Global existence and uniform decay for the one-dimensional model of thermodiffusion with second sound

Ming Zhang; Yuming Qin

doi:10.1186/1687-2770-2013-222

Impact Factor 0.819

Research

Open Access

Global existence and uniform decay for the one-dimensional model of thermodiffusion with second sound

Ming Zhang¹Email author and
Yuming Qin²

Boundary Value Problems20132013:222

https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2013-222

Received: 19 June 2013

Accepted: 4 September 2013

Published: 7 November 2013

Abstract

In this paper, we investigate an initial boundary value problem for the one-dimensional linear model of thermodiffusion with second sound in a bounded region. Using the semigroup approach, boundary control and the multiplier method, we obtain the existence of global solutions and the uniform decay estimates for the energy.

MSC: 35B40, 35M13, 35Q79.

Keywords

thermodiffusion second sound global existence exponential decay

1 Introduction

In this paper, we investigate the global existence and uniform decay rate of the energy for solutions for the one-dimensional model of thermodiffusion with second sound:

ρ u_{t t} - (λ + 2 μ) u_{x x} + γ_{1} θ_{1 x} + γ_{2} θ_{2 x} = 0 in (0, 1) \times (0, + \infty),

(1.1)

c θ_{1 t} + \sqrt{k} q_{1 x} + γ_{1} u_{t x} + d θ_{2 t} = 0 in (0, 1) \times (0, + \infty),

(1.2)

n θ_{2 t} + \sqrt{D} q_{2 x} + γ_{2} u_{t x} + d θ_{1 t} = 0 in (0, 1) \times (0, + \infty),

(1.3)

τ_{1} q_{1 t} + q_{1} + \sqrt{k} θ_{1 x} = 0 in (0, 1) \times (0, + \infty),

(1.4)

τ_{2} q_{2 t} + q_{2} + \sqrt{D} θ_{2 x} = 0 in (0, 1) \times (0, + \infty),

(1.5)

together with the initial conditions

{\begin{matrix} u (x, 0) = u_{0} (x), u_{t} (x, 0) = u_{1} (x), \\ θ_{1} (x, 0) = θ_{1}^{0} (x), θ_{2} (x, 0) = θ_{2}^{0} (x), \\ q_{1} (x, 0) = q_{1}^{0} (x), q_{2} (x, 0) = q_{2}^{0} (x), \end{matrix}

(1.6)

and the boundary conditions

u (x, t) |_{x = 0, 1} = θ_{1} (x, t) |_{x = 0, 1} = θ_{2} (x, t) |_{x = 0, 1} = 0,

(1.7)

where u, $θ_{1}$ , and $q_{1}$ are the displacement, temperature, and heat flux, $θ_{2}$ , and $q_{2}$ are the chemical potentials and the associated flux. The boundary conditions (1.7) model a rigidly clamped medium with temperature and chemical potentials held constant on the boundary.

Here, we denote by λ, μ the material constants, ρ the density,

γ_{1}

,

γ_{2}

the coefficients of thermal and diffusion dilatation, k, D the coefficients of thermal conductivity, n, c, d the coefficients of thermodiffusion, and

τ_{1}

,

τ_{2}

the (in general very small) relaxation time. All the coefficients above are positive constants and satisfy the condition

n c - d^{2} > 0 .

(1.8)

The classical thermodiffusion equations were first given by Nowacki [1, 2] in 1971. The equations describe the process of thermodiffusion in a solid body (see, e.g., [1–5]):

{\begin{matrix} ρ u_{t t} - (λ + 2 μ) u_{x x} + γ_{1} θ_{1 x} + γ_{2} θ_{2 x} = 0, \\ c θ_{1 t} - k θ_{1 x x} + γ_{1} u_{t x} + d θ_{2 t} = 0, \\ n θ_{2 t} - D θ_{2 x x} + γ_{2} u_{t x} + d θ_{1 t} = 0 . \end{matrix}

(1.9)

There are many results about the classical thermodiffusion equations. By the method of integral transformations and integral equations, Nowacki [2], Podstrigach [6] and Fichera [7] investigated the initial boundary value problem for the linear homogeneous system. Gawinecki [8] proved the existence, uniqueness and regularity of solutions to an initial boundary value problem for the linear system of thermodiffusion in a solid body. Szymaniec [5] proved the $L^{p}$ - $L^{q}$ time decay estimates along the conjugate line for the solutions of the linear thermodiffusion system. Using the results from [5], Szymaniec [9] obtained the global existence and uniqueness of small data solutions to the Cauchy problem of nonlinear thermodiffusion equations in a solid body. Using the semigroup approach and the multiplier method, Qin et al. [4] obtained the global existence and exponential stability of solutions for homogeneous, nonhomogeneous and semilinear thermodiffusion equations subject to various boundary conditions. Liu and Reissig [3] studied the Cauchy problem for one-dimensional models of thermodiffusion and explained qualitative properties of solutions and showed which part of the model has a dominant influence on wellposedness, propagation of singularities, $L^{p}$ - $L^{q}$ decay estimates on the conjugate line and the diffusion phenomenon.

If we neglect the diffusion in (1.9), then we obtain the classical thermo-elasticity equations. Today models of type I (classical model of thermo-elasticity), of type II (thermal wave), of type III (visco-elastic damping) or second sound present some classification of models of thermo-elasticity (see, e.g., [3, 10, 11]). By considerations of the total energy equation and comparisons with the models of classical thermo-elasticity and thermodiffusion, we shall propose the linear one-dimensional model of thermodiffusion with second sound as mentioned above. Due to our knowledge, there exist no results for thermodiffusion models with second sound.

Our paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present some notations and the main result. Section 3 is devoted to the proof of the main result.

2 Notations and main result

Let

Ω = (0, 1)

and

\begin{aligned} L_{*}^{2} (Ω) = {y \in L^{2} (Ω) | \int_{0}^{1} y (x) d x = 0}, \\ H_{*}^{1} (Ω) = {y \in H^{1} (Ω) | \int_{0}^{1} y (x) d x = 0} . \end{aligned}

(2.1)

The associated first-order and second-order energy is defined by

\begin{aligned} E_{1} (t) & \equiv E_{1} (t; u_{x}, u_{t}, θ_{1}, θ_{2}, q_{1}, q_{2}) \\ : = \frac{1}{2} \int_{0}^{1} ((λ + 2 μ) u_{x}^{2} + ρ u_{t}^{2} + c θ_{1}^{2} + n θ_{2}^{2} + τ_{1} q_{1}^{2} + τ_{2} q_{2}^{2} + 2 d θ_{1} θ_{2}) d x, \end{aligned}

(2.2)

E_{2} (t) : = E_{1} (t; u_{x t}, u_{t t}, θ_{1 t}, θ_{2 t}, q_{1 t}, q_{2 t}) .

(2.3)

The energy

E (t)

is defined by

E (t) : = E_{1} (t) + E_{2} (t) .

(2.4)

Our main result reads as follows.

Theorem 2.1 Assume that

u_{0} \in H^{2} (Ω) \cap H_{0}^{1} (Ω)

,

u_{1} \in H_{0}^{1} (Ω)

,

θ_{1}^{0}, θ_{2}^{0} \in H^{2} (Ω) \cap H_{0}^{1} (Ω)

,

q_{1}^{0}, q_{2}^{0} \in H^{2} (Ω) \cap H_{*}^{1} (Ω)

. Then problem (1.1)-(1.7) has a unique global solution such that

\begin{matrix} u (t) \in C^{2} ([0, + \infty), L^{2} (Ω)) \cap C^{1} ([0, + \infty), H_{0}^{1} (Ω)) \cap C ([0, + \infty), H^{2} (Ω) \cap H_{0}^{1} (Ω)), \\ θ_{1} (t), θ_{2} (t) \in C^{1} ([0, + \infty), L^{2} (Ω)) \cap C ([0, + \infty), H^{2} (Ω) \cap H_{0}^{1} (Ω)), \\ q_{1} (t), q_{2} (t) \in C^{1} ([0, + \infty), H_{*}^{1} (Ω)) \cap C ([0, + \infty), H^{2} (Ω) \cap H_{*}^{1} (Ω)) . \end{matrix}

Moreover, the associated energy

E (t)

defined by (2.4) decays exponentially, i.e., there exist positive constants

c_{0}

and

C_{0}

such that

E (t) \leq C_{0} e^{- c_{0} t} E (0), \forall t > 0 .

(2.5)

Remark 2.1 If the initial value $(u_{0}, u_{1}, θ_{1}^{0}, θ_{2}^{0}, q_{1}^{0}, q_{2}^{0}) \in D (A^{n})$ , $n \in N$ , ( $D (A^{n})$ will be defined later), then the solution $(u, u_{t}, θ_{1}, θ_{2}, q_{1}, q_{2}) \in C ([0, + \infty), D (A^{n}))$ , and problem (1.1)-(1.7) yields higher regularity in t.

3 Proof of the main result

We shall divide the proof into two steps: in Step 1, we shall use the semigroup approach to prove the existence of global solutions and the Remark 2.1; Step 2 is devoted to proving the uniform decay of the energy by the boundary control and the multiplier method.

Step 1. Existence of global solutions.

The proof is based on the semigroup approach (see [4, 12]) that can be used to reduce problem (1.1)-(1.7) to an abstract initial value problem for a first-order evolution equation. In order to choose proper space for (1.1)-(1.7), we shall consider the static system associated with them (see [4]). Considering the energy and the property of operator A, we can choose the following state space and the domain of operator A for problem (1.1)-(1.7):

H = H_{0}^{1} (Ω) \times {(L^{2} (Ω))}^{3} \times {(H_{*}^{1} (Ω))}^{2},

(3.1)

D (A) = (H^{2} (Ω) \cap H_{0}^{1} (Ω)) \times H_{0}^{1} (Ω) \times {(H^{2} (Ω) \cap H_{0}^{1} (Ω))}^{2} \times {(H^{2} (Ω) \cap H_{*}^{1} (Ω))}^{2} .

(3.2)

Using the same method as in [4, 12], we can prove that the operator A generates a

C_{0}

-semigroup of contractions on the Hilbert space H. Define

D (A^{k}) = {y | y \in D (A^{k - 1}), A u \in D (A^{k - 1}), k \in N} .

Then by Theorem 2.3.1 of [13] about the existence and regularities of solutions, we can complete the proof.

Step 2. Uniform decay of the energy.

In this section, we shall assume the existence of solutions in the Sobolev spaces that we need for our computations. The proof of uniform decay is difficult. It is necessary to construct a suitable Lyapunov function and to combine various techniques from energy method, multiplier approaches and boundary control (see [10, 11]). We mainly refer to Racke [11] for the approaches of thermo-elastic models with second sound.

Multiplying (1.1) by

u_{t}

, (1.2) by

θ_{1}

, (1.3) by

θ_{2}

, (1.4) by

q_{1}

, and (1.5) by

q_{2}

in

L^{2}

, respectively, and summing up the results, yields

\frac{d}{d t} E_{1} (t) = - \int_{0}^{1} (q_{1}^{2} + q_{2}^{2}) d x .

(3.3)

Similarly, we can get

\frac{d}{d t} E_{2} (t) = - \int_{0}^{1} (q_{1 t}^{2} + q_{2 t}^{2}) d x .

(3.4)

Multiplying (1.1) by

\frac{1}{λ + 2 μ} u_{x x}

in

L^{2}

, we get

\begin{aligned} \frac{2}{3} \int_{0}^{1} u_{x x}^{2} d x + \frac{ρ}{λ + 2 μ} \frac{d}{d t} (\int_{0}^{1} u_{t x} u_{x} d x) \\ \leq \frac{ρ \int_{0}^{1} u_{t x}^{2} d x}{λ + 2 μ} + \frac{3 \int_{0}^{1} (γ_{1}^{2} θ_{1 x}^{2} + γ_{2}^{2} θ_{2 x}^{2}) d x}{2 {(λ + 2 μ)}^{2}} . \end{aligned}

(3.5)

Multiplying (1.2) by

\frac{3 ρ}{2 (λ + 2 μ) γ_{1}} u_{t x}

, (1.3) by

\frac{3 ρ}{2 (λ + 2 μ) γ_{2}} u_{t x}

in

L^{2}

and summing them up, yields

\begin{aligned} \frac{3 ρ}{λ + 2 μ} \int_{0}^{1} u_{t x}^{2} d x \\ \leq \frac{d}{d t} G_{1} (t) + \frac{1}{6} \int_{0}^{1} u_{x x}^{2} d x + h_{1} \int_{0}^{1} θ_{1 x}^{2} d x + h_{2} \int_{0}^{1} θ_{2 x}^{2} d x + h_{3} \int_{0}^{1} θ_{1 x} θ_{2 x} d x \\ + \frac{81 ρ^{2} k}{4 {(λ + 2 μ)}^{2} γ_{1}^{2}} \int_{0}^{1} q_{1 t}^{2} d x + \frac{81 ρ^{2} D}{4 {(λ + 2 μ)}^{2} γ_{2}^{2}} \int_{0}^{1} q_{2 t}^{2} d x \\ - \frac{3 ρ \sqrt{k}}{2 (λ + 2 μ) γ_{1}} {[q_{1} u_{t x}]}_{x = 0}^{x = 1} - \frac{3 ρ \sqrt{D}}{2 (λ + 2 μ) γ_{2}} {[q_{2} u_{t x}]}_{x = 0}^{x = 1}, \end{aligned}

(3.6)

where

\begin{matrix} \begin{aligned} G_{1} (t) : = & \frac{3 ρ \sqrt{k}}{2 {(λ + 2 μ)}^{2} γ_{1}} \int_{0}^{1} (\frac{ρ \sqrt{k}}{γ_{1}} q_{1} u_{t t} + \frac{ρ \sqrt{D}}{γ_{2}} q_{2} u_{t t} - τ_{1} q_{1} q_{1 t} - q_{1}^{2} - q_{2}^{2} - \frac{ρ k + ρ D}{\sqrt{k D}} q_{1} q_{2} \\ - τ_{2} q_{2} q_{2 t} - \frac{\sqrt{k} τ_{2}}{\sqrt{D}} q_{1} q_{2 t} - \frac{\sqrt{D} τ_{1}}{\sqrt{k}} q_{2} q_{1 t}) d x - \frac{3 ρ}{2 (λ + 2 μ) γ_{1} γ_{2}} \\ \times \int_{0}^{1} [\frac{c γ_{2} + d γ_{1}}{\sqrt{k}} (q_{1} u_{t} + τ_{1} q_{1 t} u_{t}) + \frac{d γ_{2} + n γ_{1}}{\sqrt{D}} (q_{2} u_{t} + τ_{2} q_{2 t} u_{t})] d x, \end{aligned} \\ h_{3} : = \frac{3}{λ + 2 μ} (\frac{c γ_{2}}{2 γ_{1}} + \frac{n γ_{1}}{2 γ_{2}} + d), h_{1} : = \frac{3}{2} (\frac{c}{λ + 2 μ} + \frac{d γ_{1}}{γ_{2}}) + \frac{81}{4} (\frac{c^{2}}{γ_{1}^{2}} + \frac{d^{2}}{γ_{2}^{2}}), \\ h_{2} : = \frac{3}{2} (\frac{n}{λ + 2 μ} + \frac{d γ_{2}}{γ_{1}}) + \frac{81}{4} (\frac{d^{2}}{γ_{1}^{2}} + \frac{n^{2}}{γ_{2}^{2}}) . \end{matrix}

Combining (3.5) with (3.6), we get

\begin{aligned} \frac{2 ρ}{λ + 2 μ} \int_{0}^{1} u_{t x}^{2} d x + \frac{1}{2} \int_{0}^{1} u_{x x}^{2} d x + \frac{d}{d t} (- G_{1} (t) + \frac{ρ}{λ + 2 μ} \int_{0}^{1} u_{t x} u_{x} d x) \\ \leq \frac{81 ρ^{2} k}{4 {(λ + 2 μ)}^{2} γ_{1}^{2}} \int_{0}^{1} q_{1 t}^{2} d x + (h_{1} + \frac{h_{3}}{2} + \frac{3 γ_{1}^{2}}{2 {(λ + 2 μ)}^{2}}) \int_{0}^{1} θ_{1 x}^{2} d x \\ + \frac{81 ρ^{2} D}{4 {(λ + 2 μ)}^{2} γ_{2}^{2}} \int_{0}^{1} q_{2 t}^{2} d x + (h_{2} + \frac{h_{3}}{2} + \frac{3 γ_{2}^{2}}{2 {(λ + 2 μ)}^{2}}) \int_{0}^{1} θ_{2 x}^{2} d x \\ - \frac{3 ρ \sqrt{k}}{2 (λ + 2 μ) γ_{1}} {[q_{1} u_{t x}]}_{x = 0}^{x = 1} - \frac{3 ρ \sqrt{D}}{2 (λ + 2 μ) γ_{2}} {[q_{2} u_{t x}]}_{x = 0}^{x = 1} . \end{aligned}

(3.7)

Now, we conclude from (1.1), (1.4), (1.5) and Poincaré inequality

\begin{aligned} \int_{0}^{1} (u_{t}^{2} + u_{t t}^{2} + θ_{1}^{2} + θ_{2}^{2}) d x \\ \leq \frac{2 {(λ + 2 μ)}^{2}}{ρ^{2}} \int_{0}^{1} u_{x x}^{2} d x + \frac{2}{D} (\frac{2 γ_{2}^{2}}{ρ^{2}} + \frac{1}{π^{2}}) \int_{0}^{1} (q_{2}^{2} + τ_{2}^{2} q_{2 t}^{2}) d x \\ + \frac{1}{π^{2}} \int_{0}^{1} u_{t x}^{2} d x + \frac{2}{k} (\frac{2 γ_{1}^{2}}{ρ^{2}} + \frac{1}{π^{2}}) \int_{0}^{1} (q_{1}^{2} + τ_{1}^{2} q_{1 t}^{2}) d x . \end{aligned}

(3.8)

Multiplying (1.1) by u in

L^{2}

, we obtain

\frac{λ + 2 μ}{2} \int_{0}^{1} u_{x}^{2} d x \leq \frac{3}{2 π^{2} (λ + 2 μ)} \int_{0}^{1} (ρ^{2} u_{t t}^{2} + γ_{1}^{2} θ_{1 x}^{2} + γ_{2}^{2} θ_{2 x}^{2}) d x .

(3.9)

From (1.2) and (1.3), we get

θ_{1 t} = - \frac{1}{n c - d^{2}} (n \sqrt{k} q_{1 x} - d \sqrt{D} q_{2 x} + (n γ_{1} - d γ_{2}) u_{t x}),

(3.10)

θ_{2 t} = - \frac{1}{n c - d^{2}} (c \sqrt{D} q_{2 x} - d \sqrt{k} q_{1 x} + (c γ_{2} - d γ_{1}) u_{t x}) .

(3.11)

Multiplying (3.10) by

θ_{1 t}

, (3.11) by

θ_{2 t}

in

L^{2}

, and summing up the results, we get

\begin{aligned} \int_{0}^{1} (θ_{1 t}^{2} + θ_{2 t}^{2}) d x - \frac{d}{d t} G_{2} (t) \\ \leq \frac{2 k (n^{2} + d^{2})}{{(n c - d^{2})}^{2}} \int_{0}^{1} q_{1 t}^{2} d x + \frac{{(n γ_{1} - d γ_{2})}^{2} + {(c γ_{2} - d γ_{1})}^{2}}{{(n c - d^{2})}^{2}} \int_{0}^{1} u_{t x}^{2} d x \\ + \int_{0}^{1} (θ_{1 x}^{2} + θ_{2 x}^{2}) d x + \frac{2 D (c^{2} + d^{2})}{{(n c - d^{2})}^{2}} \int_{0}^{1} q_{2 t}^{2} d x, \end{aligned}

(3.12)

where $G_{2} (t) : = \frac{2}{n c - d^{2}} \int_{0}^{1} (n \sqrt{k} q_{1} θ_{1 x} - d \sqrt{D} q_{2} θ_{1 x} + c \sqrt{D} q_{2} θ_{2 x} - d \sqrt{k} q_{1} θ_{2 x}) d x$ .

The boundary terms are estimated as follows.

| {[\frac{3 ρ \sqrt{k}}{2 (λ + 2 μ) γ_{1}} q_{1} u_{t x}]}_{x = 0}^{x = 1} | \leq \frac{9 ρ^{2} k ({| q_{1} (1) |}^{2} + {| q_{1} (0) |}^{2})}{8 {(λ + 2 μ)}^{2} γ_{1}^{2} \hat{ε}} + \frac{\hat{ε} ({| u_{t x} (1) |}^{2} + {| u_{t x} (0) |}^{2})}{2},

(3.13)

| {[\frac{3 ρ \sqrt{D}}{2 (λ + 2 μ) γ_{2}} q_{2} u_{t x}]}_{x = 0}^{x = 1} | \leq \frac{9 ρ^{2} D ({| q_{2} (1) |}^{2} + {| q_{2} (0) |}^{2})}{8 {(λ + 2 μ)}^{2} γ_{2}^{2} \hat{ε}} + \frac{\hat{ε} ({| u_{t x} (1) |}^{2} + {| u_{t x} (0) |}^{2})}{2},

(3.14)

for some

\hat{ε} > 0

,

{| q_{1} (1) |}^{2} + {| q_{1} (0) |}^{2} \leq 2 (1 + \frac{1}{{\hat{ε}}^{2}}) \int_{0}^{1} q_{1}^{2} d x + \frac{4 {\hat{ε}}^{2}}{k} \int_{0}^{1} c^{2} θ_{1 t}^{2} + d^{2} θ_{2 t}^{2} + γ_{1}^{2} u_{t x}^{2} d x,

(3.15)

{| q_{2} (1) |}^{2} + {| q_{2} (0) |}^{2} \leq 2 (1 + \frac{1}{{\hat{ε}}^{2}}) \int_{0}^{1} q_{2}^{2} d x + \frac{4 {\hat{ε}}^{2}}{D} \int_{0}^{1} d^{2} θ_{1 t}^{2} + n^{2} θ_{2 t}^{2} + γ_{2}^{2} u_{t x}^{2} d x .

(3.16)

Combining (3.13)-(3.16), we get

\begin{aligned} | {[\frac{3 ρ \sqrt{k}}{2 (λ + 2 μ) γ_{1}} q_{1} u_{t x}]}_{x = 0}^{x = 1} | + | {[\frac{3 ρ \sqrt{D}}{2 (λ + 2 μ) γ_{2}} q_{2} u_{t x}]}_{x = 0}^{x = 1} | \\ \leq \frac{9 ρ^{2} (1 + {\hat{ε}}^{2})}{4 {(λ + 2 μ)}^{2} {\hat{ε}}^{3}} \int_{0}^{1} (\frac{k}{γ_{1}^{2}} q_{1}^{2} + \frac{D}{γ_{2}^{2}} q_{2}^{2}) d x + \hat{ε} ({| u_{t x} (1) |}^{2} + {| u_{t x} (0) |}^{2}) \\ + \frac{9 ρ^{2} \hat{ε}}{2 {(λ + 2 μ)}^{2}} \int_{0}^{1} [(\frac{c^{2}}{γ_{1}^{2}} + \frac{d^{2}}{γ_{2}^{2}}) θ_{1 t}^{2} + (\frac{d^{2}}{γ_{1}^{2}} + \frac{n^{2}}{γ_{2}^{2}}) θ_{2 t}^{2} + 2 u_{t x}^{2}] d x . \end{aligned}

(3.17)

Differentiating (1.1) with respect to t and multiplying by

φ (x) u_{t x}

, where

φ (x) : = 1 - 2 x,

(3.18)

we obtain

\begin{aligned} \frac{d}{d t} (\int_{0}^{1} ρ u_{t t} φ u_{t x} d x) - ρ \int_{0}^{1} u_{t t}^{2} d x + \frac{(λ + 2 μ)}{2} (u_{t x}^{2} (1) + u_{t x}^{2} (0)) - (λ + 2 μ) \int_{0}^{1} u_{t x}^{2} d x \\ + γ_{1} \int_{0}^{1} θ_{1 t x} φ u_{t x} d x + γ_{2} \int_{0}^{1} θ_{2 t x} φ u_{t x} d x = 0 . \end{aligned}

(3.19)

Multiplications of (1.2) by

φ θ_{1 t x}

and (1.3) by

φ θ_{2 t x}

yield

\begin{matrix} \begin{aligned} - c \int_{0}^{1} θ_{1 t}^{2} d x - \sqrt{k} \frac{d}{d t} (\int_{0}^{1} q_{1 x} φ θ_{1 x} d x) + \sqrt{k} \int_{0}^{1} q_{1 t x} φ θ_{1 x} d x \\ = γ_{1} \int_{0}^{1} u_{t x} φ θ_{1 t x} d x + d \int_{0}^{1} θ_{2 t} φ θ_{1 t x} d x, \end{aligned} \\ \begin{aligned} - n \int_{0}^{1} θ_{2 t}^{2} d x - \sqrt{D} \frac{d}{d t} (\int_{0}^{1} q_{2 x} φ θ_{2 x} d x) + \sqrt{D} \int_{0}^{1} q_{2 t x} φ θ_{2 x} d x \\ = γ_{2} \int_{0}^{1} u_{t x} φ θ_{2 t x} d x + d \int_{0}^{1} θ_{1 t} φ θ_{2 t x} d x, \end{aligned} \end{matrix}

which implies, using (1.4) and (1.5),

\begin{array}{l} - c \int_{0}^{1} θ_{1 t}^{2} d x - \sqrt{k} \frac{d}{d t} (\int_{0}^{1} q_{1 x} φ θ_{1 x} d x) \\ - \frac{\sqrt{k}}{τ_{1}} \int_{0}^{1} q_{1 x} φ θ_{1 x} d x + \frac{k}{2 τ_{1}} (θ_{1 x}^{2} (1) + θ_{1 x}^{2} (0)) \\ = \frac{k}{τ_{1}} \int_{0}^{1} θ_{1 x}^{2} d x + γ_{1} \int_{0}^{1} u_{t x} φ θ_{1 t x} d x + d \int_{0}^{1} θ_{2 t} φ θ_{1 t x} d x, \end{array}

(3.20)

\begin{array}{l} - n \int_{0}^{1} θ_{2 t}^{2} d x - \sqrt{D} \frac{d}{d t} (\int_{0}^{1} q_{2 x} φ θ_{2 x} d x) \\ - \frac{\sqrt{D}}{τ_{1}} \int_{0}^{1} q_{2 x} φ θ_{2 x} d x + \frac{D}{2 τ_{2}} (θ_{2 x}^{2} (1) + θ_{2 x}^{2} (0)) \\ = \frac{D}{τ_{2}} \int_{0}^{1} θ_{2 x}^{2} d x + γ_{2} \int_{0}^{1} u_{t x} φ θ_{2 t x} d x + d \int_{0}^{1} θ_{1 t} φ θ_{2 t x} d x = 0 . \end{array}

(3.21)

Combining (3.19)-(3.21), we conclude

\begin{aligned} \frac{d}{d t} (\int_{0}^{1} ρ u_{t t} φ u_{t x} - \sqrt{k} q_{1 x} φ θ_{1 x} - \sqrt{D} q_{2 x} φ θ_{2 x} d x) + \frac{λ + 2 μ}{2} (u_{t x}^{2} (1) + u_{t x}^{2} (0)) \\ \leq ρ \int_{0}^{1} u_{t t}^{2} d x + (λ + 2 μ) \int_{0}^{1} u_{t x}^{2} d x + c \int_{0}^{1} θ_{1 t}^{2} d x + n \int_{0}^{1} θ_{2 t}^{2} d x + \int_{0}^{1} q_{1 x}^{2} d x \\ + \frac{k}{τ_{1}} \int_{0}^{1} θ_{1 x}^{2} d x + \frac{D}{τ_{2}} \int_{0}^{1} θ_{2 x}^{2} d x + \frac{k}{4 τ_{1}^{2}} \int_{0}^{1} θ_{1 x}^{2} d x \\ + \frac{D}{4 τ_{2}^{2}} \int_{0}^{1} θ_{2 x}^{2} d x + \int_{0}^{1} q_{2 x}^{2} d x . \end{aligned}

(3.22)

Using (1.2) and (1.3), we get

\begin{aligned} \frac{d}{d t} (\frac{2 \hat{ε}}{λ + 2 μ} \int_{0}^{1} ρ u_{t t} φ u_{t x} - \sqrt{k} q_{1 x} φ θ_{1 x} - \sqrt{D} q_{2 x} φ θ_{2 x} d x) + \hat{ε} (u_{t x}^{2} (1) + u_{t x}^{2} (0)) \\ \leq (2 \hat{ε} + \frac{4 \hat{ε} γ_{1}^{2}}{(λ + 2 μ) k} + \frac{4 \hat{ε} γ_{2}^{2}}{(λ + 2 μ) D}) \int_{0}^{1} u_{t x}^{2} d x \\ + (\frac{2 \hat{ε} c}{λ + 2 μ} + \frac{4 \hat{ε} c^{2}}{(λ + 2 μ) k} + \frac{4 \hat{ε} d^{2}}{(λ + 2 μ) D}) \int_{0}^{1} θ_{1 t}^{2} d x \\ + \frac{2 \hat{ε} ρ}{λ + 2 μ} \int_{0}^{1} u_{t t}^{2} d x + (\frac{2 \hat{ε} n}{λ + 2 μ} + \frac{4 \hat{ε} d^{2}}{(λ + 2 μ) k} + \frac{4 \hat{ε} n^{2}}{(λ + 2 μ) D}) \int_{0}^{1} θ_{2 t}^{2} d x \\ + (\frac{2 \hat{ε} k}{(λ + 2 μ) τ_{1}} + \frac{\hat{ε} k}{2 (λ + 2 μ) τ_{1}^{2}}) \int_{0}^{1} θ_{1 x}^{2} d x \\ + (\frac{2 \hat{ε} D}{(λ + 2 μ) τ_{2}} + \frac{\hat{ε} D}{2 (λ + 2 μ) τ_{2}^{2}}) \int_{0}^{1} θ_{2 x}^{2} d x . \end{aligned}

(3.23)

With (3.17) and (3.23), we can estimate

\begin{aligned} | {[\frac{3 ρ \sqrt{k}}{2 (λ + 2 μ) γ_{1}} q_{1} u_{t x}]}_{x = 0}^{x = 1} | + | {[\frac{3 ρ \sqrt{D}}{2 (λ + 2 μ) γ_{2}} q_{2} u_{t x}]}_{x = 0}^{x = 1} | \\ \leq \frac{9 ρ^{2} (1 + {\hat{ε}}^{2})}{4 {(λ + 2 μ)}^{2} {\hat{ε}}^{3}} \int_{0}^{1} (\frac{k}{γ_{1}^{2}} q_{1}^{2} + \frac{D}{γ_{2}^{2}} q_{2}^{2}) d x + \frac{2 \hat{ε} ρ}{λ + 2 μ} \int_{0}^{1} u_{t t}^{2} d x - \frac{d}{d t} G_{3} (t) \\ + \hat{ε} (\frac{9 ρ^{2}}{2 {(λ + 2 μ)}^{2}} (\frac{c^{2}}{γ_{1}^{2}} + \frac{d^{2}}{γ_{2}^{2}}) + \frac{2 c}{λ + 2 μ} + \frac{4 c^{2}}{(λ + 2 μ) k} + \frac{4 d^{2}}{(λ + 2 μ) D}) \int_{0}^{1} θ_{1 t}^{2} d x \\ + \hat{ε} (\frac{9 ρ^{2}}{2 {(λ + 2 μ)}^{2}} (\frac{d^{2}}{γ_{1}^{2}} + \frac{n^{2}}{γ_{2}^{2}}) + \frac{2 n}{λ + 2 μ} + \frac{4 d^{2}}{(λ + 2 μ) k} + \frac{4 n^{2}}{(λ + 2 μ) D}) \int_{0}^{1} θ_{2 t}^{2} d x \\ + \hat{ε} (\frac{2 k}{(λ + 2 μ) τ_{1}} + \frac{k}{2 (λ + 2 μ) τ_{1}^{2}}) \int_{0}^{1} θ_{1 x}^{2} d x \\ + \hat{ε} (\frac{2 D}{(λ + 2 μ) τ_{2}} + \frac{D}{2 (λ + 2 μ) τ_{2}^{2}}) \int_{0}^{1} θ_{2 x}^{2} d x \\ + \hat{ε} (\frac{9 ρ^{2}}{{(λ + 2 μ)}^{2}} + 2 + \frac{4 γ_{1}^{2}}{(λ + 2 μ) k} + \frac{4 γ_{2}^{2}}{(λ + 2 μ) D}) \int_{0}^{1} u_{t x}^{2} d x, \end{aligned}

(3.24)

where $G_{3} : = \frac{2 \hat{ε}}{λ + 2 μ} \int_{0}^{1} ρ u_{t t} φ u_{t x} - \sqrt{k} q_{1 x} φ θ_{1 x} - \sqrt{D} q_{2 x} φ θ_{2 x} d x$ .

Define

ξ : = \frac{ρ {(n c - d^{2})}^{2}}{4 (λ + 2 μ) [{(n γ_{1} - d γ_{2})}^{2} + {(c γ_{2} - d γ_{1})}^{2}]}

. Multiplying both sides of (3.12) by ξ and combining the result with (3.7) and (3.24), we obtain for sufficiently small

\hat{ε}

the estimate

\begin{aligned} \frac{ρ \int_{0}^{1} u_{t x}^{2} d x}{λ + 2 μ} + \frac{1}{4} \int_{0}^{1} u_{x x}^{2} d x + \frac{ξ}{2} \int_{0}^{1} (θ_{1 t}^{2} + θ_{2 t}^{2}) d x + \frac{d G (t)}{d t} \\ \leq C_{1} \int_{0}^{1} (q_{1}^{2} + q_{2}^{2} + q_{1 t}^{2} + q_{2 t}^{2}) d x, \end{aligned}

(3.25)

where

G (t) = - G_{1} (t) + \frac{ρ}{λ + 2 μ} \int_{0}^{1} u_{t x} u_{x} d x - ξ G_{2} (t) + G_{3} (t)

, and

C_{1} = C_{1} (\hat{ε}, λ, μ, γ_{1}, γ_{2}, k, D, n, c, d, τ_{1}, τ_{2})

. Now, we can define the desired Lyapunov functional

F (t)

. For

ε > 0

, to be determined later on, let

F (t) : = \frac{1}{ε} E (t) + G (t) .

(3.26)

Then we conclude from (3.3), (3.4), and (3.15)

\begin{aligned} \frac{d}{d t} F (t) \leq & - \frac{1}{ε} \int_{0}^{1} (q_{1}^{2} + q_{2}^{2} + q_{1 t}^{2} + q_{2 t}^{2}) d x - \frac{ρ}{λ + 2 μ} \int_{0}^{1} u_{t x}^{2} d x - \frac{1}{4} \int_{0}^{1} u_{x x}^{2} d x \\ - \frac{ξ}{2} \int_{0}^{1} (θ_{1 t}^{2} + θ_{2 t}^{2}) d x + C_{1} \int_{0}^{1} (q_{1}^{2} + q_{2}^{2} + q_{1 t}^{2} + q_{2 t}^{2}) d x . \end{aligned}

(3.27)

By using (3.8), we arrive at

\begin{aligned} - C_{2} ε \int_{0}^{1} (q_{1}^{2} + q_{2}^{2} + q_{1 t}^{2} + q_{2 t}^{2}) d x - \frac{ε}{π^{2}} \int_{0}^{1} u_{t x}^{2} d x - \frac{2 ε {(λ + 2 μ)}^{2}}{ρ^{2}} \int_{0}^{1} u_{x x}^{2} d x \\ \leq - ε \int_{0}^{1} (u_{t}^{2} + u_{t t}^{2} + θ_{1}^{2} + θ_{2}^{2}) d x, \end{aligned}

(3.28)

while (3.9) yields

- C_{3} ε^{2} \int_{0}^{1} u_{x x}^{2} d x - C_{4} ε^{2} \int_{0}^{1} (q_{1}^{2} + q_{2}^{2} + q_{1 t}^{2} + q_{2 t}^{2}) d x \leq - ε^{2} \frac{λ + 2 μ}{2} \int_{0}^{1} u_{x}^{2} d x .

(3.29)

Combining (3.27)-(3.29), we conclude

\begin{aligned} \frac{d}{d t} F (t) \leq & - (\frac{1}{ε} - C_{1} - C_{2} ε - C_{4} ε^{2}) \int_{0}^{1} (q_{1}^{2} + q_{2}^{2} + q_{1 t}^{2} + q_{2 t}^{2}) d x - ε^{2} \frac{λ + 2 μ}{2} \int_{0}^{1} u_{x}^{2} d x \\ - (\frac{2 ρ}{λ + 2 μ} - \frac{ε}{π^{2}}) \int_{0}^{1} u_{t x}^{2} d x - [\frac{1}{4} - \frac{2 ε {(λ + 2 μ)}^{2}}{ρ^{2}} - C_{3} ε^{2}] \int_{0}^{1} u_{x x}^{2} d x \\ - \frac{ξ}{2} \int_{0}^{1} (θ_{1 t}^{2} + θ_{2 t}^{2}) d x - ε \int_{0}^{1} (u_{t}^{2} + u_{t t}^{2} + θ_{1}^{2} + θ_{2}^{2}) d x . \end{aligned}

(3.30)

We choose

0 < ε \leq 1

such that all terms on the right-hand side of (3.30) become negative,

i.e., ε \leq ε_{1} : = min {\frac{ρ π^{2}}{λ + 2 μ}, \frac{ρ^{2}}{32 {(λ + 2 μ)}^{2}}, \frac{1}{4} \sqrt{\frac{1}{C_{3}}}, \frac{1}{2 (C_{1} + C_{2} + C_{4})}} .

(3.31)

Choosing ε as in (3.31), we obtain from (3.30)

\frac{d}{d t} F (t) \leq - d_{1} \int_{0}^{1} (u_{x}^{2} + u_{t}^{2} + u_{t x}^{2} + u_{t t}^{2} + θ_{1}^{2} + θ_{2}^{2} + θ_{1 t}^{2} + θ_{2 t}^{2} + q_{1}^{2} + q_{2}^{2} + q_{1 t}^{2} + q_{2 t}^{2}) d x

with

d_{1} : = min {\frac{ε}{2}, \frac{1}{8}, \frac{ρ}{λ + 2 μ}, \frac{(λ + 2 μ) ε^{2}}{4}, \frac{ξ}{4}, \frac{1}{2 ε}},

(3.32)

which implies

\frac{d}{d t} F (t) \leq - d_{2} E (t), d_{2} : = \frac{d_{1}}{2} min {\frac{1}{ρ}, \frac{1}{λ + 2 μ}, \frac{1}{c}, \frac{1}{n}, \frac{1}{τ_{1}}, \frac{1}{τ_{2}}} .

(3.33)

There exist positive constants

C_{5}

,

C_{6}

and

ε_{2}

such that for any

ε \leq ε_{2}

and

t \geq 0

, it holds

C_{5} E (t) \leq F (t) \leq C_{6} E (t),

(3.34)

where

C_{5}

,

C_{6}

are determined later on. In fact,

| G (t) | \leq C_{5} E (t)

(3.35)

with

C_{5} : = max {\frac{2 i_{1}}{τ_{1}}, \frac{2 i_{2}}{τ_{2}}, \frac{2 i_{3}}{τ_{1}}, \frac{2 i_{4}}{τ_{2}}, \frac{2 i_{5}}{ρ}, \frac{2 i_{6}}{λ + 2 μ}, \frac{2 i_{7}}{ρ}, \frac{2 i_{8}}{c}, \frac{2 i_{9}}{n}, \frac{ρ}{{(λ + 2 μ)}^{2}}}

,

\begin{matrix} \begin{aligned} i_{1} : = & \frac{3 ρ}{4 {(λ + 2 μ)}^{2}} [\frac{ρ \sqrt{k}}{γ_{1}} + (τ_{1} + 2) + \frac{k + D}{\sqrt{k D}} + \frac{\sqrt{k} τ_{2}}{\sqrt{D}}] + \frac{3 ρ (c γ_{2} + d γ_{1})}{4 (λ + 2 μ) γ_{1} γ_{2} \sqrt{k}} \\ + \frac{(n + d) \sqrt{k}}{n c - d^{2}} + [\frac{n \sqrt{k} + d \sqrt{D}}{n c - d^{2}} + \frac{\hat{ε} \sqrt{k}}{λ + 2 μ}] \frac{2}{k}, \end{aligned} \\ \begin{aligned} i_{2} : = & \frac{3 ρ}{4 {(λ + 2 μ)}^{2}} [\frac{ρ \sqrt{D}}{γ_{2}} + (τ_{2} + 2) + \frac{k + D}{\sqrt{k D}} + \frac{\sqrt{D} τ_{1}}{\sqrt{k}}] + \frac{3 ρ (n γ_{1} + d γ_{2})}{4 (λ + 2 μ) γ_{1} γ_{2} \sqrt{D}} \\ + \frac{(c + d) \sqrt{D}}{n c - d^{2}} + [\frac{c \sqrt{D} + d \sqrt{k}}{n c - d^{2}} + \frac{\hat{ε} \sqrt{D}}{λ + 2 μ}] \frac{2}{D}, \end{aligned} \\ i_{3} : = \frac{3 ρ τ_{1}}{4 {(λ + 2 μ)}^{2}} (1 + \frac{\sqrt{D}}{\sqrt{k}}) + \frac{3 ρ τ_{1} (c γ_{2} + d γ_{1})}{4 (λ + 2 μ) γ_{1} γ_{2} \sqrt{k}} + [\frac{n \sqrt{k} + d \sqrt{D}}{n c - d^{2}} + \frac{\hat{ε} \sqrt{k}}{λ + 2 μ}] \frac{2 τ_{1}^{2}}{k}, \\ i_{4} : = \frac{3 ρ τ_{2}}{4 {(λ + 2 μ)}^{2}} (1 + \frac{\sqrt{k}}{\sqrt{D}}) + \frac{3 ρ τ_{2} (d γ_{2} + n γ_{1})}{4 (λ + 2 μ) γ_{1} γ_{2} \sqrt{D}} + [\frac{c \sqrt{D} + d \sqrt{k}}{n c - d^{2}} + \frac{\hat{ε} \sqrt{D}}{λ + 2 μ}] \frac{2 τ_{2}^{2}}{D}, \\ i_{5} : = \frac{3 ρ (1 + τ_{1}) (d γ_{1} + c γ_{2})}{4 (λ + 2 μ) γ_{1} γ_{2} \sqrt{k}} + \frac{3 ρ (1 + τ_{2}) (d γ_{2} + n γ_{1})}{4 (λ + 2 μ) γ_{1} γ_{2} \sqrt{D}}, \\ i_{6} : = \frac{1}{λ + 2 μ} [\frac{ρ (1 + 2 \hat{ε})}{2} + \frac{2 \hat{ε} γ_{1}^{2}}{\sqrt{k}} + \frac{2 \hat{ε} γ_{2}^{2}}{\sqrt{D}}], \\ i_{7} = \frac{ρ}{λ + 2 μ} [\frac{3 \sqrt{k}}{4 (λ + 2 μ) γ_{1}} + \frac{3 \sqrt{D}}{4 (λ + 2 μ) γ_{2}} + \hat{ε}], \\ i_{8} : = \frac{2 \hat{ε} c^{2}}{(λ + 2 μ) \sqrt{k}} + \frac{2 \hat{ε} d^{2}}{(λ + 2 μ) \sqrt{D}}, \\ i_{9} = \frac{2 \hat{ε} d^{2}}{(λ + 2 μ) \sqrt{k}} + \frac{2 \hat{ε} n^{2}}{(λ + 2 μ) \sqrt{D}} . \end{matrix}

At this point, we choose

ε \leq ε_{2} : = \frac{1}{2 C_{5}}

,

C_{6} : = \frac{1}{ε} + C_{5}

. Finally, we choose

ε : = min {ε_{1}, ε_{2}}

. Thus, we have the validity of (3.34). Combining (3.33) with (3.34), we get

\frac{d}{d t} F (t) \leq - d_{0} F (t), d_{0} : = \frac{d_{2}}{C_{6}} .

(3.36)

Hence, it follows from (3.36), $F (t) \leq e^{- d_{0} t} F (0)$ . Applying (3.34) again, we can conclude (2.5) with $C_{0} : = \frac{C_{6}}{C_{5}}$ . The proof is complete.

Declarations

Acknowledgements

This paper was in part supported by the NNSF of China with contract numbers 11031003, 11271066 and a grant from Shanghai Education Commission 13ZZ048.

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)

College of Information Science and Technology, Donghua University

(2)

Department of Applied Mathematics, Donghua University

References

Nowacki W: Certain problem of thermodiffusion. Arch. Mech. 1971, 23: 731-754.MathSciNetMATHGoogle Scholar
Nowacki W: Dynamical problem of thermodiffusion in solids II. Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci., Tech. Sci. 1974, 22: 205-211.MATHGoogle Scholar
Liu Y, Reissig M: Models of thermodiffusion in 1D. Math. Methods Appl. Sci. 2013. (in press) 10.1002/mma.2839Google Scholar
Qin Y, Zhang M, Feng B, Li H: Global existence and asymptotic behavior of solutions for thermodiffusion equations. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 2013, 408: 140-153. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2013.05.041MathSciNetView ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
Szymaniec A: $L^{p}$ - $L^{q}$ time decay estimates for the solution of the linear partial differential equations of thermodiffusion. Appl. Math. 2010, 37: 143-170.MathSciNetMATHGoogle Scholar
Podstrigach Y: Differential equations of the problem of thermodiffusion in an isotropic deformable solid. Dopov Akad. Nauk Ukr. RSR 1961, 2: 169-172.Google Scholar
Fichera G: Uniqueness, existence and estimate of the solution in the dynamical problem of thermodiffusion in an elastic solid. Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 1974, 26: 903-920.MathSciNetMATHGoogle Scholar
Gawinecki JA, Sierpinski K: Existence, uniqueness and regularity of the solution of the first boundary initial value problem for the equation of the thermodiffusion in a solid body. Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci., Tech. Sci. 1982, 30: 541-547.MATHGoogle Scholar
Szymaniec A: Global solution to the Cauchy problem of nonlinear thermodiffusion in a solid body. Appl. Math. 2010, 37: 437-458.MathSciNetMATHGoogle Scholar
Jiang S, Racke R Monographs Surveys Pure Appl. Math. 112. In Evolution Equations in Thermoelasticity. Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton; 2000.Google Scholar
Racke R: Thermoelasticity with second sound-exponential stability in linear and non-linear 1-d. Math. Methods Appl. Sci. 2002, 25: 409-441. 10.1002/mma.298MathSciNetView ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
Liu Z, Zheng S Research Notes in Mathematics 389. In Semigroups Associated with Dissipative Systems. Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton; 1999.Google Scholar
Zheng S Pitman Monogr. Survey Pure Appl. Math. 133. In Nonlinear Evolution Equations. CRC Press, Boca Raton; 2004.View ArticleGoogle Scholar

Copyright

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.