Using a standard embedding result, we obtain

Lemma 4.5 (see [23, Lemmas  2.3 and 2.4]).

Let , , and let be any number which may depend on . Then there is a constant depending on , and such that

(4.17)

for any with for all .

To obtain -estimates of , we establish -estimates of in the following lemma.

Lemma 4.6.

Let , , then there exist positive constants and , such that

(4.18)

Proof.

Multiply the first equation of (1.4) by for and integrate by parts over to obtain

(4.19)

Integrating (4.19) from 0 to , we have

(4.20)

Then substitution of , into (4.20) leads to

(4.21)

It follows from Hlder inequality and Lemma 4.3 that

(4.22)

Note that , and for . From Hlder inequality, Young inequality, and Lemma 4.4, we have

(4.23)

Substitution of (4.22) and (4.23) into (4.21) leads to

(4.24)

where is arbitrary and .

Choose such that

(4.25)

then it follows from (4.24) that

(4.26)

Let

(4.27)

Then for

(4.28)

According to Lemma 4.5 and the definition of , we can see

(4.29)

Combining (4.26) and (4.29), we have

(4.30)

where . Therefore is bounded from (4.30).

From (4.29), we have . Namely, , . Combining (4.28), we have , where .

Setting in (4.20) (it is easily checked that , i.e., ), we have .

Multiplying the second equation of (1.4) by and integrating it over , we have

(4.31)

The result of can be obtained from an analogue of the previous proof of 's.

Lemma 4.7.

Let , then there exists a positive constant such that

(4.32)

Proof.

We will prove this lemma by [37, Theorem  7.1, page 181]. At first, we rewrite the first two equations of (1.4) as

(4.33)

where , , , is symbol. It follows from Lemma 4.6 that , .

By the third equation of (1.4), we have

(4.34)

It follows from Lemma 4.3 that is bounded in . Applying Theorem [37, Page 204] to (4.34), we have

(4.35)

Recall that satisfy (4.14) in Lemma 4.4, that is,

(4.36)

where is bounded. Since by (4.35), applying Theorem [37, page 341-342] to (4.36), we have

(4.37)

It follows from [37, Lemma , page 80] that and so . Recall from Lemma 4.6 that , so that by applying Theorem [37, Page 181] to (4.33).

Proof of Theorem 4.2.

Firstly, Theorem 4.2 can be proved in a similar way as Theorem in [21, 25] when the space dimension .

Secondly, for , applying Lemma [37, Page 80] to (4.36), we have

(4.38)

Since , we obtain

(4.39)

The first two equations can be written in the divergence form as

(4.40)

where . It follows from Lemmas 4.1, 4.5, and (4.39) that are bounded. Thus applying Theorem [37, Page 204] to (4.40) leads to

(4.41)

We rewrite the third equation of (1.4) as

(4.42)

where . Applying Schauder estimate [29, Theorem , page 114] to (4.42) gives

(4.43)

Let

(4.44)

then

(4.45)

where , . From (4.41), we have . It follows from (4.41) and (4.43) that . Applying Schauder estimate to (4.45) gives

(4.46)

Solving equations (4.44) for , respectively, we have

(4.47)

In particular, to conclude , we need to repeat the above bootstrap technique. Since is arbitrary, so the classical solution of (1.4) exists globally in time.

Now we discuss the global stability of the positive equilibrium (see Section 2) for (1.4).

Theorem 4.8.

Assume that the all conditions in Theorem 4.2, (2.1), and

(4.48)

hold. Let be the unique positive equilibrium point of (1.4), and let be a positive solution for (1.4). Then

(4.49)

provided that is large enough.

Proof.

Define the Lyapunov function

(4.50)

Let be a positive solution of (1.4), Then

(4.51)

The first integrand in the right hand of the previous inequality is positive definite if

(4.52)

Therefore, when the all conditions in Theorem 4.8 hold, there exists a positive constant such that

(4.53)

This implies that . So the proof of Theorem 4.8 is completed.

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Acknowledgments

This work has been partially supported by the China National Natural Science Foundation (no. 10871160), the NSF of Gansu Province (no. 096RJZA118), the Scientific Research Fund of Gansu Provincial Education Department, and NWNU-KJCXGC-03-47 Foundation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mathematics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China

    Rui Zhang

  2. Department of Mathematics, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China

    Ling Guo & Shengmao Fu

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Zhang, R., Guo, L. & Fu, S. Global Behavior for a Diffusive Predator-Prey Model with Stage Structure and Nonlinear Density Restriction-I: The Case in . Bound Value Probl 2009, 378763 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/378763

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