Approximate solutions for MHD squeezing fluid flow by a novel method

Mustafa Inc; Ali Akgül

doi:10.1186/1687-2770-2014-18

Research
Open Access

Approximate solutions for MHD squeezing fluid flow by a novel method

Mustafa Inc¹ and
Ali Akgül^{2, 3}Email author

Boundary Value Problems20142014:18

https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2014-18

Received: 5 October 2013
Accepted: 10 December 2013
Published: 16 January 2014

Abstract

In this paper, a steady axisymmetric MHD flow of two-dimensional incompressible fluids has been investigated. The reproducing kernel Hilbert space method (RKHSM) has been implemented to obtain a solution of the reduced fourth-order nonlinear boundary value problem. Numerical results have been compared with the results obtained by the Runge-Kutta method (RK-4) and optimal homotopy asymptotic method (OHAM).

MSC: 46E22, 35A24.

Keywords

reproducing kernel method
series solutions
squeezing fluid flow
magnetohydrodynamics
reproducing kernel space

1 Introduction

Squeezing flows have many applications in food industry, principally in chemical engineering [1–4]. Some practical examples of squeezing flow include polymer processing, compression and injection molding. Grimm [5] studied numerically the thin Newtonian liquids films being squeezed between two plates. Squeezing flow coupled with magnetic field is widely applied to bearing with liquid-metal lubrication [2, 6–8].

In this paper, we use RKHSM to study the squeezing MHD fluid flow between two infinite planar plates. This problem has been solved by RKHSM and for comparison it has been compared with the OHAM and numerically with the RK-4 by using Maple 16.

The RKHSM, which accurately computes the series solution, is of great interest to applied sciences. The method provides the solution in a rapidly convergent series with components that can be elegantly computed. The efficiency of the method was used by many authors to investigate several scientific applications. Geng and Cui [9] and Zhou et al. [10] applied the RKHSM to handle the second-order boundary value problems. Yao and Cui [11] and Wang et al. [12] investigated a class of singular boundary value problems by this method and the obtained results were good. Wang and Chao [13], Li and Cui [14], Zhou and Cui [15] independently employed the RKSHSM to variable-coefficient partial differential equations. Du and Cui [16] investigated the approximate solution of the forced Duffing equation with integral boundary conditions by combining the homotopy perturbation method and the RKM. Lv and Cui [17] presented a new algorithm to solve linear fifth-order boundary value problems. Cui and Du [18] obtained the representation of the exact solution for the nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm integral equations by using the RKHSM. Wu and Li [19] applied iterative RKHSM to obtain the analytical approximate solution of a nonlinear oscillator with discontinuities. For more details about RKHSM and the modified forms and its effectiveness, see [9–37] and the references therein.

The paper is organized as follows. We give the problem formulation in Section 2. Section 3 introduces several reproducing kernel spaces. A bounded linear operator is presented in Section 4. In Section 5, we provide the main results, the exact and approximate solutions. An iterative method is developed for the kind of problems in the reproducing kernel space. We prove that the approximate solution converges to the exact solution uniformly. Some numerical experiments are illustrated in Section 6. There are some conclusions in the last section.

2 Problem formulation

Consider a squeezing flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid in the presence of a magnetic field of a constant density ρ and viscosity μ squeezed between two large planar parallel plates separated by a small distance 2H and the plates approaching each other with a low constant velocity V, as illustrated in Figure 1, and the flow can be assumed to quasi-steady [1–3, 39]. The Navier-Stokes equations [3, 4] governing such flow in the presence of magnetic field, when inertial terms are retained in the flow, are given as [38]

\nabla V \cdot u = 0

(2.1)

and

ρ [\frac{\partial u}{\partial t} + (u \cdot \nabla) u] = \nabla \cdot T + J \times B + ρ f,

(2.2)

where u is the velocity vector, ∇ denotes the material time derivative, T is the Cauchy stress tensor,

T = - p I + μ A_{1}

and

A_{1} = \nabla u + u^{T},

J is the electric current density, B is the total magnetic field and

B = B_{0} + b,

B_{0}

represents the imposed magnetic field and b denotes the induced magnetic field. In the absence of displacement currents, the modified Ohm law and Maxwell’s equations (see [40] and the references therein) are given by [38]

J = σ [E + u \times B]

(2.3)

and

div B = 0, \nabla \times B = μ_{m} J, curl E = \frac{\partial B}{\partial t},

(2.4)

in which σ is the electrical conductivity, E is the electric field and

μ_{m}

is the magnetic permeability.

Figure 1
**A steady squeezing axisymmetric fluid flow between two parallel plates** [38].

The following assumptions are needed [38].

(a)

The density ρ, magnetic permeability $μ_{m}$ and electric field conductivity σ are assumed to be constant throughout the flow field region.
(b)

The electrical conductivity σ of the fluid is considered to be finite.
(c)

Total magnetic field B is perpendicular to the velocity field V and the induced magnetic field b is negligible compared with the applied magnetic field $B_{0}$ so that the magnetic Reynolds number is small (see [40] and the references therein).
(d)

We assume a situation where no energy is added or extracted from the fluid by the electric field, which implies that there is no electric field present in the fluid flow region.

Under these assumptions, the magnetohydrodynamic force involved in Eq. (2.2) can be put into the form

J \times B = - σ B_{0}^{2} u .

(2.5)

An axisymmetric flow in cylindrical coordinates r, θ, z with z-axis perpendicular to plates and

z = \pm H

at the plates. Since we have axial symmetry, u is represented by

u = (u_{r} (r, z), 0, u_{z} (r, z)),

when body forces are negligible, Navier-Stokes Eqs. (2.1)-(2.2) in cylindrical coordinates, where there is no tangential velocity (

u_{θ} = 0

), are given as [38]

ρ (u_{r} \frac{\partial u_{r}}{\partial r} + u_{z} \frac{\partial u_{r}}{\partial z}) = - \frac{\partial p}{\partial r} + (\frac{\partial^{2} u_{r}}{\partial r^{2}} + \frac{1}{r} \frac{\partial u_{r}}{\partial r} - \frac{u_{r}}{r^{2}} + \frac{\partial^{2} u_{r}}{\partial z^{2}}) + σ B_{0}^{2} u

(2.6)

and

ρ (u_{z} \frac{\partial u_{z}}{\partial r} + u_{z} \frac{\partial u_{z}}{\partial z}) = - \frac{\partial p}{\partial r} + (\frac{\partial^{2} u_{z}}{\partial r^{2}} + \frac{1}{r} \frac{\partial u_{z}}{\partial r} + \frac{\partial^{2} u_{z}}{\partial z^{2}}),

(2.7)

where p is the pressure, and the equation of continuity is given by [38]

\frac{1}{r} \frac{\partial}{\partial r} (r u_{r}) + \frac{\partial u_{z}}{\partial z} = 0 .

(2.8)

The boundary conditions require

\begin{aligned} u_{r} = 0, u_{z} = - V at z = H, \\ \frac{\partial u_{r}}{\partial z} = 0, u_{z} = 0 at z = 0 . \end{aligned}

(2.9)

Let us introduce the axisymmetric Stokes stream function Ψ as

u_{r} = \frac{1}{r} \frac{\partial Ψ}{\partial z}, u_{z} = - \frac{1}{r} \frac{\partial Ψ}{\partial r} .

(2.10)

The continuity equation is satisfied using Eq. (2.10). Substituting Eqs. (2.3)-(2.5) and Eq. (2.10) into Eqs. (2.7)-(2.8), we obtain

- \frac{ρ}{r^{2}} \frac{\partial Ψ}{\partial r} E^{2} Ψ = - \frac{\partial p}{\partial r} + \frac{μ}{r} \frac{\partial E^{2} Ψ}{\partial z} - \frac{σ B_{0}^{2}}{r} \frac{\partial Ψ}{\partial z}

(2.11)

and

- \frac{ρ}{r^{2}} \frac{\partial Ψ}{\partial z} E^{2} Ψ = - \frac{\partial p}{\partial z} + \frac{μ}{r} \frac{\partial E^{2} Ψ}{\partial r} .

(2.12)

Eliminating the pressure from Eqs. (2.11) and (2.12) by the integrability condition, we get the compatibility equation as [38]

- ρ [\frac{\partial (Ψ, \frac{E^{2} Ψ}{r^{2}})}{\partial (r, z)}] = \frac{μ}{r} E^{2} Ψ - \frac{σ B_{0}^{2}}{r} \frac{\partial^{2 Ψ}}{\partial z^{2}},

(2.13)

where

E^{2} = \frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial r^{2}} - \frac{1}{r} \frac{\partial}{\partial r} + \frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial z^{2}} .

The stream function can be expressed as [1, 3]

Ψ (r, z) = r^{2} F (z) .

(2.14)

In view of Eq. (2.14), the compatibility equation (2.13) and the boundary conditions (2.9) take the form

F^{(i v)} (z) - \frac{σ B_{0}^{2}}{r} F^{″} (z) + 2 \frac{ρ}{μ} F (z) F^{‴} (z) = 0,

(2.15)

subject to

\begin{aligned} F (0) = 0, F^{″} (0) = 0, \\ F (H) = \frac{V}{2}, F^{'} (H) = 0 . \end{aligned}

(2.16)

Non-dimensional parameters are given as [38]

F^{*} = 2 \frac{F}{V}, z^{*} = \frac{z}{H}, Re = \frac{ρ H V}{μ}, m = B_{0} H \sqrt{\frac{σ}{μ}} .

For simplicity omitting the ∗, the boundary value problem (2.15)-(2.16) becomes [38]

F^{(i v)} (z) - m^{2} F^{″} (z) + Re F (z) F^{‴} (z) = 0,

(2.17)

with the boundary conditions

\begin{aligned} F (0) = 0, F^{″} (0) = 0, \\ F (1) = 1, F^{'} (1) = 0, \end{aligned}

(2.18)

where Re is the Reynolds number and m is the Hartmann number.

3 Reproducing kernel spaces

In this section, we define some useful reproducing kernel spaces.

Definition 3.1 (Reproducing kernel)

Let E be a nonempty abstract set. A function

K : E \times E ⟶ C

is a reproducing kernel of the Hilbert space H if and only if

{\begin{cases} \forall t \in E, K (\cdot, t) \in H, \\ \forall t \in E, \forall φ \in H, 〈 φ (\cdot), K (\cdot, t) 〉 = φ (t) . \end{cases}

(3.1)

The last condition is called ‘the reproducing property’: the value of the function φ at the point t is reproduced by the inner product of φ with $K (\cdot, t)$ .

Definition 3.2 We define the space

W_{2}^{5} [0, 1]

by

W_{2}^{5} [0, 1] = {\begin{cases} u | u, u^{'}, u^{″}, u^{‴}, u^{(4)} are absolutely continuous in [0, 1], \\ u^{(5)} \in L^{2} [0, 1], x \in [0, 1], u (0) = u (1) = u^{'} (1) = u^{″} (0) = 0 \end{cases}} .

The fifth derivative of u exists almost everywhere since

u^{(4)}

is absolutely continuous. The inner product and the norm in

W_{2}^{5} [0, 1]

are defined respectively by

{〈 u, v 〉}_{W_{2}^{5}} = \sum_{i = 0}^{4} u^{(i)} (0) v^{(i)} (0) + \int_{0}^{1} u^{(5)} (x) v^{(5)} (x) d x, u, v \in W_{2}^{5} [0, 1]

and

{∥ u ∥}_{W_{2}^{5}} = \sqrt{{〈 u, u 〉}_{_{W_{2}^{5}}}}, u \in W_{2}^{5} [0, 1] .

The space

W_{2}^{5} [0, 1]

is a reproducing kernel space, i.e., for each fixed

y \in [0, 1]

and any

u \in W_{2}^{5} [0, 1]

, there exists a function

R_{y}

such that

u = {〈 u, R_{y} 〉}_{W_{2}^{5}} .

Definition 3.3 We define the space

W_{2}^{4} [0, 1]

by

W_{2}^{4} [0, 1] = {\begin{cases} u | u, u^{'}, u^{″}, u^{‴} are absolutely continuous in [0, 1], \\ u^{(4)} \in L^{2} [0, 1], x \in [0, 1] \end{cases}} .

The fourth derivative of u exists almost everywhere since

u^{(3)}

is absolutely continuous. The inner product and the norm in

W_{2}^{4} [0, 1]

are defined respectively by

{〈 u, v 〉}_{W_{2}^{4}} = \sum_{i = 0}^{3} u^{(i)} (0) v^{(i)} (0) + \int_{0}^{1} u^{(4)} (x) v^{(4)} (x) d x, u, v \in W_{2}^{4} [0, 1]

and

{∥ u ∥}_{W_{2}^{4}} = \sqrt{{〈 u, u 〉}_{_{W_{2}^{4}}}}, u \in W_{2}^{4} [0, 1] .

The space

W_{2}^{4} [0, 1]

is a reproducing kernel space, i.e., for each fixed

y \in [0, 1]

and any

u \in W_{2}^{4} [0, 1]

, there exists a function

r_{y}

such that

u = {〈 u, r_{y} 〉}_{W_{2}^{4}} .

Theorem 3.1 The space

W_{2}^{5} [0, 1]

is a reproducing kernel Hilbert space whose reproducing kernel function is given by

R_{y} (x) = {\begin{cases} \sum_{i = 1}^{10} c_{i} (y) x^{i - 1}, & x \leq y, \\ \sum_{i = 1}^{10} d_{i} (y) x^{i - 1}, & x > y, \end{cases}

where $c_{i} (y)$ and $d_{i} (y)$ can be obtained easily by using Maple 16 and the proof of Theorem 3.1 is given in Appendix.

Remark 3.1 The reproducing kernel function

r_{y}

of

W_{2}^{4} [0, 1]

is given as

r_{y} (x) = {\begin{cases} 1 + x y + \frac{1}{4} y^{2} x^{2} + \frac{1}{36} y^{3} x^{3} + \frac{1}{144} y^{3} x^{4} - \frac{1}{240} y^{2} x^{5} + \frac{1}{720} y x^{6} - \frac{1}{5, 040} x^{7}, & x \leq y, \\ 1 + y x + \frac{1}{4} y^{2} x^{2} + \frac{1}{36} y^{3} x^{3} + \frac{1}{144} x^{3} y^{4} - \frac{1}{240} x^{2} y^{5} + \frac{1}{720} x y^{6} - \frac{1}{5, 040} y^{7}, & x > y . \end{cases}

This can be proved easily as the proof of Theorem 3.1.

4 Bounded linear operator in $W_{2}^{5} [0, 1]$

In this section, the solution of Eq. (2.17) is given in the reproducing kernel space $W_{2}^{5} [0, 1]$ .

On defining the linear operator

L : W_{2}^{5} [0, 1] \to W_{2}^{4} [0, 1]

as

L u = u^{(4)} (x) + Re \frac{e^{x}}{e} (x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 4 x) u^{(3)} (x) - m^{2} u^{″} (x) + Re \frac{e^{x}}{e} (x^{3} + 5 x^{2} - 2 x - 6) u (x) .

Model problem (2.17)-(2.18) changes the following problem:

{\begin{cases} L u = M (x, u, u^{(3)}), x \in [0, 1], \\ u (0) = 0, u (1) = 0, u^{'} (1) = 0, u^{″} (0) = 0, \end{cases}

(4.1)

where

F (x) = u (x) + \frac{e^{x}}{e} (x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 4 x)

and

\begin{array}{rcl} M (x, u, u^{(3)}) & = & - Re u^{(3)} (x) u (x) - Re {(\frac{e^{x}}{e})}^{2} (x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 4 x) (x^{3} + 5 x^{2} - 2 x - 6) \\ - \frac{e^{x}}{e} (x^{3} + 8 x^{2} + 8 x - 2) + m^{2} \frac{e^{x}}{e} (x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 6 x) . \end{array}

Theorem 4.1 The operator L defined by (4.1) is a bounded linear operator.

Proof We only need to prove

{∥ L u ∥}_{W_{2}^{4}}^{2} \leq P {∥ L u ∥}_{W_{2}^{5}}^{2},

where P is a positive constant. By Definition 3.3, we have

{∥ u ∥}_{W_{2}^{4}}^{2} = {〈 u, u 〉}_{W_{2}^{4}} = \sum_{i = 0}^{3} {[u^{(i)} (0)]}^{2} + \int_{0}^{1} {[u^{(4)} (x)]}^{2} d x, u \in W_{2}^{4} [0, 1],

and

\begin{array}{rcl} {∥ L u ∥}_{W_{2}^{4}}^{2} = {〈 L u, L u 〉}_{W_{2}^{4}} & = & {[(L u) (0)]}^{2} + {[{(L u)}^{'} (0)]}^{2} + {[{(L u)}^{″} (0)]}^{2} \\ + {[{(L u)}^{(3)} (0)]}^{2} + \int_{0}^{1} {[{(L u)}^{(4)} (x)]}^{2} d x . \end{array}

By the reproducing property, we have

u (x) = {〈 u, R_{x} 〉}_{W_{2}^{5}},

and

\begin{matrix} (L u) (x) = {〈 u, (L R_{x}) 〉}_{W_{2}^{5}}, {(L u)}^{'} (x) = {〈 u, {(L R_{x})}^{'} 〉}_{W_{2}^{5}}, \\ {(L u)}^{″} (x) = {〈 u, {(L R_{x})}^{″} 〉}_{W_{2}^{5}}, {(L u)}^{(3)} (x) = {〈 u, {(L R_{x})}^{(3)} 〉}_{W_{2}^{5}}, \\ {(L u)}^{(4)} (x) = {〈 u, {(L R_{x})}^{(4)} 〉}_{W_{2}^{5}} . \end{matrix}

Therefore, by the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, we get

\begin{matrix} | (L u) (x) | \leq {∥ u ∥}_{W_{2}^{5}} {∥ L R_{x} ∥}_{W_{2}^{5}} = a_{1} {∥ u ∥}_{W_{2}^{5}} (where a_{1} > 0 is a positive constant), \\ | {(L u)}^{'} (x) | \leq {∥ u ∥}_{W_{2}^{5}} {∥ {(L R_{x})}^{'} ∥}_{W_{2}^{5}} = a_{2} {∥ u ∥}_{W_{2}^{5}} (where a_{2} > 0 is a positive constant), \\ | {(L u)}^{″} (x) | \leq {∥ u ∥}_{W_{2}^{5}} {∥ {(L R_{x})}^{″} ∥}_{W_{2}^{5}} = a_{3} {∥ u ∥}_{W_{2}^{5}} (where a_{3} > 0 is a positive constant), \\ | {(L u)}^{(3)} (x) | \leq {∥ u ∥}_{W_{2}^{5}} {∥ {(L R_{x})}^{(3)} ∥}_{W_{2}^{5}} = a_{4} {∥ u ∥}_{W_{2}^{5}} (where a_{4} > 0 is a positive constant). \end{matrix}

Thus

{[(L u) (0)]}^{2} + {[{(L u)}^{'} (0)]}^{2} + {[{(L u)}^{″} (0)]}^{2} + {[{(L u)}^{(3)} (0)]}^{2} \leq (a_{1}^{2} + a_{2}^{2} + a_{3}^{2} + a_{4}^{2}) {∥ u ∥}_{W_{2}^{5}}^{2} .

Since

{(L u)}^{(4)} = {〈 u, {(L R_{x})}^{(4)} 〉}_{W_{2}^{5}},

then

| {(L u)}^{(4)} | \leq {∥ u ∥}_{W_{2}^{5}} {∥ {(L R_{x})}^{(4)} ∥}_{W_{2}^{5}} = a_{5} {∥ u ∥}_{W_{2}^{4}} (where a_{5} > 0 is a positive constant).

Therefore, we have

{[{(L u)}^{(4)}]}^{2} \leq a_{5}^{2} {∥ u ∥}_{W_{2}^{5}}^{2}

and

\int_{0}^{1} {[{(L u)}^{(4)} (x)]}^{2} d x \leq a_{5}^{2} {∥ u ∥}_{W_{2}^{5}}^{2},

that is,

\begin{array}{rcl} {∥ L u ∥}_{W_{2}^{4}}^{2} & = & {[(L u) (0)]}^{2} + {[{(L u)}^{'} (0)]}^{2} + {[{(L u)}^{″} (0)]}^{2} + {[{(L u)}^{(3)} (0)]}^{2} + \int_{0}^{1} {[{(L u)}^{(4)} (x)]}^{2} d x \\ \leq & (a_{1}^{2} + a_{2}^{2} + a_{3}^{2} + a_{4}^{2} + a_{5}^{2}) {∥ u ∥}_{W_{2}^{5}}^{2} = P {∥ u ∥}_{W_{2}^{4}}^{2}, \end{array}

where $P = (a_{1}^{2} + a_{2}^{2} + a_{3}^{2} + a_{4}^{2} + a_{5}^{2}) > 0$ is a positive constant. This completes the proof. □

5 Analysis of the solution of (2.17)-(2.18)

Let

{x_{i}}_{i = 1}^{\infty}

be any dense set in

[0, 1]

and

Ψ_{x} (y) = L^{*} r_{x} (y)

, where

L^{*}

is the adjoint operator of L and

r_{x}

is given by Remark 3.1. Furthermore

Ψ_{i} (x) \overset{def}{=} Ψ_{x_{i}} (x) = L^{*} r_{x_{i}} (x) .

Lemma 5.1 ${Ψ_{i} (x)}_{i = 1}^{\infty}$ is a complete system of $W_{2}^{5} [0, 1]$ .

Proof For

u \in W_{2}^{5} [0, 1]

, let

〈 u, Ψ_{i} 〉 = 0 (i = 1, 2, \dots),

that is,

〈 u, L^{*} r_{x_{i}} 〉 = (L u) (x_{i}) = 0 .

Note that ${x_{i}}_{i = 1}^{\infty}$ is the dense set in $[0, 1]$ . Therefore $(L u) (x) = 0$ . Assume that (4.1) has a unique solution. Then L is one-to-one on $W_{2}^{5} [0, 1]$ and thus $u (x) = 0$ . This completes the proof. □

Lemma 5.2 The following formula holds:

Ψ_{i} (x) = (L_{η} R_{x} (η)) (x_{i}),

where the subscript η of the operator $L_{η}$ indicates that the operator L applies to a function of η.

Proof

\begin{array}{rcl} Ψ_{i} (x) & = & {〈 Ψ_{i} (ξ), R_{x} (ξ) 〉}_{W_{2}^{5} [0, 1]} \\ = & {〈 L^{*} r_{x_{i}} (ξ), R_{x} (ξ) 〉}_{W_{2}^{5} [0, 1]} \\ = & {〈 (r_{x_{i}}) (ξ), (L_{η} R_{x} (η)) (ξ) 〉}_{W_{2}^{4} [0, 1]} \\ = & (L_{η} R_{x} (η)) (x_{i}) . \end{array}

This completes the proof. □

Remark 5.1 The orthonormal system

{{\bar{Ψ}}_{i} (x)}_{i = 1}^{\infty}

of

W_{2}^{5} [0, 1]

can be derived from the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process of

{Ψ_{i} (x)}_{i = 1}^{\infty}

as

{\bar{Ψ}}_{i} (x) = \sum_{k = 1}^{i} β_{i k} Ψ_{k} (x) (β_{i i} > 0, i = 1, 2, \dots),

(5.1)

where $β_{i k}$ are orthogonal coefficients.

In the following, we give the representation of the exact solution of Eq. (2.17) in the reproducing kernel space $W_{2}^{5} [0, 1]$ .

Theorem 5.1 If u is the exact solution of (4.1), then

u = \sum_{i = 1}^{\infty} \sum_{k = 1}^{i} β_{i k} M (x_{k}, u (x_{k}), u^{(3)} (x_{k})) {\bar{Ψ}}_{i} (x),

where ${x_{i}}_{i = 1}^{\infty}$ is a dense set in $[0, 1]$ .

Proof From (5.1) and the uniqueness of solution of (4.1), we have

\begin{array}{rcl} u & = & \sum_{i = 1}^{\infty} {〈 u, {\bar{Ψ}}_{i} 〉}_{W_{2}^{5}} {\bar{Ψ}}_{i} = \sum_{i = 1}^{\infty} \sum_{k = 1}^{i} β_{i k} {〈 u, L^{*} r_{x_{k}} 〉}_{W_{2}^{5}} {\bar{Ψ}}_{i} \\ = & \sum_{i = 1}^{\infty} \sum_{k = 1}^{i} β_{i k} {〈 L u, r_{x_{k}} 〉}_{W_{2}^{4}} {\bar{Ψ}}_{i} = \sum_{i = 1}^{\infty} \sum_{k = 1}^{i} β_{i k} {〈 M (x, u, u^{(3)}), r_{x_{k}} 〉}_{W_{2}^{4}} {\bar{Ψ}}_{i} \\ = & \sum_{i = 1}^{\infty} \sum_{k = 1}^{i} β_{i k} M (x_{k}, u (x_{k}), u^{(3)} (x_{k})) {\bar{Ψ}}_{i} (x) . \end{array}

This completes the proof. □

Now the approximate solution

u_{n}

can be obtained by truncating the n-term of the exact solution u as

u_{n} = \sum_{i = 1}^{n} \sum_{k = 1}^{i} β_{i k} M (x_{k}, u (x_{k}), u^{(3)} (x_{k})) {\bar{Ψ}}_{i} (x) .

Lemma 5.3 ([30])

Assume that u is the solution of (4.1) and $r_{n}$ is the error between the approximate solution $u_{n}$ and the exact solution u. Then the error sequence $r_{n}$ is monotone decreasing in the sense of ${∥ \cdot ∥}_{W_{2}^{5}}$ and ${∥ r_{n} (x) ∥}_{W_{2}^{5}} \to 0$ .

6 Numerical results

In this section, comparisons of results are made through different Reynolds numbers Re and magnetic field effect m. All computations are performed by Maple 16. Figure 5.7 shows comparisons of

F (z)

for a fixed Reynolds number with increasing magnetic field effect

m = 1, 3, 8, 20

. From this figure, the velocity decreases due to an increase in m. Figure 5.8 shows comparisons of

F (z)

for a fixed magnetic field

m = 1

with increasing Reynolds numbers

Re = 1, 4, 10

. It is observed that much increase in Reynolds numbers affects the results. The RKHSM does not require discretization of the variables, i.e., time and space, it is not affected by computation round of errors and one is not faced with necessity of large computer memory and time. The accuracy of the RKHSM for the MHD squeezing fluid flow is controllable and absolute errors are small with present choice of x (see Tables 1-6 and Figures 2-7). The numerical results we obtained justify the advantage of this methodology. Generally it is not possible to find the exact solution of these problems.

Figure 2
**Comparison RKHSM, OHAM and RK-4 solutions for** $m = Re = 1$ .

Figure 3
**Comparison RKHSM, OHAM and RK-4 solutions for** $m = 3$ **and** $Re = 1$ .

Figure 4
**AE and RE for** $m = 1$ **and** $Re = 4$ .

Figure 5
**AE and RE for** $m = 1$ **and** $Re = 10$ .

Figure 6
**Comparison of squeezing flow for a fixed Reynolds number** $Re = 1$ **and increasing magnetic field effect** $m = 1, 3, 8, 20$ .

Figure 7
**Comparison of squeezing flow for a fixed magnetic field effect** $m = 1$ **and increasing Reynolds numbers** $Re = 1, 4, 10$ .

Table 1

Numerical results at $m = 1$ and $Re = 1$

x	OHAM	Numerical solution (RK-4)	Approximate solution RKHSM	Absolute error	Relative error	Time (s)
0.1	0.150265	0.150294	0.15029400074386619072	7.43 × 10⁻¹⁰	4.94 × 10⁻⁹	2.948
0.2	0.297424	0.297481	0.29748099943286204844	5.67 × 10⁻¹⁰	1.9 × 10⁻⁹	2.980
0.3	0.438387	0.438467	0.43846699936146542481	6.38 × 10⁻¹⁰	1.45 × 10⁻⁹	2.870
0.4	0.570093	0.570189	0.57018899983086605298	1.69 × 10⁻¹⁰	2.96 × 10⁻¹⁰	2.792
0.5	0.68952	0.689624	0.68962399932753349664	6.72 × 10⁻¹⁰	9.75 × 10⁻¹⁰	2.824
0.6	0.793695	0.793796	0.79379600052975674440	5.29 × 10⁻¹⁰	6.67 × 10⁻¹⁰	2.902
0.7	0.879695	0.879779	0.87977900034152532706	3.41 × 10⁻¹⁰	3.88 × 10⁻¹⁰	2.964
0.8	0.944641	0.944696	0.94469600021478585921	2.14 × 10⁻¹⁰	2.27 × 10⁻¹⁰	2.808
0.9	0.985687	0.985707	0.98570699945336089741	5.46 × 10⁻¹⁰	5.54 × 10⁻¹⁰	2.761
1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.0	0.0	2.902

Table 2

Numerical results at $m = 3$ and $Re = 1$

x	OHAM	Numerical solution (RK-4)	Approximate solution RKHSM	Absolute error	Relative error	Time (s)
0.1	0.13709	0.137044	0.13704399924397146430	7.56 × 10⁻¹⁰	5.51 × 10⁻⁹	3.261
0.2	0.272583	0.272494	0.27249400041809657591	4.18 × 10⁻¹⁰	1.53 × 10⁻⁹	3.542
0.3	0.404759	0.404637	0.40463699937791012358	6.22 × 10⁻¹⁰	1.53 × 10⁻⁹	2.949
0.4	0.531649	0.531508	0.53150799980699743080	1.93 × 10⁻¹⁰	3.63 × 10⁻¹⁰	3.541
0.5	0.650894	0.650756	0.65075599905912100256	9.4 × 10⁻¹⁰	1.44 × 10⁻⁹	3.089
0.6	0.759591	0.759478	0.75947799979255971384	2.07 × 10⁻¹⁰	2.73 × 10⁻¹⁰	2.996
0.7	0.854106	0.854035	0.85403499924057783299	7.59 × 10⁻¹⁰	8.89 × 10⁻¹⁰	3.026
0.8	0.929845	0.929817	0.92981700082221438640	8.22 × 10⁻¹⁰	8.84 × 10⁻¹⁰	7.582
0.9	0.980966	0.980963	0.98096299961587653980	3.84 × 10⁻¹⁰	3.91 × 10⁻¹⁰	3.291
1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.0	0.0	2.902

Table 3

Numerical results at $m = 8$ and $Re = 1$

x	OHAM	Numerical solution (RK-4)	Approximate solution RKHSM	Absolute error	Relative error	Time (s)
0.1	0.11507	0.114976	0.11497599095960418967	9.04 × 10⁻⁹	7.86 × 10⁻⁸	4.290
0.2	0.230068	0.229882	0.22988199268533318687	7.31 × 10⁻⁹	3.18 × 10⁻⁸	4.134
0.3	0.344866	0.344604	0.34460400584434350472	5.84 × 10⁻⁹	1.69 × 10⁻⁸	4.477
0.4	0.459205	0.458904	0.45890399132822355411	8.67 × 10⁻⁹	1.88 × 10⁻⁸	4.275
0.5	0.572545	0.572276	0.5722759999680104400	3.19 × 10⁻¹¹	5.58 × 10⁻¹¹	3.931
0.6	0.683769	0.683628	0.68362799155831029523	8.44 × 10⁻⁹	1.23 × 10⁻⁸	4.556
0.7	0.790543	0.790607	0.79060700783664672119	7.83 × 10⁻⁹	9.91 × 10⁻⁹	4.461
0.8	0.887936	0.888173	0.88817300466724146312	4.66 × 10⁻⁹	5.25 × 10⁻⁹	3.885
0.9	0.965381	0.965578	0.96557800220185786369	2.2 × 10⁻⁹	2.28 × 10⁻⁹	5.007
1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.0	0.0	2.902

Table 4

Numerical results at $m = 20$ and $Re = 1$

x	OHAM	Numerical solution (RK-4)	Approximate solution RKHSM	Absolute error	Relative error	Time (s)
0.1	0.105312	0.105391	0.10539098947593257979	1.05 × 10⁻⁸	9.98 × 10⁻⁸	4.134
0.2	0.210625	0.210782	0.2107819933190829	6.68 × 10⁻⁹	3.16 × 10⁻⁸	5.101
0.3	0.315938	0.316173	0.3161729190893567630	8.09 × 10⁻⁸	2.55 × 10⁻⁷	3.010
0.4	0.421249	0.421563	0.4215629919618786430	8.03 × 10⁻⁹	1.9 × 10⁻⁸	3.198
0.5	0.526551	0.526952	0.5269519479728988	5.2 × 10⁻⁸	9.87 × 10⁻⁸	3.042
0.6	0.631824	0.632324	0.632323981769674315	1.82 × 10⁻⁸	2.88 × 10⁻⁸	3.074
0.7	0.736971	0.737586	0.7375860570172070642	5.7 × 10⁻⁸	7.73 × 10⁻⁸	3.089
0.8	0.841352	0.842051	0.84205103495023398982	3.49 × 10⁻⁸	4.15 × 10⁻⁸	3.073
0.9	0.94035	0.940861	0.94086101815219431313	1.81 × 10⁻⁸	1.92 × 10⁻⁸	3.135
1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.0	0.0	2.902

Table 5

Numerical results at $m = 1$ and $Re = 4$

x	OHAM	Numerical solution (RK-4)	Approximate solution RKHSM	Absolute error	Relative error	Time (s)
0.1	0.156218	0.158104	0.15810400012535311729	1.25 × 10⁻¹⁰	7.92 × 10⁻¹⁰	5.304
0.2	0.308363	0.311962	0.31196200057873017887	5.78 × 10⁻¹⁰	1.85 × 10⁻⁹	7.332
0.3	0.452557	0.457539	0.45753900003164153289	3.16 × 10⁻¹¹	6.91 × 10⁻¹¹	5.913
0.4	0.585287	0.591193	0.59119300033029000468	3.3 × 10⁻¹⁰	5.58 × 10⁻¹⁰	6.272
0.5	0.703518	0.709771	0.70977100026331200670	2.63 × 10⁻¹⁰	3.7 × 10⁻¹⁰	5.757
0.6	0.804726	0.810642	0.81064200064720692438	6.47 × 10⁻¹⁰	7.98 × 10⁻¹⁰	6.256
0.7	0.886838	0.891666	0.89166599939606220359	6.03 × 10⁻¹⁰	6.03 × 10⁻¹⁰	6.396
0.8	0.948051	0.95112	0.95112000044608660232	4.46 × 10⁻¹⁰	4.69 × 10⁻¹⁰	5.101
0.9	0.986529	0.987612	0.98761199979328069240	2.06 × 10⁻¹⁰	2.09 × 10⁻¹⁰	5.616
1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.0	0.0	2.902

Table 6

Numerical results at $m = 1$ and $Re = 10$

x	OHAM	Numerical solution (RK-4)	Approximate solution RKHSM	Absolute error	Relative error	Time (s)
0.1	0.175911	0.167616	0.1676160001397322991	1.39 × 10⁻¹⁰	8.33 × 10⁻¹⁰	5.569
0.2	0.344336	0.329031	0.32903100221406728329	2.21 × 10⁻⁹	6.72 × 10⁻⁹	6.365
0.3	0.498671	0.478907	0.47890699791462877619	2.08 × 10⁻⁹	4.35 × 10⁻⁹	7.378
0.4	0.633941	0.613252	0.61325199550552162812	4.49 × 10⁻⁹	7.32 × 10⁻⁹	7.254
0.5	0.747277	0.729428	0.72942799845508679063	1.54 × 10⁻⁹	2.11 × 10⁻⁹	6.271
0.6	0.838004	0.825843	0.82584300690485584332	6.9 × 10⁻⁹	8.36 × 10⁻⁹	7.425
0.7	0.907244	0.901576	0.90157600840425340903	8.4 × 10⁻⁹	9.32 × 10⁻⁹	6.162
0.8	0.956954	0.901576	0.90157518382496567601	8.16 × 10⁻⁷	9.05 × 10⁻⁷	7.410
0.9	0.988387	0.988978	0.98897799997420425356	2.57 × 10⁻¹¹	2.6 × 10⁻¹¹	7.910
1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.0	0.0	2.902

7 Conclusion

In this paper, we introduced an algorithm for solving the MHD squeezing fluid flow. We applied a new powerful method RKHSM to the reduced nonlinear boundary value problem. The approximate solution obtained by the present method is uniformly convergent. Clearly, the series solution methodology can be applied to much more complicated nonlinear differential equations and boundary value problems. However, if the problem becomes nonlinear, then the RKHSM does not require discretization or perturbation and it does not make closure approximation. Results of numerical examples show that the present method is an accurate and reliable analytical method for this problem.

Appendix

Proof of Theorem 3.1 Let

u \in W_{2}^{5} [0, 1]

. By Definition 3.2 we have

{〈 u, R_{y} 〉}_{_{W_{2}^{5}}} = \sum_{i = 0}^{4} u^{(i)} (0) R_{y}^{(i)} (0) + \int_{0}^{1} u^{(5)} (x) R_{y}^{(5)} (x) d x .

(A.1)

Through several integrations by parts for (A.1), we have

\begin{array}{rcl} {〈 u, R_{y} 〉}_{_{W_{2}^{5}}} & = & \sum_{i = 0}^{4} u^{(i)} (0) [R_{y}^{(i)} (0) - {(- 1)}^{(4 - i)} R_{y}^{(9 - i)} (0)] \\ + \sum_{i = 0}^{4} {(- 1)}^{(4 - i)} u^{(i)} (1) R_{y}^{(9 - i)} (1) - \int_{0}^{1} u (x) R_{y}^{(10)} (x) d x . \end{array}

(A.2)

Note the property of the reproducing kernel

{〈 u, R_{y} 〉}_{W_{2}^{5}} = u (y) .

Now, if

{\begin{cases} R_{y}^{^{'}} (0) + R_{y}^{(8)} (0) = 0, \\ R_{y}^{(3)} (0) + R_{y}^{(6)} (0) = 0, \\ R_{y}^{(4)} (0) - R_{y}^{(5)} (0) = 0, \\ R_{y}^{(5)} (1) = 0, \\ R_{y}^{(6)} (1) = 0, \\ R_{y}^{(7)} (1) = 0, \end{cases}

(A.3)

then (A.2) implies that

R_{y}^{(10)} (x) = - δ (x - y),

when

x \neq y

R_{y}^{(10)} (x) = 0,

and therefore

R_{y} (x) = {\begin{cases} \sum_{i = 1}^{10} c_{i} (y) x^{i - 1}, & x \leq y, \\ \sum_{i = 1}^{10} d_{i} (y) x^{i - 1}, & x > y . \end{cases}

Since

R_{y}^{(10)} (x) = δ (x - y),

we have

R_{y^{+}}^{(k)} (y) = R_{y^{-}}^{(k)} (y), k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,

(A.4)

and

R_{y^{+}}^{(9)} (y) - R_{y^{-}}^{(9)} (y) = - 1 .

(A.5)

Since

R_{y} (x) \in W_{2}^{5} [0, 1]

, it follows that

R_{y} (0) = 0, R_{y} (1) = 0, R_{y}^{'} (1) = 0, R_{y}^{''} (0) = 0 .

(A.6)

From (A.3)-(A.6), the unknown coefficients $c_{i} (y)$ and $d_{i} (y)$ ( $i = 1, 2, \dots, 12$ ) can be obtained. This completes the proof. □

Declarations

Acknowledgements

We presented this paper in the International Symposium on Biomathematics and Ecology Education Research in 2013. We would like to thank the organizers of this conference and the reviewers for their kind and helpful comments on this paper. Ali Akgül gratefully acknowledge that this paper was partially supported by the Dicle University and the Firat University. This paper is a part of PhD thesis of Ali Akgül.

Authors' original submitted files for images

Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.

13661_2013_511_MOESM1_ESM.jpg Authors’ original file for figure 1

13661_2013_511_MOESM2_ESM.jpg Authors’ original file for figure 2

13661_2013_511_MOESM3_ESM.jpg Authors’ original file for figure 3

13661_2013_511_MOESM4_ESM.jpg Authors’ original file for figure 4

13661_2013_511_MOESM5_ESM.jpg Authors’ original file for figure 5

13661_2013_511_MOESM6_ESM.jpg Authors’ original file for figure 6

13661_2013_511_MOESM7_ESM.jpg Authors’ original file for figure 7

13661_2013_511_MOESM8_ESM.pdf Authors’ original file for figure 8

13661_2013_511_MOESM9_ESM.pdf Authors’ original file for figure 9

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)

Department of Mathematics, Science Faculty, Fırat University, Elazığ, 23119, Turkey

(2)

Department of Mathematics, Education Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, 21280, Turkey

(3)

Department of Mathematics, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, USA

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