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On a degenerate boundary value problem to the two-dimensional self-similar nonlinear wave system
Boundary Value Problems volume 2019, Article number: 1 (2019)
Abstract
This paper focuses on a degenerate boundary value problem arising from the study of the two-dimensional Riemann problem to the nonlinear wave system. In order to deal with the parabolic degeneracy, we introduce a partial hodograph transformation to transform the nonlinear wave system into a new system, which displays a clear regularity–singularity structure. The local existence of classical solutions for the new system is established in a weighted metric space. Returning the solution to the original variables, we obtain the existence of classical solutions to the degenerate boundary value problem for the nonlinear wave system.
1 Introduction
We are interested in a degenerate boundary value problem arising from the study of the two-dimensional four-constant Riemann problem to the nonlinear wave system
where ρ, \((u, v)\), are, respectively, the density and the velocity, and \(p=p(\rho )\) is a given function of ρ. This system is obtained either by ignoring the quadratic terms in the velocity \((u,v)\) to the two-dimensional isentropic compressible Euler equations in the gas dynamics, or by writing the nonlinear wave equation as a first-order system. We refer the reader to references [3, 4] for the background information.
The multidimensional Riemann problem of the quasilinear hyperbolic conservation laws is one of important problems in mathematical fluid dynamics containing in particular the oblique shock reflection problem and the dam collapse problem. Most importantly, the Riemann problem performs the role of ‘building blocks’ for all fields of theory, numerics, and applications, see the survey [18] and the references therein. The study of the two-dimensional Riemann problem to the Euler equations was initiated by Zhang and Zheng [32]. The authors provided a set of conjectures on the structure of solutions by using the generalized characteristic analysis method and numerical experiments. However, until now, none of them has been completely proved due to the existence of transonic structures [7, 19, 36]. Many pieces of work have been contributed on understanding these transonic structures for the Euler equations and its related systems. We refer the reader to [17, 20,21,22,23, 25,26,27, 30] and references cited there, and especially the monographs [19, 36] for the results of the Euler and pressure-gradient systems. In particular, for the relevant results of the two-dimensional Riemann problem to the nonlinear wave system (1.1), one may consult [6, 10,11,12,13,14,15,16] and references therein.
We consider in this paper system (1.1) together with a smooth state function \(p=p(\rho )\) satisfying
It is clear that the well-known equations of state of the polytropic gas \(p=A\rho ^{\gamma }\) (\(\gamma >1\)) and of the Chaplygin gas \(p=-1/ \rho \) satisfy (1.2). The equation of state of the Chaplygin gas was introduced by Chaplygin [5] and was taken as a suitable mathematical approximation for calculating the lifting force on a wing of an airplane in aerodynamics by Tsien [28] and von Karman [29]. Moreover, this equation of state has been advertised as a possible model for dark energy; see, e.g., [2, 8]. We are looking for the self-similar solutions of (1.1), that is, the solutions depend only on the self-similar variables \((\xi ,\eta )=(x/t, y/t)\). In terms of variables \((\xi ,\eta )\), system (1.1) can be transformed to
The eigenvalues of (1.3) are
We see from (1.2) and (1.4) that system (1.3) is hyperbolic at the infinity (i.e., \(\vert \xi \vert +\vert \eta \vert =\infty \)) and changes type to elliptic near the origin. The hyperbolic and elliptic regions may be separated by a boundary curve composed by degenerate curves and shocks, which are free boundaries to be determined together with the solutions [1]. To construct a global solution of nonlinear mixed-type system, iterative methods seem to be the most likely choices.
The purpose of the present paper is to establish the local existence of classical solutions to the two-dimensional self-similar nonlinear wave system (1.3) with degenerate boundary data, which is an essential step for using an iterative process to construct a global solution of mixed type equation. The local existence of classical sonic-supersonic solutions was investigated for compressible Euler equations with polytropic gases in [9, 33, 35] and for a pressure-gradient system in [34]. We consider the degenerate boundary value problem of (1.1) with the convex equation of state satisfying (1.2) in the current paper and will explore that problem for the general nonconvex equation of state in the next work.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 2, we describe the problem in detail and then state our main result. Section 3 is devoted to reformulating the problem in the new dependent and independent variables. In Sect. 4, we complete the proof of the main results by solving the new problem and then converting the solution to the original coordinates.
2 The problem and the main results
We first decouple p from \((\rho u)\) and \((\rho v)\) to obtain a second-order quasilinear equation,
where
for all \(p > 0\) by (1.2). The two eigenvalues of (2.1) are
For convenience to deal with our problem, we rewrite (2.1) in terms of the polar coordinates \((r, \theta )\) as
where \(r=\sqrt{\xi ^{2}+\eta ^{2}}\), \(\theta =\arctan (\eta /\xi )\) and \(P(r,\theta )=p(r\cos \theta ,r\sin \theta )\). The two family of characteristics are defined as
It is clear that Eq. (2.4) is of mixed type: hyperbolic for \(r^{2}>a(P)\), elliptic for \(r^{2}< a(P)\) and parabolic degenerate for \(r^{2}=a(P)\).
Let \(r_{a}< r_{b}\) be two positive constants and \(\varGamma : \theta = \varphi (r)\) be a smooth curve defined on \([r_{a},r_{b}]\) satisfying \(\vert \varphi '(r)\vert \leq \varphi _{0}\) for same positive constant \(\varphi _{0}\). That means the curve Γ can not be a circular arc. We assign the boundary data on Γ as follows:
The aim of the paper is to look for a classical solution of the boundary value problem (2.4) (2.6). Since the wave speed \(\lambda =0\) on Γ, the hyperbolic problem (2.4) (2.6) is parabolic degenerate.
In the hyperbolic region, Eq. (2.4) has the interesting characteristic decomposition [10]
where
Introduce
from this and (2.5) we have
Moreover, from (2.7), we obtain the system for \((P,R,S)\)
where λ is defined in (2.5). Then we look for a local classical solution of system (2.9) with the boundary data
We point out that the local existence of the degenerate boundary value problem (2.9) (2.10) cannot be obtained directly by the classical local existence theory of nonlinear hyperbolic equations (see, e.g. [24, 31]). This is because system (2.9) is not a continuously differentiable system by the degeneracy. The idea we employed here is inspired by the work of Zhang and Zheng [33] for studying the steady Euler equations. The main technique is to isolate possible singularities by introducing a partial hodograph transformation. We establish the local existence and uniqueness of classical solutions for a new system under a suitable function class by using the fixed point method. Converting the solution to the original coordinates, we thus obtain a local classical solution to the problem (2.9) and (2.10). The results of this paper can be stated as follows.
Theorem 1
Suppose that the equation of state \(p=p(\cdot )\in C^{4}\) satisfies (1.2). Moreover, we assume the functions \((\varphi , P_{0}, P _{1})(r)\) satisfy
where \(\varphi _{0}\) and \(k_{0}\) are two positive constants. Then the degenerate boundary value problem (2.9) (2.10) has a classical solution in the hyperbolic region near Γ.
From Theorem 1, we have the following.
Theorem 2
Let the assumptions in Theorem 1 hold. Then there is a classic solution to the degenerate boundary value problem (2.4) and (2.6) in the hyperbolic region near Γ.
3 The problem in new coordinates
In this section, we introduce new dependent and independent variables to reformulate the problem. To deal with the singularities caused by the degenerate, we first introduce a partial hodograph transformation as follows:
Note that the sonic curve Γ is transformed to a segment on \(t=0\) with \(\tilde{r}\in [r_{a},r_{b}]\). From (3.1) one has
In terms of \((t,\tilde{r})\), system (2.9) can be rewritten as
together with a decoupled trivial equation
Here and below we still use r to represent r̃ and denote \(P(t,r)=P(r, \theta )\), \(R(t,r)=R(r, \theta )\), \(S(t,r)=S(r, \theta )\), which will not cause confusion in understanding. Furthermore, we find by (1.2) that
for some positive constants \(k_{1}\), \(k_{2}\). Hence we can solve \(P(t,r)\) from Eq. (3.4) with the initial data \(P(0,r)=P_{0}(r)\). That means system (3.3) is closed in the coordinates \((t,r)\).
Corresponding to the boundary data (2.10), the initial data of (3.3) are
In addition, by (2.6) we see that
which along with (3.3) yields
for smooth solutions. Therefore, we look for a classic solution to system (3.3) with the initial data (3.6) and (3.7).
Next we introduce two new dependent variables to homogenize the initial data,
Thus by (3.6) and (3.7) we get the homogeneous initial condition
Moreover, system (3.3) is transformed into
where \(f=f(t,r)=a'\sqrt{a}(P_{1}(r)-P_{2}(r)t)+2r^{2}t\), \(g=g(t,r)=a'\sqrt{a}(P_{1}(r)+P_{2}(r)t)-2r^{2}t\), and
Then the previous problem is reformulated as follows.
Problem 3.1
Under the assumptions in Theorem 1, we seek a classical solution to initial data problem (3.9) (3.10) in the region \(t>0\).
To solve Problem (3.1), we first define a suitable function space. Let δ be a small positive constant. Set
where \(r_{1}(t)\), \(r_{2}(t)\) are continuously differentiable on \(0\leq t \leq \delta \), \(r_{1}(0)=r_{a} \), \(r_{2}(0)=r_{b}\) and \(r_{1}(t)< r_{2}(t)\) for \(0\leq t\leq \delta \).
Definition 3.1
The domain \(D(\delta )\) is called a strong domain of determinacy to system (3.10) if for any \((\xi ,\eta )\in D(\delta )\) and any smooth functions \((U,V)\) satisfying the homogeneous initial condition (3.9), the curves \(r_{\pm }(t;\xi ,\eta )\) defined by
are also inside \(D(\delta )\) for \(0< t\leq \xi \). Here
Next we define a suitable class of functions. Let \(S=S(M,\delta )\) be a function class consisting of all continuously differentiable functions \(F=(f_{1},f_{2})^{T}: D(\delta )\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{2}\) satisfying the following properties
- \((S_{1})\) :
-
\(f_{1}(0,r)=f_{2}(0,r)=\partial _{t}f_{1}(0,r)=\partial _{t}f _{2}(0,r)=0\),
- \((S_{2})\) :
-
\(\Vert \frac{f_{1}}{t^{2}}\Vert _{L^{\infty }} + \Vert \frac{f_{2}}{t^{2}}\Vert _{L^{\infty }} \leq M\),
- \((S_{3})\) :
-
\(\Vert \frac{\partial _{r}f_{1}}{t^{2}} \Vert _{L^{\infty }}+\Vert \frac{\partial _{r}f_{2}}{t^{2}} \Vert _{L^{\infty }} \leq M\),
- \((S_{4})\) :
-
\(\partial _{r}F\) is Lipschitz continuous with respect to r with \(\Vert \frac{\partial ^{2}_{rr}f_{1}}{t^{2}} \Vert _{L^{\infty }} +\Vert \frac{\partial ^{2}_{rr}f_{2}}{t ^{2}}\Vert _{L^{\infty }} \leq M\),
where δ and M are two positive constants. Denote by \(\mathcal{W}\) the function class containing only continuous functions on \(D(\delta )\) satisfying \((S_{1})\) and \((S_{2})\). It is easy to see that \(\mathcal{S}\) and \(\mathcal{W}\) are subsets of \(C^{0}(D(\delta ); \mathbb{R}^{2})\). Moreover, we define a weighted metric on \(\mathcal{S}\) and \(\mathcal{W}\) as follows:
It is not difficult to check that \((\mathcal{W},d)\) is a completed metric space, while \((\mathcal{S},d)\) is not a closed subset in \((\mathcal{W},d)\).
Theorem 1 follows directly from the following theorem.
Theorem 3
Suppose that the conditions listed in Theorem 1 hold and that \(D(\delta _{0})\) is a strong domain of determinacy to the system (3.10) for some positive constant \(\delta _{0}\). Then there exit constants \(\delta \in (0,\delta _{0})\) and M such that the degenerate hyperbolic problem (3.10) and (3.9) has a classical solution in the function class \(\mathcal{S}(M,\delta )\).
4 Proof of the main theorems
In this section, we use the fixed point method to prove Theorem 3 and then complete the proof of Theorem 1. The proof is divided into five steps. In Step 1, we construct an integration iteration mapping in the function class \(\mathcal{S}(M,\delta )\) by the differential system (3.10). In Step 2, we establish a series of a priori estimates for \(b_{1}\), \(b_{2}\) and \(\varLambda _{\pm }\). We show that the above iteration mapping is a contraction in Step 3. In Step 4, we show that this limit vector function also belongs to \(\mathcal{S}(M, \delta )\). Finally, in Step 5 we return the solution to the original coordinates \((r,\theta )\).
Step 1. The iteration mapping. Denote
Then system (3.10) can be rewritten as
Assume the vector functions \((u,v)^{T}(t,r)\) are in the set \(\mathcal{S}\), we consider the linear system of (3.11)
which combined with the property \(S_{1}\) gives
where \(r_{\pm }\) are defined as in (3.11) and
It is clear that Eqs. (4.4) and (4.5) define a mapping
Therefore, our problem is changed to find a fixed point of the mapping \(\mathcal{T}\) in the set \(\mathcal{S}(M,\delta )\) for some suitable constants M and δ.
Step 2. A priori estimates. We derive a series of estimates about \(b_{1}\), \(b_{2}\) and \(\varLambda _{\pm }\) for later use. We will use \(K>1\) to denote a constant depending only on \(C^{3}\) norms of a, \(P_{1}\), \(P_{2}\), \(\varphi '\) and \(k_{0}\), \(k_{1}\), \(k_{2}\), \(r_{a}\), \(r_{b}\). Since \((u,v)^{T}\in \mathcal{S}\), we see by (2.11) and (3.5) that there exists a small constant \(\delta _{0}\) such that for \(t\leq \delta _{0}\)
Moreover, we have
To estimate \(b_{1}\), we first note that
from which one has
In addition, differentiating (4.8) with respect to r obtains
Furthermore, we denote the last term in \(b_{1}\) by \(\varPhi =\frac{2rt ^{2}}{a'\sqrt{a}v+f}(P'_{1}(r)+P'_{2}(r)t)\) and then obtain
Combining (4.9)–(4.12) and using the expression of \(b_{1}\) yield
By similar arguments for \(b_{2}\) get
For \(\varLambda _{+}\), we use the fact
to obtain
Similarly, one has
Step 3. Contraction of the mapping. We have the following lemma.
Lemma 4.1
Under the assumptions of Theorem 3, there exist positive constants δ, M and \(0<\beta <1\) such that
-
(1)
\(\mathcal{T}\) maps \(\mathcal{S}\) into \(\mathcal{S}\);
-
(2)
for any pair \(\mathbf{F}, \hat{\mathbf{F}}\) in \(\mathcal{S}\),
$$\begin{aligned} d\bigl(\mathcal{T}(\mathbf{F}), \mathcal{T}(\hat{\mathbf{F}}) \bigr)\leq \beta d( \mathbf{F}, \hat{\mathbf{F}}). \end{aligned}$$(4.17)
Here the constants M, δ, β depend only on the \(C^{3}\) norms of a, \(P_{1}(r)\), \(P_{2}(r)\), \(\varphi '\) and \(k_{0}\), \(k_{1}\), \(k_{2}\), \(r_{a}\), \(r_{b}\).
Proof
Let \(\mathbf{F}=(u,v)\), \(\hat{\mathbf{F}}=(\hat{u},\hat{v})\) be in set \(\mathcal{S}\) and \(\mathbf{G}=\mathcal{T}(\mathbf{F})=(U,V)\) and \(\hat{G}=\mathcal{T}(\hat{\mathbf{F}})=(\hat{U},\hat{V})\). It is obvious that \(U(0,\eta )=V(0,\eta )=0\).
Moreover, we use (4.7) and (4.13)–(4.14) to obtain
from which we have
In order to establish the bound of \(U_{r}/t^{2}\), we differentiate (4.4) with respect to η to find that
where
Applying (4.7), (4.13) and (4.15), we derive
A similar estimate holds for V. Hence we arrive at
To estimate \(U_{r}/t^{2}\) and \(V_{r}/t^{2}\), we differentiate (4.19) with respect to η to obtain
where
It follows by (4.15) and (4.20) that
Therefore, we have
In the same way we have the bound for \(V_{\eta \eta }\)
which together with (4.23) yields
We choose \(M\geq 16K>16\) and then set \(\delta \leq \min \{\delta _{0}, 1/M\}\) to see that
Therefore, we combine (4.18), (4.21) and (4.24) to conclude that \((S_{2})\)–\((S_{4})\) are preserved by the mapping \(\mathcal{T}\).
To prove \(\mathcal{T}(\mathbf{F})\in \mathcal{S}\), it is enough to show that \(U_{\xi }(0,\eta )=V_{\xi }(0,\eta )=0\). We differentiate (4.4) with respect to ξ to arrive at
where
It is easily seen by (4.7), (4.13), (4.15) and (4.20) that \(U_{\xi }(0,\eta )=0\). Similarly, we have \(V_{\xi }(0,\eta )=0\), which means that \(\mathcal{T}\) maps \(\mathcal{S}\) into itself.
Next we we show that the inequality (4.17) holds for some positive constant \(\beta <1\). According to the definition of the mapping \(\mathcal{T}\), we have
and from this and (4.1) one gets
Recalling the expression of \(b_{1}\) suggests
For I, we find by (4.9) that
For II, one has
By the definition of Φ in (4.12), it is easy to obtain
Putting (4.30)–(4.32) into (4.29) yields
In addition, we use the definition of \(\varLambda _{+}\) to obtain
Combining (4.28) and (4.33)–(4.34), we have
from which one gets
Following the same argument as above one obtains for the estimate \(\vert V-\hat{V}\vert /t^{2}\),
For choosing δ as before, we see that \(\beta <1\), which concludes the proof of (4.17). The proof of Lemma 4.1 is complete. □
Step 4. Properties of the limit function. We claim that the limit of the iteration sequence \(\mathbf{F}^{(n)}=\mathcal{T} \mathbf{F}^{(n-1)}\) is in the space \(\mathcal{S}\). The claim follows directly from the lemma.
Lemma 4.2
Under the assumptions of Theorem 1, for the iteration sequence \({\mathbf{F^{(n)}}}\), \(\partial _{t}\mathbf{F^{(n)}}(t,r)\) and \(\partial _{r}\mathbf{F^{(n)}}(t,r)\) are uniformly Lipschitz continuous on \(D(\delta )\).
Proof
Assume \((u,v)^{T}\in \mathcal{S}\), we know by Lemma 4.1 that \((U,V)^{T}=\mathcal{T}(u,v)^{T}\) is also in \(\mathcal{S}\). The proof is divided into three steps.
Firstly, we prove that \(\vert U_{t}\vert +\vert V_{t}\vert \leq 2Mt\). This follows directly from (4.4) and (4.5). In fact, we recall the expression of \(U_{\xi }\) given in (4.26) and use (4.7), (4.13) and (4.15) to obtain
for choosing M and δ as in (4.25).
Secondly, we show that \(\vert U_{tr}\vert +\vert V_{tr}\vert \leq 2Mt\). To prove it, we differentiate (4.19) with respect to ξ to obtain
where
By employing (4.7), (4.13), (4.15), (4.20) and (4.27), we find that
if M and δ are chosen as in (4.25), from which and the corresponding estimate for \(V_{\xi \eta }\) we have \(\vert U_{\xi \eta }\vert +\vert V _{\xi \eta }\vert \leq 2M\xi \).
Finally, we claim that \(\vert U_{tt}\vert +\vert V_{tt}\vert \leq 10M\). Differentiating (4.26) with respect to ξ leads to
where
By a direct calculation, one has
Furthermore, according the expression of \(b_{1}\) arrives at
from which and (4.7), (4.9) and the fact \(\vert u_{t}\vert +\vert v_{t}\vert \leq 2Mt\) we obtain the estimate of \(b_{1t}\) by a straight forward calculation
Inserting the above and (4.37) into (4.36), we see that
for choosing M and δ as in (4.25), i.e., \(M\geq 16K\) and \(\delta \leq 1/M\). Repetition of the same argument for V obtains \(\vert V_{\xi \xi }\vert \leq 5M\), which together with (4.38) gets \(\vert U_{\xi \xi }\vert +\vert V_{\xi \xi }\vert \leq 10M\).
The proof of Lemma 4.2 is completed by Lemma 4.1 and the above estimates. □
With the help of Lemma 4.1 and Lemma 4.2, we conclude Theorem 3.
Step 5. Convert solution back to original variables. We now return the solution in the coordinate plane \((t,\tilde{r})\) into the original coordinate plane \((r,\theta )\). By the definitions of U and V in (3.8), we first know the functions \(R(t,\tilde{r})\) and \(S(t, \tilde{r})\). In addition, we see that the coordinate transformation \((r,\theta )\mapsto (t,\tilde{r})\) is a one-to-one mapping. Indeed, the Jacobian is
which is strictly positive or strictly negative. Therefore, we can obtain R and S as functions of r and θ. We integrate the first equation of (2.9) to obtain the function \(P(r,\theta )\). Thus the proof of Theorem 1 is complete. In order to conclude Theorem 2, it suffices to check that the relation \(P_{r}=(R-S)/(2 \lambda )\) holds on \(D(\delta )\). By a direct calculation, we find that
Since \(P_{r}=P_{2}(r)\) is uniformly bounded and \(R=S=P_{1}(r)\) on Γ, \(G:=R-S-2\lambda P_{r}=0\) on Γ. We note that, in terms of \((t,\tilde{r})\), Eq. (4.39) can be rewritten as
Moreover, we have
which together with (4.40) leads to \(G\equiv 0\) on \(D(\delta )\), which completes the proof of Theorem 2.
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The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their careful work and comments that helped to improve the clarity of the paper.
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This work was supported by the NSF of Zhejiang Province of China (LY17A010019 and LY19A010012) and NSFC (11301128 and 11571088).
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Liu, J., Hu, Y. & Zhao, T. On a degenerate boundary value problem to the two-dimensional self-similar nonlinear wave system. Bound Value Probl 2019, 1 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-018-1115-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-018-1115-7